Quantum mechanics is empirically unmatched, yet its ontology remains unsettled. This paper advances a realist research program that treats wave–particle duality as a deep source of several tensions in quantum foundations, including measurement, localization, and wave–function collapse. It further argues that these issues are often intensified by hypostatization: the elevation of abstract elements of the formalism, especially the wave function, to the status of concrete physical entities without clear criteria for physical reality. To address this, the paper develops physical realism, a realist framework that regulates ontological commitment by explicit anti–hypostatization criteria. On that basis, it proposes an energistic ontology for quantum foundations at the quantum level. This gives rise to the hypothesis of a Universal Energy Field (UEF) and energy wave–forms as alternatives to the dualistic wave-particle framework. Although its main emphasis is on ontology, the paper introduces also an initial formal description of energistic dynamics in Appendix A. Its role is primarily to show that the paper’s main conceptual claims can be mathematically tractable, with the UEF and energy wave–forms being expressed through primitive postulates, an initial regime–dependent dynamics, and a stationary condensation equation.
This work aims at acquiring deeper knowledge about solar system components including valuable materials as well as clearing viable ways towards extra solar systems. To achieve as much as possible the proposed objectives a viable Self-Sustaining Power Machine (SSPM), including an energy supply and propulsion paradigm shift is proposed. This system will replace the Nuclear Thermal Power and Nuclear Electric Propulsion Systems avoiding its inherent drawbacks, constraints and limitations. Therefore, this research addresses the need to firstly explore accessible celestial bodies within our solar system—planets, their moons and valuable accessible asteroids to utilize their resources. A primary challenge in this endeavor is ensuring a reliable energy supply. Consequently, this article proposes a disruptive change in both: energy supply and propulsion technology, replacing nuclear-based systems with SSPMs. These autonomous space vehicles would integrate the necessary SSPM-based resources to supply electrical power to all critical services and/or systems. Research results indicate us that the propellant fluid is crucial for achieving optimal results (high specific heat and low density with a high adiabatic expansion coefficient) ─(H₂). High temperature allows for high propellant expulsion velocity, resulting in high specific impulse and high thrust under lower propellant flow rate. Hydrogen (H₂) dramatically outperforms Nitrogen (N₂). At 3000K, H₂ achieves an exhaust velocity of 10.34 km/s (Isp ~1054 s), while N₂ only reaches 2.74 km/s (Isp ~280 s). H₂ produces significantly more thrust than N₂ under the same conditions. For example, at a mass flow rate of 100 kg/s and 3000K, H₂ generates ~103.4 tons of thrust, while N₂ generates only ~27.4 tons (Tables 17 & 20). With 50 tons of propellant to push a 10-ton spacecraft, H₂ heated to 3000K can achieve a final velocity of ~26.5 km/s. N₂ under the same conditions can only reach ~7.0 km/s, a massive difference in transit time and mission reach
In 2011, the OPERA experiment reported that neutrinos appeared to travel faster than light, a claim that momentarily shook the foundations of modern physics before being retracted as an instrumental error. This episode, known as the “neutrino anomaly,” remains a remarkable case study in how science reacts to results that challenge established paradigms. Thirteen years later, this reflective essay revisits the event to explore its epistemological and ethical implications, raising questions about the boundaries between scientific caution, institutional pressure, and the human dimension of discovery. Far from being an accusation, this analysis aims to highlight the enduring value of transparency, doubt, and humility in experimental science.
This work presents the development of an electric traction system powered by a net-zero emissions energy supply. Although the final traction element remains a conventional electric system, the key innovation lies in its power source. The main challenge is to create an energy supply that is not only carbon-neutral but also self-sufficient, viable, and reliable. To address this, we propose a disruptive shift: replacing conventional electrically powered engines with Self-Sufficient Power Machines (SSPMs). This approach eliminates the need for an external electric supply and enables autonomous railway cars to integrate SSPM-based resources to power all services, including traction and critical systems. Since it requires no external power input, it offers unlimited autonomy—an essential advantage for eliminating external energy supply systems, which represent a significant cost. Results from a generic case study using eight cascaded power units operating at temperatures between 330 K and 750 K confirm the system’s self-sufficiency. The calculated net positive output of 859 kJ/kg-cycle, after accounting for feedback heat, demonstrates the system's ability to sustain its own operation while generating a substantial amount of useful work.
