Abstract Rosemary phenolics possess strong antioxidant potential. However, their sensitivity to heat, oxygen and environmental conditions limits their stability, shelf life and bioavailability in food and nutraceutical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the spray drying encapsulation of rosemary phenolic extract using a scalable and environmentally friendly processing approach. Different Arabic gum/maltodextrin carrier ratios and inlet air temperatures (130–190 °C) were evaluated using an I-optimal mixture-process design. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), encapsulation yield (EY) and antioxidant activity responses were simultaneously optimized. The selected quadratic mixture-quadratic process model was found to be significant for all responses. The interaction between mixture components and temperature, and quadratic terms were particularly decisive for EE and EY. The optimized formulation achieved high powder recovery (90.99 % EY) while maintaining phenolic retention and antioxidant functionality. Optimized powders exhibited favorable technological properties, including low water activity (0.34), high solubility (91.04 %) and good flowability (Carr’s Index = 12.08 %), showing improved storage stability and reconstitution behavior. The present work also evaluated in vitro gastrointestinal release behavior and oxidative stability of the encapsulated powders unlike previous studies mainly focused on physicochemical characterization. In vitro release studies demonstrated restricted gastric release (28.34 %) and increased intestinal release (41.41 %), suggesting improved controlled-release potential for oral applications.
The eco-friendly green synthesis of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and Ni-doped cadmium sulphide (Ni-CdS) nanoparticles was done through papaya peel extract mediator. The nanoparticles obtained were characterized well through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and zeta potential. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized samples for ciprofloxacin (CIP) was examined under visible-light irradiation. Different concentration of Ni was doped in CdS to obtain the maximum photocatalytic degradation. Ni-CdS 0.4 showed maximum degradation efficiency (∼96 %) in 180 min, which is superior to pure CdS (∼31 %). The activity of the degradation was highly sensitive to solution pH and the catalyst dosage, and the degradation was most active at a pH of 10 and catalyst loading of 0.010 g/L. The rate constant for CdS and Ni-CdS 0.4 were found 0.00641 min−1 and 0.05186 min−1 respectively. Experiments of reusability confirmed stability of the catalyst for several cycles. The results indicate that green-synthesized Ni-CdS can be a promising, stable and sustainable photocatalyst to degrade pharmaceutical pollutants like CIP in the aqueous solution in an efficient manner.
This study compares the removal of reactive dyes using natural lignocellulosic adsorbents obtained from spruce, birch, and rapeseed stems. Lignocellulosic sorbents are attractive due to their low cost, availability, and environmental compatibility. Experiments were conducted using Procion Blue H-5R, Reactive Blue 4, and Reactive Red 120 dyes under alkaline-acid treatment at temperatures of 25 °C and 90 °C. The sorption capacities (mg g−1) at 25 °C reached 26.96 ± 0.64 (rapeseed) for Procion Blue H-5R, 17.86 ± 0.57 (rapeseed) for Reactive Blue 4, and ∼16.8 ± 0.2 across materials for Reactive Red 120, although commercial activated carbon showed higher capacities. Only minor differences in adsorption capacity were observed between 25 °C and 90 °C under the studied conditions. The results suggest that lignocellulosic agricultural residues, particularly rapeseed biomass, may represent promising low-cost materials for preliminary dye removal applications. However, additional studies involving adsorption kinetics, equilibrium modelling, and advanced surface characterization are necessary for a more comprehensive evaluation of adsorption performance and mechanisms. In addition, the direct comparison of different lignocellulosic biomass under identical experimental conditions provides a useful preliminary perspective on their relative adsorption behaviour.
This study investigates the total phenolic content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) with the objective of modelling the extraction kinetic process. Extraction was performed under controlled conditions using three solvents (water, 40 % and 70 % ethanol) and at two temperatures (30 °C and 40 °C). Kinetic modelling of the extraction process was described by a diffusion-based model derived from Fick’s second law. Nonlinear dependencies between process parameters were accounted for by a time-varying effective diffusion coefficient. Both the standard function method and the regular regime method were used to determine the effective diffusion coefficient (D eff). The results showed that the values of D eff obtained from both methods were of the same order, with minimal variation across solvents. Numerical simulations, supported by experimental data, confirmed that using a variable D eff provided better agreement with the observed results. The results indicate that extraction with 40 % ethanol leads to the highest recovery of extractable components, while 70 % ethanol yields the lowest. At 30 °C, for some of the solvents used (e.g., 70 % ethanol), equilibrium was not reached within the time range studied, whereas at 40 °C, equilibrium was reached more rapidly, and a more complete extraction was observed. The findings suggest that extraction at 40 °C in 40 % ethanol yields the highest recovery. These insights may support process optimization for the industrial-scale extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials.
