The “ARD-01” well is a directional well with a final depth of 7,585 ftMD, penetrating the limestone Tuban Formation. At the 8 ½” section, a drilling issue arose in the form of a suboptimal hydraulic program due to insufficient bit power, as indicated by a BHHP/HPs ratio of 7.63%. Under these conditions, the downhole mud motor operated at 112.5 rpm with a Rate of Penetration (ROP) of 75 ft/hr, which could potentially lead to bit balling and cutting regrinding due to cuttings buildup in the borehole, thereby reducing rock fragmentation efficiency and increasing the risk of non-productive time (NPT). The hydraulic evaluation and optimization conducted in this study utilized the Bit Hydraulic Horsepower (BHHP) method, which is considered effective because it focuses on the total hydraulic energy that aids in cuttings removal. BHHP accounts for the combination of pressure and flow rate, with a target BHHP/HPs ratio of approximately 48%, since a portion of the hydraulic horsepower, around 18% is used to operate the downhole mud motor. This relationship determines the desired drilling rate, particularly in the design of the downhole mud motor, to ensure adequate rotational speed (RPM) as a mechanical factor. The results of drilling hydraulics optimization achieved by changing the actual flow rate from 450 gpm to an optimized flow rate of 530 gpm and the actual pressure from 2100 to an optimized pressure of 4200 psi using a series connected triplex pump yielded an increase in the BHHP/HPs ratio of 48.20% which meets the recommended hydraulic parameters for directional drilling with a downhole mud motor. Under these conditions, the downhole mud motor speed increased to 132 rpm, resulting in a Rate of Penetration (ROP) increase from 75 ft/hr to 90 ft/hr under average conditions and reaching 105 ft/hr under optimal conditions. These results indicate that optimizing pressure and flow rate using the BHHP method can increase the hydraulic energy available at the bit, thereby improving drilling efficiency.
Anti-discrimination law is based on principles such as equality and the dignity of the human person, expressly provided for in international texts such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. It aims to guarantee equal treatment and protection against negative discrimination, promoting the inclusion of vulnerable groups. In the digital environment, this protection becomes even more relevant, since technology can both reduce inequalities and amplify vulnerabilities and, consequently, inequalities. Digital vulnerability refers to the unequal exposure to technological risks, which can affect the privacy, security, and exercise of fundamental rights of socially marginalized groups, such as the elderly, people with disabilities, and economically disadvantaged communities, who face greater obstacles to the safe use of technology. Furthermore, digital exclusion can perpetuate inequalities in access to information, education, and essential public services. Digital vulnerability based on gender refers to the specific inequalities and risks faced by women and people of segregated and/or marginalized gender identities in the digital environment, considering that technology has the potential to reproduce and amplify discrimination, giving rise to new forms of violence, exclusion, and inequality. In this sense, the digital environment has become a new space for the perpetuation of gender-based violence, through online harassment, digital sexual violence, misogynistic and transphobic attacks, as well as algorithms that determine discriminatory outcomes. The proposed theme aims to create a dialogue that considers public policies and regulations that promote the inclusion of these vulnerable groups, ensuring that technology becomes an instrument of inclusion and not of oppression and segregation. This article argues that digital technologies reproduce and amplify structural gender inequalities through algorithmic bias, underrepresentation, and intersectional exclusion. It concludes by proposing concrete legal and technical reforms, including mandatory gender-focused algorithmic audits, diversity obligations in AI teams, and the adoption of a European Directive on Digital Equality, to ensure substantive gender equality in digital environments.
This study aimed to provide future insights into the sustainability of clean energy-based learning. It employed a rigorous descriptive methodology, compiling relevant studies and literature on green energy and sustainability for the period 2024-2026. This involved an inductive, exploratory, and evaluative analysis. Based on the researchers' perspectives, the study developed future visions. The findings revealed that transforming educational institutions into green schools is a significant challenge requiring intensive efforts and local, national, and international partnerships. Based on multiple studies, this research identifies key challenges and potential solutions that can leverage renewable energy sources. The study recommends accelerating the implementation of renewable energy solutions, such as solar panels, in educational institutions to improve energy efficiency and ensure the sustainability of operational processes. These initiatives should encompass all educational levels, from schools to universities, with financial and technical support from governments and civil society organizations.