In the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the profound relationships between black holes, dark matter, and the complex interactions of light, gravity, and electromagnetic forces continue to captivate scientists. Building on Einstein's General Relativity, which describes spacetime curvature influenced by gravitational fields and supports the constancy of light speed in a vacuum, a new perspective is emerging. This fresh viewpoint proposes an "Equilibrium" concept regulating the five fundamental force densities in light, suggesting that light speeds can dynamically vary when coherent laser beams intersect. This idea deviates from the long-held assumption of a constant light speed, challenging General Relativity's core principles and prompting an investigation into gravitational and light interactions at both cosmic and microscopic levels. This research spans a variety of phenomena, including gravitational redshift, black holes, dark matter, and the microscopic processes of light absorption and emission. Unlike the established framework of General Relativity, this innovative perspective aims to bridge gravity and light through a melding of the Stress-Energy Tensor and the Gravitational Tensor. This union elucidates the interplay between gravity and electromagnetism and introduces a new tensor representation for black holes, called Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements. By incorporating electromagnetic energy gradients and Lorentz transformations, this approach extends beyond the traditional bounds of General Relativity, especially in gravitational lensing scenarios. Reinterpreting Einstein's foundational work with the Einstein Gravitational Constant within the Energy-Stress Tensor forms a combined Electromagnetic and Gravitational Tensor framework. Theoretical advancements in black hole solutions echo the pioneering spirit of John Archibald Wheeler’s 1955 work, offering critical solutions for the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation within a tensor format. Experimental validation of this paradigm, using data from Galileo Satellites and ground-based MASER frequency measurements, highlights discrepancies between General Relativity and the proposed new theory, enhancing gravitational observations to new levels of precision. The intersection of Quantum Physics and General Relativity, as seen in pursuits like String Theory, suggests changes in natural constants. This interdisciplinary effort aims to redefine our understanding of the gravitational constant "G," emphasizing its eternal constancy while connecting the domains of General Relativity and Quantum Physics. This abstract captures the essence of groundbreaking research at the crossroads of light, gravity, and theoretical frameworks in astronomy and astrophysics, offering exciting potential for transformative discoveries at the forefront of optical and gravitational sciences.
A useful expression for cooling conditions was found using energy conservation Law of a fluid for liquids and gases by treating atoms as vibrating strings subjected to gas and photon pressure. These conditions can be applied to nano and quantum systems since the model recognises the particle dual nature, which is the corner stone of quantum laws. The findings showed that the atoms density, as well as the photon density and frequency, affected the cooling process. High cooling degree requires decreasing the gas density, increasing the applied photon density, or the frequency, or both.
In this work, a new scenario was propose 8d for the end of the present universe through a phase transition which is based on the expression of the mass in the potential dependent special relativity. For negative attractive vacuum energy exceeding half rest mass energy all rest masses of particles become imaginary with means that they leave the present ordinary universe to become a big black hole. The model indicated that present universe can undergo phase transition, which causes it to disappear by being transformed to another new one. In this new universe, which resembles a black hole, the universal constants like Planck constant and the speed of light are different from that of the present universe
The independent particle model (IPM) coupled with empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) was used to compute the thermalized positron charge densities in specific family of binary tetrahedrally coordinated crystals of formula ANB8-N. Initial results show a clear asymmetrical positron charge distribution relative to the bond center. It is observed that the positron density is maximum in the open interstices and is excluded not only from the ion cores but also to a considerable degree from the valence bonds. Electron-positron momentum densities are calculated for the (001,110) planes. The results are used to analyze the positron effects in InBi, AlBi, and GaBi. Our computational technique provides the theoretical means of interpreting the k-space densities obtained experimentally using the two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR).