This study focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using maize starch as a green stabilizer. The morphological and structural properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the formation of nanoscale ZnO NPs. To better understand the stabilizing role of starch in the green synthesis, the interaction between ZnO and maize starch was modeled using atomistic calculations. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated for the removal of metoprolol tartrate (MET), extracted from a commercial Presolol ® tablet, in ultrapure water under simulated solar (SS) and ultraviolet light–emitting diodes (UV–LED) irradiation. Significantly higher activity was observed under UV–LED irradiation, achieving 77.1 % MET degradation and 41.6 % mineralization after 240 min. Mechanistic investigations, supported by scavenger experiments, revealed that hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and photogenerated holes are the dominant reactive species responsible for MET degradation. The combined experimental and computational results demonstrate that starch-assisted synthesis effectively controls nanoparticle growth and stability, leading to enhanced photocatalytic performance. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs for sustainable water treatment applications.
This study evaluated the synthesis of kombucha–algae mediated selenium nanoparticles (KA-SeNPs) and their dietary effects on growth performance, histological and immunohistochemical indicators in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and TEM, revealing spherical particles with 58.3 nm average size. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted using two dietary treatments. Fish with an initial mean weight of 8.75 g were fed either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with KA-SeNPs at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mL/kg. Growth performance indices, viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), histological structure, morphometric parameters, and immunohistochemical responses were evaluated. Fish fed KA-SeNPs showed significantly improved weight gain and feed utilization efficiency compared to the control group, with lower VSI and HSI values. Histological examination of spleen, intestine, liver, and muscle tissues revealed improved tissue architecture. Morphometric analysis demonstrated increased melanomacrophage center density, intestinal villus length, goblet cell number, and myocyte diameter in the KA-SeNPs group. Immunohistochemical findings indicated enhanced expression of immune-related markers in splenic and intestinal tissues. These findings suggest that dietary KA-SeNPs supplementation is associated with improved growth performance and enhanced histo-immunological indicators in Nile tilapia. However, further studies are required to investigate the long-term effects and molecular mechanisms behind these benefits.
This study examines the analytical and optimisation degradation of 17β-estradiol using Titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesised by Achromobacter xylosoxidans and assesses its effectiveness in a seed priming assay. Nanoparticles were eco-friendly in the environment and less costly. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have applications in various fields of medicine, painting, bioremediation, cosmetics, and electronics, and they have photocatalytic activity in their nature. The anatase phase, which is known for its high photocatalytic activity, was indicated by the titanium dioxide nanoparticles’ UV peak at 333 nm, and the band gap energy was 3.3 eV. The crystalline grain size of X-ray diffraction was identified as 6.7 nm, the spherical shape was observed in Scanning electron microscope and in Transmission electron microscopy, a cubic image was obtained with a diameter of 24.3 nm at 0.5 µm. The degradation process was monitored using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, which revealed a significant breakdown of 17β-estradiol into less hazardous compounds. The degradation was optimised by a statistical method (Response Surface Method). The optimised degradation conditions were then applied in a seed priming assay to assess the impact on seed germination and early seedling growth. The results demonstrate the potential method for environmental remediation of 17β-estradiol.
