The preferences among employees are varied due to the changes in the 21st century's working environment. It is thus important to determine the factors that employees seek in an organization and their intention behavior to quit from their job in order to improve the issues of high attrition that happens in an organization. This research aims to determine the relationship between Employer Branding and Turnover Intention among employees in Malaysia's SME-ICT Industry. A cross sectional study and quantitative research methods were used in the study. Questionnaires were administered to employees in the SME-ICT firms in Selangor and 250 respondents cooperated in this study. Practically, this study adopts the concept employer branding and translates it into the SME environment, in an attempt to improve the organization's performance regarding employee's management. By using Smart Partial Least Square (PLS), the result translates the significant relationship between the development value in employer branding and turnover intention.
The primary findings of this paper are that the increase in hours worked per employee comes at the expense of life satisfaction, and differences in labor income taxes cannot account for differences in time allocation. Once life satisfaction is included, the hypotheses of previous neoclassical economic studies is almost irrelevant in determining the response of market hours to higher taxes. We find a negative relationship between hours worked across countries and life satisfaction. In the countries with the highest hours worked (Hungary, Estonia), leisure is generally preferred to wealth and in the lowest hours worked (France, Germany), wealth is preferred to leisure.
Globalization, ease of information dissemination by means of various media, increasing social consciousness levels of consumers might be specified as the main drivers for corporate social responsibility activities and reporting efforts made by the corporations in order to inform their stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility activities are considered as volunteer efforts made by corporations whereby they satisfy their customers and other stakeholders socially and increase their firm value regarding to their community and social environment as a whole. Meeting the stakeholder expectations and maintaining firm sustainability are two major expected outcomes of social responsibility activities and reporting these efforts within the scope of non-financial indicators. Within the scope of this study tourism and finance industries of G8 countries which are considered as leaders about emerging issues and policy developers are going to be evaluated with respect to corporate social responsibility reporting levels. Recent standards set out by international authorities such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) are used as evaluation criteria in order to reveal the utmost efforts made by corporations included in tourism and finance industries.
There is a growing concern for ever increasing external debt stock of countries in the worldwide. Coupled with resent global crises, the sustainability and efficient use of external debt becomes more and more important. To this end, we have tested the hypothesis of external debt led growth hypothesis for the case of Turkish economy. Our result has confirmed that Turkey's external debt both sustainable and efficiently used, at least for the last decade or so. The overall result proves also the reality of Turkish proverb "debt is a man's whip".
Bank efficiency is considered to be very important in the relationship between risk and capital. It affects both capital and risk and it is seen as one of the factors that determine them. On the other side, capital regulation and risk-taking behaviour influenced by it have an impact on efficiency. This paper gives an overview of theoretical and empirical studies that are going to be used on modelling the relationship between efficiency, capital and risk-taking behaviour of commercial banks operating in Albania during the period 2002-2014. Based on previous works worldwide, a three stage model is found to be a proper one for such analysis about Albanian banking system. According to this model: first, the regression of efficiency and variables indicating risk and capital has to be analysed, second capital will be regressed against variables indicating efficiency and risk and in the third stage risk-taking will be regressed against variables indicating efficiency and capital. Based on previous studies related to this issue there are findings of a positive trade off between inefficiency and bank risk-taking (such as US evidences) and also negative one (such as European banks that seem to hold more capital and take on less risk in case of inefficiency). Defined independent factors of efficiency, capital and risk-taking are going to be used on an empirical study, subject of prospective research. To my knowledge there is no previous study on this issue for Albanian banking system. This model enables testing of different hypotheses about risk, capital, efficiency and relationship between them. It is going to respond to the effects that reduction in cost efficiencies might have on future risks of Albanian commercial banks. Furthermore, this model gives the possibility to test the bad management hypothesis and efficiency version of moral hazard hypotheses for targeted banks and banking system. It also responds to the questions whether bank cost efficiency makes the foundation of banks’ capital position and risk-taking and also whether there is an evidence of relationships between capital and risk-taking in line with moral hazard hypothesis.
Internet shopping is a phenomena that is growing rapidly nowadays. A peep into the exponential growth of the main players in this industry indicates there is still a large reservoir of market potential for e-commerce. The conveniency of online shopping rendering it an emerging trend among consumers, especially the Gen Y. The prevalence of online shopping has raised the interest of the retailers to focus on this area. Therefore, this study was to determine the relationship between subjective norm, perceived usefulness and online shopping behavior while mediated by purchase intention. University students aged between 18 and 34 that currently pursuing their studies in University Malaysia Perlis were selected as the subject of analysis. 662 out of 800 sets of questionnaires distributed were valid for coding, analyzing and testing the hypothesis. Collected data were then analyzed using SPSS version 18.0 and AMOS version 16.0. Structural Equation Modeling to examine the model fits and hypothesis testing. The conclusion can be depicted that subjective norm and perceived usefulness significant positively influence online purchase intention but subjective norm insignificant influence shopping behavior in a negative way. It is interesting to note that perceived usefulness also insignificantly influence online shopping behavior. Finding also revealed that purchase intention significant positively influence online shopping behavior. For future research, sample from working adults and other variables that related to online shopping were to be included to minimise sampling bias.