Understanding the few minutes of our universe is important in our quest to discover the origins of electric charge. The electric charge began in the early universe during the first few minutes. The first moments after the Big Bang are called the quark-gluon plasma phase. During this phase, there are two distinct periods. The first occurs immediately after the universe's start. The temperatures are so high during the first few minutes that quarks and gluons form strings. The top quark and antibottom quark are strings during this time in the early universe. As they collide, they start to spin, oscillate, and rotate, eventually merging into a single quark. This heavy quark, called the CD-quark, was responsible for developing electric charges in the early universe. Changes in the mass of the CD-quark are the true origin of electric charges. Electric charge is not dependent on mass, but rather on the mass change that occurred during the early universe. The CD-quark spins faster than the speed of light and vibrates in different modes, leading to the creation of electrons, protons, and neutrons. If it rotates clockwise, it generates a negative charge and shifts its vibration mode to produce an electron. An electron is not a fundamental particle. If it spins counterclockwise, it creates a positive charge and shifts into a proton. Some CD-quarks do not spin, resulting in a third vibration mode that creates a neutron. The CD-quark is a heavy quark; however, it is unique because the quark and antiquark are composed of different quarks. This property is crucial for the creation of electric charges and the formation of fundamental particles in the early universe. The CD-quark is the only source of electrons, protons, and neutrons during the first few minutes after the universe begins. After that, CD-quarks cease to exist. Charged particles have finite lifetimes; they are not stable like other particles.
It is widely accepted that energy cannot be created from nothing, but must be transformed in accordance with the laws of conservation. Nonetheless, experimental evidence suggests that useful mechanical work can be generated not only by adding heat but also by extracting it. This process creates a vacuum that produces traction forces, which in turn can yield mechanical work—potentially paving the way for self-sufficient power engines. This article explores plausible technological pathways based on traction or pulling forces, which have been largely overlooked in conventional thermodynamic systems. These forces can be induced by cooling a thermal working fluid, generating vacuum without direct energy input. Achieving a truly self-sufficient heat engine would require rethinking or even challenging foundational principles of thermodynamics, including the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics, Carnot’s theorem, and the concept of exergy. In fact, this proposal undergoes a feasible disruptive path toward Self-Sufficient Power Engines (SSPE). The best result among four cases studied consists of a self-sustaining power plant (SSPE) composed of a cascade of nine Power Units (PUs) that provide a self-sufficiency index of 250 with respect to a reference of 100 and a net electrical power of 597 (kJ/kg) per cycle.
Abstract Allah, the Creator, is entangled with everything in the universe. The Quantum Entanglement is neither spooky action at a distance nor science fiction. This theory introduces the parameters controlling the quantum entanglement and teleportation occurrence. A Sayed Quantum entanglement energy equation (SQEEE); E =β mc3, with variable speed, was derived to describe the quantum entanglement phenomena. The entanglement speed was found to be variable with distance and in the range from ~1x1012 to 1.318 x 1022m/s. The light speed violation is a must The Sayed quantum entanglement wavelength (SQEW) was calculated and found to be 2.487 x 10-35 m in the Planck scale. The quantum teleportation mechanism of an object from the macroscopic into the microscopic fields might take place through Sayed`s quantum teleportation tunneling (SQTT). Sayed quantum teleportation wavelength (SQTW) was derived and found to be 5.135x10-35m for Planck scale. A hypothetical case for object quantum teleportation acceleration (SQTA) was also calculated and found to be 4.738x1020 m/s2. It can be imagined that the universe (visible and invisible) is connected and entangled in the quantum scale by encrypted vibrational waves of specific wavelengths as the code of communication between all the universe web components. Sayed`s Quantum Entanglement & Teleportation Diagram (SQETD) was proposed.
The behaviour of black holes is one of the most challenging problems facing cosmologists. It was thought that the behaviour of black holes can be described by quantum laws. In this model, using Schrödinger equation and the ordinary gravitational field equation for spherical bodies, a new quantum gravity equation was proposed to describe the behaviour of the black holes. Assuming that the universe undergo a phase transition to become a black hole or if the solar system is trapped by a black hole, the time evolution will certainly be different from that of our ordinary solar system. This work proves that the distance traversed by the moon in one day inside the black hole is equal to that traversed by the moon in 1000 year.