To address the highly toxic defect of traditional cyanide gold leaching and the technical bottlenecks of the single thiourea gold leaching system, this study employed the [Co(NH3)6]3+/[Co(NH3)6]2+ redox couple as a new-type oxidant, and conducted research focusing on the electrochemical characteristics and gold leaching process of the cobalt-ammonia-thiourea synergistic gold leaching system. Firstly, electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for systematic analysis of the gold leaching system. Then, actual leaching experiments were carried out with a gold ore from Laos as the research object to explore the microscopic action mechanism and macroscopic process laws of the system. Electrochemical analysis showed that thiourea forms a new complex with cobalt ions, which changes the redox potential of cobalt ions. The oxidation peak at 0.265 V corresponds to the oxidation of thiourea to formamidine disulfide. Moreover, the increase in cobalt ion concentration can reduce the charge transfer resistance, accelerate the charge transfer on the electrode surface, and improve the reaction kinetic activity. The redox reaction of the system exhibits good reversibility. Leaching experiments indicated that pH, leaching time, thiourea concentration, and cobalt ion concentration have significant effects on the leaching efficiency. When the pH is 3, the leaching rate is stable and the thiourea consumption is relatively low; the reaction reaches equilibrium after 10 h of leaching; the optimal values are 0.1 M for thiourea concentration and 0.04 M for cobalt ion concentration. Under the optimal conditions (pH 3, thiourea 0.1 M, cobalt ion 0.04 M, liquid-solid ratio 4:1, stirring speed 300 rpm, leaching time 10 h), the average gold leaching rate reaches 80.10 %, and the average thiourea consumption rate is 14.60 kg/t. This study constructs a synergistic gold leaching system combining theory and practice, providing important support for the precise regulation and industrial application of non-cyanide gold leaching technology.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in indoor and outdoor particulate matter pose serious health risks, particularly to children. In this study, 32 PM 2.5 and PM 10 samples were collected from two kindergartens in Hanoi, Vietnam, and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The average concentrations of 16 priority PAHs (Σ16PAHs) were 19.6 and 26.6 ng/m 3 in PM 2.5 and 24.5 and 34.1 ng/m 3 in PM 10 for indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. Significant seasonal variations were observed between the rainy and dry periods. Diagnostic ratios such as Ant/(Ant + Phe), Fla/(Fla + Pyr), and Ind/(Ind + Bper) indicated that petroleum combustion, biomass burning (grass and wood), and coal combustion were the primary sources PAHs. To evaluate health risks, carcinogenic toxicity equivalents (BaP-TEQ), mutagenic toxicity equivalents (BaP-MEQ), and benzo [a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations (B [a]Peq) were calculated. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) ranged from 6.22 × 10 −9 (inhalation, in 2023) to 1.83 × 10 −4 (dermal, in 2020), revealing that exposure through ingestion and dermal contact poses a higher cancer risk for children compared to inhalation. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved air quality management and targeted mitigation strategies in preschool environments to mitigate PAH exposure in children’s environments.
This study reports the sustainable valorization of walnut shells to synthesize lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) via a hydrothermal method, followed by doping with selenium and magnesium oxide (Se/MgO) to form a composite. The nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Morphological analysis indicated average sizes of 72 nm (LNPs) and 79 nm (Se/MgO-LNPs) via scanning electron microscopy, with transmission electron microscopy providing higher-resolution estimates of 33 nm and 37 nm, respectively. Bioactivity assessment demonstrated potent antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi) and fungal (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis) pathogens, with electron micrographs confirming ultrastructural damage. The antimicrobial mechanism involved significant inhibition of key metabolic enzymes, including phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and nitrate reductase (NR), along with induction of protein leakage from cell membranes. Additionally, both nanoparticle types exhibited dose-dependent anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus and Escherichia coli and displayed notable antioxidant capacity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 '-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed selective anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 116.8 mu g/mL (LNPs) and 71.9 mu g/mL (Se/MgO-LNPs). A favorable safety profile was indicated by higher IC50 values against normal WI-38 human lung fibroblasts (448.1 mu g/mL and 255.3 mu g/mL, respectively).
In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized from the shell of Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut), an agro-industrial waste belonging to the Betulaceae family, using a rapid green synthesis approach. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results confirmed that the nanoparticles were highly pure, exhibited crystalline geometry, and had particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. The total phenolic content of the dry hazelnut shell extract was 86.18 +/- 8.03 mg GAE/g. Anticancer activity studies revealed that CuO nanoparticles significantly reduced cell viability in HCT-116 cells at concentrations of 1.695-3.39 mu g/mL and in SW480 cells at 0.8475-3.39 mu g/mL. In contrast, CeO2 nanoparticles showed no significant cytotoxic effect within the tested range (0.211-3.39 mu g/mL). Regarding antimicrobial activity, CuO nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas CeO2 nanoparticles showed no activity. Additionally, CuO nanoparticles demonstrated a higher biofilm inhibition rate (60.09 %) compared to CeO2 nanoparticles (46.99 %), while no anti-quorum sensing activity was observed. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of synthesized CuO nanoparticles for pharmacological applications.
Developing sustainable methods for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles remains a central challenge in modern organic chemistry. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) provide an efficient strategy by combining excellent atom economy, operational simplicity, and high selectivity to construct complex molecular frameworks in a single step. Concurrently, the emergence of green solvents has significantly advanced the sustainability of chemical processes. Among these, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted considerable attention as environmentally benign alternatives to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids, owing to their biodegradability, low toxicity, tunable physicochemical properties, and dual role as both solvents and catalysts. This review summarizes recent advances (2019–2025) in the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in MCRs for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles. It highlights the role of DESs in promoting C–C and C–heteroatom bond-forming reactions, accelerating reaction rates, and enabling recyclable and sustainable catalytic systems. Representative examples of DES-mediated syntheses of pyrimidines, imidazoles, quinolines, isoxazoles, benzothiazoles, chromenes, and pyrans are critically evaluated with respect to reaction scope, efficiency, and green chemistry metrics. The review concludes by addressing current challenges and future perspectives, emphasizing the need to expand substrate diversity, optimize the structural design of DESs, and explore their synergistic integration with biocatalysis to advance environmentally sustainable and innovative drug discovery.