To clarify the differences in pore connectivity in different directions within low-resistivity shale reservoirs, identify factors influencing the connectivity of low-resistivity shale reservoirs, and further discuss the impact of connectivity on rock resistivity, the marine organic-rich low-resistivity shale of the Longmaxi Formation in the Changning area of the Sichuan Basin was selected as the research object. Experiments such as X-ray diffraction mineral composition analysis and spontaneous imbibition were conducted to investigate the differences in pore connectivity of low-resistivity shale. The results indicate that the overall pore connectivity of low-resistivity shale is poor, with better connectivity parallel to the bedding direction than perpendicular to it. Different mineral contents have varying controlling effects on inorganic pore connectivity, with clay minerals playing a significant role in controlling spontaneous imbibition. Organic matter content and maturity have different effects on organic pore connectivity. Higher organic matter content corresponds to better connectivity of organic pores. When maturity is below 3.0%, higher maturity favors improved connectivity, while beyond this threshold, it adversely affects connectivity. Both inorganic and organic pore connectivity exhibit a strong negative correlation with shale resistivity, suggesting that formation water in shale pores can form effective conductive pathways. Formation water content plays a crucial role in controlling resistivity, which is of great significance for further research on the causes of low resistivity in this region.
As cyber threats increasingly target human vulnerabilities, understanding behavioural and organisational factors is vital for strengthening resilience. This study investigates cybersecurity awareness and social engineering vulnerabilities among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia, a context characterised by rapid digital transformation and heightened exposure to cyber threats. Despite significant national investment in cybersecurity, human-centred vulnerabilities remain a dominant cause of security breaches. Drawing on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines behavioural determinants of secure practices and evaluates the influence of organisational culture, policies, and training. A quantitative, positivist research design was employed, using a structured online survey distributed to public sector employees. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-tests, and regression modelling. Findings indicate that cybersecurity training, organisational policy clarity, and supportive organisational culture significantly enhance cybersecurity awareness, while notable gaps persist in recognising and responding to social engineering attacks such as phishing, pretexting, and baiting. The study provides empirical evidence on human-factor vulnerabilities within a critical national sector and highlights the need for continuous, context-specific training and policy reinforcement. Recommendations include adaptive awareness programmes, integration of simulated attack exercises, and alignment of organisational practices with established frameworks such as NIST SATE and HAIS-Q. The results support the development of resilient cybersecurity ecosystems within public institutions and advance an engineering-oriented understanding of socio-technical security risks.
This systematic literature review examines the impact of regulatory and litigation challenges on auditors and audit quality. In recent decades, corporate scandals and regulatory reforms have intensified oversight of the auditing profession, increasing both compliance requirements and legal exposure for auditors. The purpose of this study is to synthesize existing empirical evidence on how regulatory pressure and litigation risk influence auditor behavior, audit processes, and overall audit quality. Using a systematic review methodology, relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025 were identified from major academic databases. An initial sample of 250 articles was collected. Following the PRISMA screening and eligibility criteria, 20 high-quality studies were selected for final analysis and synthesis. The findings indicate that increased regulatory requirements have generally enhanced audit quality by strengthening accountability, documentation practices, and professional skepticism. However, these benefits are accompanied by higher compliance costs, increased auditor workload, and elevated levels of professional stress. In addition, litigation risk significantly influences auditor behavior, encouraging conservative reporting, expanded audit procedures, higher audit fees, and greater risk-avoidance in client acceptance decisions. While such defensive auditing practices may reduce audit failure risk, they can also limit auditor independence and efficiency. The review also identifies notable gaps in existing literature, particularly the lack of longitudinal studies and limited research focused on emerging markets. The study concludes that while regulation and litigation play a critical role in improving audit quality, policymakers should adopt balanced and supportive regulatory frameworks that enhance effectiveness without imposing excessive administrative or legal burdens on auditors.