This study investigates disruptive technological pathways for the optimal design of self-sustaining thermal power systems. It focuses on unconventional "vacuum-induced pulling forces," a phenomenon largely overlooked by traditional thermodynamics, where cooling a thermal working fluid (TWF) generates a vacuum and produces mechanical work without direct thermal energy input. This mechanism challenges foundational principles, including the First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT), energy conservation, Carnot’s theorem, and exergy concept definitions. The research aims to refine the design methodology for Self-Sustaining Power Plants (SSPPs) by optimizing the constant temperature drop (ΔT) between cascaded Power Units (PUs). This strategy facilitates the use of identical PUs, minimizing the number of units required while maximizing life-cycle benefits. A constant ΔT is critical for ensuring consistent useful work output under a constant heat input. The primary objective is to determine the optimal number of cascaded PUs that maximizes the system's self-sufficiency index and overall performance. Design results indicate that the optimal SSPP configuration, achieving a peak self-sufficiency index, utilizes 8 to 9 cascaded PUs for a ΔT between 40–50 K. This approach simplifies mechanical structure and reduces design, implementation, and operational costs, offering a feasible and disruptive pathway toward truly autonomous energy systems.
Calculating the distance of a star from Earth using stellar parallax makes sense only in two cases. Inthe first case, this is possible if the object we are observing is stationary in relation to the Sun, and in the second case, if the measurements are made simultaneously, but from two different locations. We will consider the case when thestar moves uniformly with respect to the Sun. By measuring the Doppler effect at three different points, we will beable to determine the speed of light emitted from the star in the direction of the observer, the velocities at which thestar and Sun move regarding the referential coordinate system and finally we will calculate the distance between thestar and the observer.
This paper investigates the design challenges of implementing Self-Sustaining Power Machines (SSPMs) for lunar environments using in-situ resources. These machines are engineered to provide on-site energy in the form of heat, mechanical work, or electrical power as required for lunar operations. Given that SSPMs rely on a thermal working fluid for functionality, a key aspect of the design process involves the selection and optimization of this fluid. Lunar regolith contains trapped gases that can be extracted and utilized—an approach known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Among the available candidate gases (helium, argon, and neon), this study evaluates two SSPM designs compatible with these fluids. These innovative prototypes employ cutting-edge technologies to generate mechanical work through pulling forces, achieved via cooling rather than conventional heating. Notably, the system recovers and regenerates waste cooling heat, enabling reuse without external energy input. The proposed design framework incorporates a combined cycle (CC) integrating a reverse Brayton cycle (RBC)-based heat pump with an SSPM composed of cascaded power units (PUs). The CC prototype (RBC + SSPM) was tested using helium, argon, and neon obtained through ISRU. Results (Tables 27 and 28) demonstrate that the SSPM-based CC, configured with six PUs operating in a VsVs cycle, achieves a self-sufficient net work output at viable efficiency levels
This paper presents a preliminary design task to implement a group of machine prototypes capable of generating energy using the natural resources of Mars planet atmosphere. These prototypes are based on disruptive state of the art technologies particularly characterized by using pull forces achieved by cooling an appropriated thermal working fluid in the heat-work conversion interactions. Due to these groundbreaking characteristics, the machine functions as a hybrid isolated system. It operates both as an isolated system in relation to heat sources and sinks, and as a hybrid isolated system in its capacity to generate useful output energy for any energy-consuming application. This machine marks a significant advancement in combined cycles (CC), incorporating a Reversed Brayton Cycle (RBC) and a Self-Sustaining Power Machine (SSPM) of this kind. By combining these thermal engines, the technology enables operation without reliance on either an external heat source or heat sink, challenging traditional thermodynamic principles. A group of prototypes design tasks based on the case study considers a combined cycle (CC) based on the combination of a heat pump consisting of a reverse Brayton cycle and a self-sustaining power machine (SSPM) is proposed to demonstrate these capabilities. The CC prototype consisting of a RBC and a SSPM was evaluated through the referred case study with argon for the RBC while using argon, air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as real thermal working fluids (TWFs) for the cascaded PUs of the SSPM. Results depicted in Tables 16-18-20-22 and 23 indicate that the proposed CC operating equipped with a SSPMs composed by 6 PUs operating on a VsVs cycle achieved a total acceptable amounts of self-sufficient output net work.