Thermal annealing plays a vital role in the production of graphene-based materials and devices, with complex interactions influenced by temperature, graphene thickness, and substrate type. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the effects of annealing on graphene substrates using two different substrates: mica and SiO2, evaluated through SEM, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Results indicate that annealing does not induce the D-peak indicative of disorder in mica samples, while graphene on SiO2 exhibited a D-peak prior to annealing, which decreased at 300 degrees C but intensified at higher temperatures. There were notable blue shifts in the G band (Delta omega G) and 2D band (Delta omega 2D) across all samples, with reduced changes observed in thicker graphene on mica. AFM analysis revealed an elevation of mica samples to 11 nm following annealing at 500 degrees C, attributed to mica dehydroxylation, indicating that graphene acted as a protective layer without altering the morphology. In contrast, SiO2 samples appeared 'invisible' post-annealing at 500 degrees C, though they were detectable in Raman data, reflecting the underlying roughness. These findings highlight the superior dielectric properties and atomically flat surface of mica, positioning it as a preferable substrate for 2D material integration over the rougher SiO2.
Bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) production relies heavily on manual experience, which results in low process control precision and poor product quality stability between batches. To address this, an orthogonal experimental design was used to examine the effects of key process parameters, including the Ca(OH)2 concentration and reaction temperature, on the available chlorine content of the product. A multivariate polynomial regression was employed to establish a predictive model relating product quality to process parameters. After optimization through a grid search and cross-validation, the model achieved an R 2 of 0.9067 and a RMSE of 0.2545. A ResNet-18 convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to analyze reaction-process images and identify six reaction stages. The model achieved a validation accuracy of approximately 90 %, with precision and recall values in the range of 85-90 %. In particular, the model demonstrated high recall for the key reaction endpoint (Stage 4), enabling reliable identification of the critical process stage. A closed-loop intelligent control system was developed by integrating the predictive model with a visual recognition module. Validation showed that compared with traditional manual control, this system improved the uniformity of product quality, reduced the batch standard deviation by 75 %, and significantly enhanced production stability and efficiency. This study provides an efficient end-to-end solution for intelligent upgrading of complex multiphase reaction processes.
In this study, the removal of two cationic dyes Safranin O (SO) and Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solutions was investigated using waste tomato stems (TS) as a novel, natural bio-adsorbent within a zero-waste approach. The effects of pH, adsorbent amount, particle size, initial dye concentration, and contact time were systematically optimized to determine the most effective adsorption conditions. The optimum conditions for SO dye were determined as pH 10, adsorbent dosage 1.5 g/L, adsorbent size 35 mesh, initial dye concentration 25 mg/L, and contact time 45 min. For MB dye, the optimum conditions were pH 6, adsorbent dosage 2.0 g/L, adsorbent size 35 mesh, initial dye concentration 25 mg/L, and contact time 45 min. Adsorption/desorption experiments confirmed that the TS could be reused for at least five cycles with high efficiency, demonstrating its potential for sustainable wastewater treatment. Among the adsorption models tested, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Temkin isotherm provided the best fit, suggesting chemisorption on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic analyses revealed that the adsorption processes for both dyes were exothermic and spontaneous. This study highlights waste tomato stems as a low-cost, eco-friendly, and reusable bio-adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater, offering a new route toward sustainable resource utilization and circular economy practices.