Social accountability has become a critical component of health system governance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where gaps in service quality, transparency, and citizen engagement persist. In Bangladesh, despite notable progress in maternal and newborn health outcomes, institutional mechanisms that enable citizens to voice concerns and influence service delivery at the facility level remain limited. This study examines the Opinion Box Initiative implemented at the Madhukhali Upazila Health Complex in Faridpur District in Bangladesh as a practical social accountability mechanism embedded within the public health system. The purpose of this study is to explore how a simple, low-cost feedback tool can enhance institutional responsiveness, provider accountability, and community trust in a primary healthcare setting. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through document review, field observations, semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers, facility managers, and community members, and review of Quality Improvement Committee meeting records. The data were thematically analyzed to assess the processes, outcomes, and governance implications of the initiative. Findings indicate that the Opinion Box Initiative created a structured and confidential platform for citizen feedback, particularly benefiting women and marginalized service users. The regular review of feedback through institutional committees contributed to tangible improvements in cleanliness, waiting times, provider behavior, and service utilization. The initiative also strengthened communication between service providers and the community, fostered a culture of transparency, and reinforced leadership accountability at the facility level. The study concludes that social accountability mechanisms, when embedded within existing governance and quality improvement structures and supported by facility leadership, can significantly enhance responsiveness and trust in public health services. The Madhukhali experience demonstrates that simple participatory tools can generate meaningful institutional change and offers policy-relevant lessons for scaling similar approaches within primary healthcare systems in Bangladesh and other resource-constrained settings.
Water resources are a valuable asset for agricultural and industrial consumption, as well as for household needs. It is widely recognized that groundwater must be protected from all forms of pollution to maintain healthy biodiversity. The Logone River provides users with economic benefits: irrigated agriculture, fishing, groundwater, and recreational opportunities. Water property rights are complex to define, and a water market is difficult to establish. In the absence of property rights and a market, conflicts among users are inevitable. Although a market for property rights exists, we do not know how water resources are allocated among different users. In this sense, water resource management models must address these issues. This study therefore attempts, firstly, to examine the determinants of households' willingness to pay to preserve the water table in the Logone basin, and secondly, to estimate the value of households' willingness to pay (WTP). To achieve our objectives, we used the logit model, which allowed us to identify the variables that influence or do not influence household WTP. Subsequently, the Cameron and James method from 1987 guided us in estimating the average value of household WTP. We deduce from this study that the only decision-making variable is essentially income. All surveys indicate that their WTP would increase as long as their income remained high.
In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the exploration of lacustrine shale oil in China, with mixed sedimentary shale oil in saline–alkaline lakes demonstrating substantial resource potential. This study focuses on the shale of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin. By integrating field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the shale were systematically characterized both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicate that inorganic pores dominate in lacustrine shale, including interparticle pores, intraparticle pores, intercrystalline pores, and microfractures, with pores in the II-micropore range (10–100 nm) contributing most significantly. The fractal dimension Dmax (2.9204) exceeds Dmin (2.2572), suggesting that the structural complexity of the pore system is greater than its surface roughness. Quartz exerts a dual influence on pore development, while higher calcite content is conducive to pore formation. In contrast, the cementation effect of dolomite may limit its positive contribution to porosity. Additionally, the relatively well-developed fractures in alkaline lacustrine shale facilitate the formation of complex fracture network systems, which are of critical importance for shale oil enrichment and reservoir stimulation.
This paper examines the relationship between objective reality and human cognition, aiming to develop a unified philosophical framework that integrates perception, language, belief, emotion, and consciousness. It begins by addressing the epistemological problem of how truth can be distinguished from subjective interpretation, arguing that perception—while indispensable—is inherently unreliable and fragmentary. Sensory experience, emotional bias, and belief systems jointly shape how reality is represented in the mind, often obscuring objective structures that exist independently of individual observers. The paper adopts a conceptual and analytical methodology, drawing from philosophy of mind, cognitive science, evolutionary psychology, and the scientific method. Through careful analysis of language and meaning, it demonstrates how abstract concepts acquire instability due to emotional valuation and personal experience, and how precise definitions and logical reasoning can partially stabilize knowledge claims. Emotions are examined not as irrational disturbances, but as evolved functional mechanisms that guide behavior, belief formation, and survival. A central contribution of this work is its model of consciousness as an emergent construct arising from unconscious associative processes, belief architectures, and emotional modulation, with the ego conceptualized as a representational singularity rather than a fundamental entity. The paper further explores the boundaries between awareness and consciousness, extending the discussion to artificial systems and future post-biological intelligences. Finally, it considers the ethical implications of demystifying life and consciousness, particularly in relation to morality, technological advancement, and humanity’s future. The paper concludes that while absolute certainty about reality’s ultimate origin may lie beyond human comprehension, the disciplined use of logic, empirical methods, and conceptual clarity remains the most reliable pathway for approximating objective truth within an inherently subjective cognitive framework.