Nowadays, nanotechnology produces a variety of materials and devices, which are important for different applications. However, without a predictive successful model, it takes much more effort, money, and time to get the desired structure suitable for a certain application. Therefore, we aim to apply a new model called Egypt Pyramids Model for Nanotechnology (EPMN) on the two structures of the semiconductor compound CdSe to explain its electronic structures and properties of bulk and nanostructures. Here we show that by applying EPMN on CdSe, the quantum size effect QSE and reactivity size RS were calculated to be 5.45, 2.42, 12.61, 5.6 nm for cubic and hexagonal CdSe, respectively. The observed peaks in absorption and photoluminescence spectra, 678, 529, 457, and 325 nm, match very well the calculated transitions 626.18, 527.59, 455.82, and 326.27 nm, respectively.
This paper presents a machine capable of generating energy without the need for a heat sink or external heat source. It is distinguished by its ability to exhibit the fundamental property of maintaining dynamic activity, a characteristic inherent to the atoms of any substance, thereby overcoming all forms of resistance or irreversibility, even in zero-point energy environments. Due to these groundbreaking characteristics, the machine functions as a hybrid isolated system. It operates both as an isolated system in relation to heat sources and sinks, and as a hybrid isolated system in its capacity to generate useful output energy for any energy-consuming application. This machine marks a significant advancement in combined cycles (CC), incorporating a Reversed Brayton Cycle (RBC) and a Self-Sustaining Power Machine (SSPM) of this kind. By combining these thermal engines, the technology enables operation without reliance on either an external heat source or heat sink, challenging traditional thermodynamic principles. This paper addresses three core objectives related to SSPMs that operate without a heat sink or heat source: Violation of the FLT: Energy balances involving contraction-based mechanical work performed by pull forces demonstrate a direct violation of the energy conservation principle. Real Existence of Hybrid Isolated Systems (HIS): Partially isolated systems, or HIS, are capable of emitting energy beyond their isolation boundaries while remaining detached from external energy demands. Violation of the SLT: The SSPM’s ability to function without an external energy source or heat sink challenges the foundational principles that underpin the SLT. A prototype design task based on the case study considers a combined cycle (CC) based on the combination of a heat pump consisting of a reverse Brayton cycle and a self-sustaining power machine (SSPM) is proposed to demonstrate these capabilities. The CC prototype consisting of a RBC and a SSPM was evaluated through the referred case study with helium for the RBC while using air and helium as real TWFs for the cascaded PUs of the SSPM. Results depicted in Tables 4-8 indicate that the proposed CC operating equipped with a SSPM composed by 6 PUs operating on a VsVs cycle achieved a total output net work of 617,4 kJ for air and 1092, 8 kJ for helium as TWFs
The unified universe is a function in the only Great Creator, Allah. The unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism was achieved in 1979 by Noble laureates. This article is a theory and outstanding approach for unification of electromagnetism and gravity forces. The Sayed`s electromagnetic-gravity force (SEMGF) equations were derived and generated by fusion of Newton, Einstein, Planck, Maxwell equations and Coulomb law. The violation of E=mc2 is remarkably concluded. The unified equations lead to introduce the effect of electromagnetic gravity force on the measured and calculated speed of light. The acceleration, wavelength, gravitational constant, Planck constant, and speed of light were also integrated to develop Maxwell`s equations. The magnetic to electric field ratio was postulated to be π. To verify some universal constants taking into consideration the electromagnetic gravity force, speed of light was served to be violated: ~ 6 x1016 m/s. The Planck force and acceleration were found to be in concordance with the calculated by SEMGF; 1.21029x1044 N and 5.6077x1051 m/s2 respectively. The calculated gravitational constant (G) and electrostatic charge (e) values are; 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 and 1.602x10-19 C. Some values show differences that could be due to mutual and overlapping effect of the gravity and electromagnetism forces. It is a deep step for unification of gravity and electromagnetism.
The crystalline accommodation law quantum quantitative model (CALQQM) gives the exact relation between the crystal structure and the electronic energy band structure. In addition, it could explain successfully the superconductivity at room temperature, energy levels, and work functions of materials. This model opens the way to reconsider the energy band structures of all crystalline materials according to it. Therefore, we aim to use CALQQM to determine the electronic band structures of group IV elements including their allotropes such as fullerene, graphite, diamond, and α-Sn. Here, we show a great success in determining the band structures of these elements. CALQQM predicted with high accuracy their electronic properties such as work functions, energy gaps, and spectra in a good agreement with experimental results. A perfect agreement between the calculated value (4.69 eV) and experimental value (4.69 eV) of the work function of fullerene 60 was obtained.