Garlic peel (GP), an abundant agro-waste, remains largely unexplored as a biogenic source for selenium nanoparticle (SeNP) synthesis. This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of GP-SeNPs and GP-extract. GP-SeNPs synthesized via reduction of sodium selenite using GP-extract were confirmed to be crystalline by X-ray diffraction, showing a characteristic absorption peak at 264 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified phytoconstituents responsible for nanoparticle synthesis, interaction, and stabilization. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 14.66 nm. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling identified multiple bioactive compounds, with palmitic and oleic acids as dominant constituents. GP-SeNPs exhibited markedly higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than GP-extract alone. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that GP-SeNPs exerted significantly stronger inhibitory effects than GP-extract against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. This was evidenced by larger zones of inhibition, effective suppression of bacterial growth, and disruption of bacterial membranes, which caused leakage of proteins and DNA. Molecular docking showed strong binding affinities of palmitic and oleic acids toward bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enhanced through nanoparticle conjugation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that GP-SeNPs are sustainable, agro-waste-derived bioactive nanomaterials with pronounced antibacterial activity, supported by measurable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
The pharmaceutical industry produces 52 megatons of carbon-dioxide equivalent emissions yearly which exceed automotive manufacturing emissions by 55 %, while pharmaceutical ingredients pollute rivers across 104 nations worldwide. The review presents an extensive life-cycle framework which enables pharmaceutical systems to transition from their current linear waste-generating structure to sustainable circular systems. The review evaluates waste management systems through advanced wastewater treatment methods that efficiently remove pharmaceuticals, drug take-back programs and new extended producer responsibility rules. The evolving set of environmental regulations including PAS 2090:2025 life-cycle assessment standards and European Medicines Agency’s 2024 Environmental Risk Assessment guideline and WHO antibiotic-discharge guidance establish accountability systems that drive sustainable development. The research needs identification of biodegradable API design methods and digital twin optimization techniques (real-time virtual replicas of manufacturing processes enabling predictive optimization) and chronic mixture ecotoxicology studies and a phased implementation plan for pharmaceutical companies and regulatory bodies and healthcare organizations. Protecting human health demands that pharmaceutical companies adopt sustainable practices, as their current environmental damage threatens the planetary systems that support human well-being.
Ascorbyl magnesium phosphate (AMP), a biocompatible and commercially available derivative of vitamin C, is introduced as a green and multifunctional catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs). AMP operates through a cooperative Lewis-Br & oslash;nsted activation mode, the central Mg2+ polarizes the aldehyde carbonyl, while the surrounding phosphate-ascorbate framework offers both hydrogen-bond stabilization and mild redox buffering. Under solvent-free heating, microwave irradiation, or methanolic conditions at room temperature (rt), AMP efficiently catalyzes the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, affording BIM analogs in yields of up to 96 %. Computational studies reveal that solvent competition, particularly with methanol, plays a key role in controlling substrate access to the Mg2+ site and modulating the catalytic activity. Moreover, partial solvent evaporation facilitates the transition to a fully activated catalytic regime. This bio-derived catalytic system provides a non-toxic, recyclable, and operationally simple alternative to conventional mineral acids and metal catalysts, highlighting the potential of vitamin-based metal phosphates as sustainable promoters for C-C bond formation and green heterocycle synthesis.
Propylene glycol (PG), a generally recognized as safe ingredient widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products, has not previously been investigated as a green solvent for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study reports the first application of PG as an organic modifier in reversed-phase HPLC. A simple, eco-friendly, and efficient isocratic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in combination tablets, with effective separation of the impurity 4-aminophenol. Using a 10-cm C18 column and a mobile phase comprising 25 % (v/v) PG in water, adjusted to pH 4.0 with glacial acetic acid, at 50 degrees C and a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min, complete separation was achieved within 2 min under a backpressure below 200 bar and detection at 275 nm. The method was fully validated and provided results consistent with the United States Pharmacopeial method. Greenness evaluation using AGREE and GAPI tools confirmed superior environmental performance, with a BAGI score of 85.0, demonstrating high practicality. Owing to low volatility, flammability, and toxicity, along with water miscibility, UV transparency, biodegradability, and renewable sourcing, PG represents a green and sustainable alternative to conventional volatile HPLC solvents without compromising analytical performance or reliability.
This study establishes and validates a sustainable reverse-phase "high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)" methodology for the concurrent assay of aceclofenac (ACC) and paracetamol (PCT) in their fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets. A green developing system with a 70:30 (v/v) ratio of ethanol and water was used to assess ACC and PCT simultaneously. The methodology was validated for numerous validation parameters following standard regulatory guidelines. The method's greenness and whiteness profiles were assessed using four different metrics: "the analytical eco-scale (AES), chloroform toxicity (ChlorTox), the analytical GREEnness (AGREE) and the blue applicability grade index (BAGI)". The suggested method was linear for both drugs in the 25-1,200 ng/band level. Following validation, the suggested method was determined to be precise, accurate, robust, sensitive, and sustainable. The results from all the greenness and whiteness tools, such as AES (93), ChlorTox (0.72 g), AGREE (0.75), and BAGI (85), demonstrated that the developed method had a notably greener and whiteness profiles. The ACC and PCT levels in commercial FDC tablets were found to be within the limit of 100 +/- 2 % using the suggested methodology. The investigation's findings demonstrated that the suggested technique could accurately analyze the levels of ACC and PCT in commercial FDC tablets.