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are common disorders marked by the presence of thyroid autoantibodies. This review summarizes their immunological roles, clinical relevance, and diagnostic value based on studies published up to January 2026. The main antibodies—anti-TPO, anti-Tg, and TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) —serve different functions. TRAb play a direct pathogenic role, especially in Graves’ disease, while anti-TPO and anti-Tg are primarily markers associated with autoimmune thyroid destruction, such as in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clinically, TRAb are important for diagnosis and monitoring of Graves’ disease, whereas anti-TPO and anti-Tg help identify autoimmune origin and assess the risk of hypothyroidism. However, their diagnostic accuracy is limited by their presence in some healthy individuals. Overall, thyroid autoantibodies remain essential tools in clinical practice, though careful interpretation is necessary. Future approaches combining immunology with computational methods may improve disease prediction and management.
This paper explores Helon Habila’s Travellers (2019) as a juridical allegory of migration through the concept of “the law of the journey.” Departing from the conventional linear migration narrative, Travellers constructs a mosaic of interconnected portraits that illuminate the lived realities of displacement, statelessness, and legal precarity in contemporary Europe. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s notion of “the right to have rights” and Giorgio Agamben’s theorisation of “bare life,” the paper argues that Habila’s fiction demonstrates how migrants are simultaneously governed and excluded by law. Through its fragmented form, the novel mirrors the suspended temporality of transit and the invisibility produced by extraterritorial asylum regimes. Characters such as Manu, Mark, and Portia embody varying conditions of rightlessness, exposing the ethical and political contradictions of global mobility. By situating Travellers within both legal theory and contemporary Nigerian migrant fiction, the study reveals how literature interrogates the limits of human rights and national sovereignty. Ultimately, Habila’s work transforms fiction into a site of ethical encounter and resistance, insisting that recognition and belonging must travel with persons beyond borders. The paper concludes that Travellers reimagines the migrant journey as a legal and moral frontier, compelling individuals to confront the politics of exclusion and responsibility.
Being political intolerance a risk factor of war and conflict in Mozambique, it can be perceived as a process of denial, discrimination or even lack of respect for the way other people think or express themselves. This phenomenon may result from the rejection of people with deferent political, sexual, religious and ethnic orientations. Political intolerance is a phenomenon characterized by the hatred of a political, religious nature of those who think differently on a given subject and that can lead us to a violent conflict characterized by physical aggression, destruction of property and even the murder of others. Therefore, it poses the risk of war and conflict in Mozambique to the extent that, the Frelimo party that is in power for 50 years did not recognize the will of the people who massively voted for the presidential candidate Venâncio Bila Mandane and the Podemos party in the elections of October 9, 2024, that, after the announcement of the fictitious results that placed the candidate of Frelimo Daniel Francisco Chapo in advantage, the population manifested itself demonstrating its indignation demanding that the competent bodies the National Council of Elections, as well as the Constitutional Council to restore the electoral truth for the sake of Mozambican democracy. It is in this context that the present article seeks to discuss the likely factors contributing to the risk of conflict and war in Mozambique resulting from political intolerance. Now, for the realization of this article we used the bibliographic consultation of several works that address on the theme under analysis.
Rapid urbanization and climate variability are significantly altering land use/land cover (LULC) patterns and intensifying urban thermal stress in many Sub-Saharan African cities. This study presents a multi-decadal geospatial assessment of LULC dynamics and their impacts on land surface temperature (LST), urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and urban thermal stress in Finfinne, Ethiopia, from 1995 to 2025. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (TM, ETM+, OLI/TIRS) was analyzed using supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification to map LULC changes, while LST was retrieved through radiometric calibration, NDVI-based emissivity correction, and standardized thermal conversion techniques. UHI intensity was calculated as the temperature difference between urban and surrounding rural areas, and urban thermal stress and ecological quality were assessed using the Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) and Urban Thermal Comfort Level (UTCL). Classification accuracy ranged from 80.29% to 96.34%, with kappa coefficients between 0.75 and 0.95, indicating high thematic reliability. Results show rapid urban expansion, with built-up areas increasing from 10,106 ha (19.4%) in 1995 to 28,780 ha (55.2%) in 2025, largely replacing croplands and forest lands. During the same period, mean and maximum LST increased by 7.41°C and 9.71°C, respectively, while mean UHI intensity rose from 21.40°C to 35.16°C. UTFVI and UTCL analyses reveal a pronounced deterioration of urban thermal conditions, with thermally stressed categories (“Worse” and “Worst”) expanding from 53.7% of the city area in 1995 to 68.8% in 2025, indicating increasing ecological degradation and declining thermal comfort. Built-up and degraded surfaces consistently exhibited the highest LST, UHI, and UTFVI values and the poorest UTCL conditions, whereas forests and water bodies provided significant cooling effects. These findings highlight the dominant role of rapid urban growth combined with background climatic warming in driving thermal intensification in Finfinne and emphasize the need for climate-responsive urban planning and blue–green infrastructure to enhance urban thermal resilience.
Free Public Services is a punishment that requires participation in activities beneficial to the community, mandated by a court. The offender commits to this in order to compensate for damages or to support both primary and secondary victims, in accordance with the nature of the crime(s) committed. The emergence of this punishment in the criminal laws of Iran and Afghanistan is rooted in the decarceration movement, which began in response to the negative effects of imprisonment. Influenced by international developments, lawmakers in Iran and Afghanistan introduced the punishment of free public services for the first time through the 2013 Penal Code of Iran and the 2016 Penal Code of Afghanistan. This punishment is one of the alternative penalties to imprisonment in the criminal laws of both countries, with its substitutive nature being particularly emphasized. This new punishment applies to offenses and crimes under specific conditions and is not applicable to all offenders. One of the most important conditions for granting this punishment is the victim's forgiveness and the offender's consent. The requirement of the offender's consent in the execution of the punishment is an exceptional case that has been accepted for the first time in the criminal laws of both countries, indicating that the execution of free public services without the element of consent is impossible. This article examines the concepts, historical development, objectives, types, and conditions of free public services from a comparative perspective.
Periodic markets play a critical role in rural and semi-urban economies in Nigeria, yet their spatial concentration and temporal intensity often generate transport challenges. This study examines the impact of periodic market activities on traffic flow in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The problem addressed is the recurrent traffic congestion experienced on market days, which affects mobility, safety, and accessibility for residents, traders, and road users. The study aims analyse traffic flow conditions during periodic markets and evaluate the extent to which market activities contribute to traffic congestion among others A survey research design was adopted, using structured questionnaires, field observations, and secondary data. A total of 200 respondents comprising traders and transport operators were sampled across selected markets in Akungba, Oka, and Iwaro. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results show female dominance in market participation (67.5%), with traders constituting the largest occupational group (52.0%). Public vehicles (42.0%) and walking (36.0%) were the dominant transport means. Traffic flow during market days was rated as congested or very congested by 72.5% of respondents, while 84.5% agreed that periodic market activities significantly contribute to traffic congestion. Increased vehicle volume (49.0%), parking problems (35.0%), and pedestrian congestion (16.0%) were identified as major causes. The chi-square result (χ² = 4.57, p < 0.05) confirms a significant relationship between periodic market activities and traffic flow patterns. The study concludes that while periodic markets enhance livelihoods and food distribution, they generate predictable traffic congestion. It recommends integrated market and transport planning, designated parking facilities, strengthened traffic enforcement, improved public transport provision, and sustained public awareness campaigns to improve mobility and safety on market days.
Objective : To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Qiangxin concentrated decoction combined with conventional western medicine in the treatment of patients with heart water disease (syndrome of yang deficiency and water flooding). Methods : A total of 81 patients from April 2024 to June 2025 were enrolled and randomly divided into the experimental group (treated with Qiangxin concentrated decoction+conventional treatment) and the control group (treated with conventional treatment). The treatment course lasted for 2 weeks. The TCM syndrome scores, cardiac function indicators (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], brain natriuretic peptide [BNP]), degree of edema and safety indicators were observed. Results : The total effective rate in the experimental group was 85.37%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (60.00%) (P<0.05). The improvement in LVEF (47.49±4.18% vs 44.88±6.07%), the cardiac function classification (2.90±0.37 vs 3.10±0.38), the 6MWT (337.39±65.14m vs 304.98±60.59m), and the decrease in NT-proBNP (5905.66±3827.84 vs 11067.53±6898.61pg/mL) were all superior to those in the control group (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion : Qiangxin concentrated decoction can effectively improve the cardiac function and edema symptoms of patients with heart water disease of the syndrome of yang deficiency and water flooding, and has good safety.
This paper examines the concept of freedom as the foundation of legitimate government according to John Locke and its relevance for strengthening democracy in Indonesia. Locke emphasizes freedom as a natural right inherent in human beings from the state of nature, possessing moral, rational, and political dimensions that function as the standard of political and moral legitimacy of government. Legitimacy is achieved solely through the consent of the governed; therefore, any exercise of power that violates the freedom of the people constitutes tyranny. The method employed in this study is library research combined with a philosophical hermeneutic approach. This paper highlights that Indonesian democracy continues to face a disparity between formal freedom and substantive freedom, characterized by oligarchic practices, money politics, and restrictions on public participation. The relevance of Locke’s thought is reflected in the necessity of the rule of law, the limitation of power, public accountability, and the strengthening of citizens’ deliberative capacities as rational subjects. By positioning freedom as an ethical and normative foundation, this study finds that Indonesian democracy can only be legitimate, just, and humane if it genuinely respects the moral autonomy of its citizens and establishes popular consent as the source of political legitimacy.
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has opened up a new path for the development of community traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment. By introducing intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems, the clinical diagnosis and treatment capabilities of grassroots TCM practitioners can be effectively enhanced, making up for their relatively insufficient experience. However, at present, the application of this technology in the TCM field still faces many challenges. Its algorithm models and knowledge systems need to be deeply integrated with the theoretical characteristics of TCM, such as the holistic view and syndrome differentiation and treatment, as well as the flexible and adaptable clinical practice requirements. It is necessary to actively explore feasible integration solutions in the real clinical decision-making process. This article systematically analyzes the current development status of community TCM clinics and the specific application of AI technology in areas such as auxiliary diagnosis and prescription recommendation. It focuses on sorting out the practical problems existing in core links such as the standardization and unification of TCM terms, modeling of syndrome differentiation and treatment processes, screening and compatibility of prescriptions, and dosage and contraindications of drugs. On this basis, it deeply explores how to design and develop a relatively complete and human-machine collaborative intelligent auxiliary decision-making system, and proposes optimization paths from multiple dimensions such as strengthening humanistic care, adhering to medical ethics, and ensuring data security. Finally, it provides systematic solutions for promotion from three aspects: strengthening cross-disciplinary scientific research, promoting the popularization of technology and knowledge education, and improving industry standards and policy guidance, with the aim of providing practical theoretical basis and practical reference for the in-depth empowerment of grassroots TCM services by AI.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among tricycle drivers present major occupational health challenges, often attributed to ergonomic hazards and poor safety practices. Studies have documented MSDs among commercial tricycle drivers, but its ergonomic hazards safety practices had not been adequately documented. This study was therefore designed to document musculoskeletal disorder and ergonomic hazards safety practices among commercial tricycle drivers in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study which utilized a 3-stage random sampling technique to select wards, parks and 277 commercial tricycle drivers. A validated, semi-structured questionnaire