The purpose of this study is to gather arguments and counterarguments about the effective use of various types of social media that an organization can use in crisis preparedness, response and recovery. This study focuses on various industries worldwide. British Petroleum (BP) case study as well related industrial case studies is the main methodology of this study; and qualitative methods was used as an approach for this study. Social media can be an effective tool in order to convey information and explain current issues to the public. Various types of social media play different roles with one main purpose, which is to disseminate information on an urgent basis and share it with a wide range of people. In a crisis, it is vital to plan a response and share information strategically via social media in order to control the information and avoid a worsening crisis. This also aims to reduce any potential tarnishing of the company's image, something which can easily occur as a result of poor communication with the public. The key limitation is that when secondary data such as an organisation's website and documentation are accessed, there is a risk that it may not be accurate or current. This study attempts to highlight the importance for industries practitioners to utilize social media as an effective platform as part of organization's crisis communication strategies.
The present study aimed to develop a new simulation-based algorithm for finding the local minimums of multi-level inventory control systems with random parameters. The optimization refers to minimization of cost function along with maximization of customer service level of the units. In developing the algorithm, the authors were determined to achieve a local optimum point through linear localization of limitations and Genetic Algorithm. Since point estimations of goal function and repletion rates have been done through Monte Carlo Simulation Technique, the statistical test have been employed for examining possibility and improvability of solutions. Finally, the proposed algorithm has been used in an example with three levels.
According to the literature, one of the most obvious and immediately perceptible limitations in tourism concerns the intangibility of the product/service provided, defined as the inability to assess objectively the tangible and intangible aspects of a tourist destination if not having visited it before, making – actually – uncertain the selection process of the interest variables. This means that when we decide to visit a destination we have to rely on a set of images, descriptions, videos and information from which we extrapolate a mix of probably interesting elements able convince us and bring us towards the chosen place. For this purpose, is it possible to consider the search for a particular gastronomic product – presumably already experienced anywhere else – as a factor that could partially break down the intangibility of the destination? It is clear that the methods of territory tourist attraction don’t work exclusively through the traditional communication levers but, in recent years, there are many alternative forms that allow the development of destinations. Among the most diffused ones, we can certainly consider food and beverage events, which – more and more – are closely linked to other concepts today extremely popular, like the streetfood and craft beers. We are witnessing a rediscovery of traditional food values, together with the discovery of a new market segment dedicated to craft beer, which today is experiencing one of the maximum growth periods, reaching to touch quota 1000 in Italy, between microbreweries, brewpubs and beer firm. The matching with the streetfood is the piece that makes up the puzzle of this new model of tourism management. The objective of the study is to investigate about the economic value generated by these events, by measuring what are the material and immaterial benefits of which an area can benefit when it becomes the venue of these events.
Apart from its strength in investigating contemporary phenomena and day-to-day organizational complexities, there are common criticisms that case-study research cannot offer a generalizable conclusion and tends to be idiographic. This research found that case-study research can provide a clear picture of the local-government accountability reporting practice to its larger social context, as it can connect individual activities at the micro level to their environmental setting at the macro level. This was possible due to its strengths in conveying a holistic and rich understanding of issues within which the practice of accountability takes place.
A new Turkish Commercial Code was enacted in Turkey in 2011 by Law # 6102, introducing several radical changes in a broad range of legal, organizational, administrative, and operational fields in corporate life in the country. Among the most critical of these changes were the newly introduced legal requirements for companies to produce IFRS-based audit reports regardless of the size of the firms or whether they are publicly or privately held companies. We examine the issue of mandatory of IFRS reporting from the perspective of the Economic Theory of Networks with respect to creating and enhancing corporate value as well as net social benefits of “network externalities.” We look at a review of the international examples of “value relevance” of mandatory IFRS reporting in a number of markets though there exists quite a limited array of research and data on unlisted/private companies in the literature. However, the paper argues that considering; a) the importance of the private companies in the economy, b) the impact of audited statements on the companies’ ability to access higher quality financial resources and higher levels of management efficiency and, c) the resulting outcome in more efficient allocation of capital in the economy, implementation of IFRS reporting in Turkey on as broad a scale as technically possible would constitute an important “value driver” at micro as well as macro economic levels.
The aim of this study is that analyzing the relationship between IMF Stabilization Programs and its effect on the experienced world economic crises. The Great Depression and World War I and II faced by the world caused to be deeply shaken of the economies. Eventually, the countries were forced to create barriers against each other to protect the war-damaged economies. The world countries agreed with establishment of IMF to surpass the economic crisis. This article is concentrated on a question is that “Whether the IMF stabilization Programs effected positively or triggered into worse situation and crisis the war-damaged economies?” The examples crises are Mexican Crisis in 1994, South-eastern Asia Crisis in 1997, Russian Crisis in 1998, Argentina Crisis in 2001 and Turkey Crises in 1994, 2000 and 2001.
The significance of adopting online service and using in the banking industry has attracted researchers’ attention in the past decade. In such condition that banks use online services to provide easiness and safety in the internet banking transactions for their customers, it is natural that studying on the factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system has utmost importance in banking industry, today. Hereupon, this research attempts to study the key factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system to prioritizing based on cause and effect relationships. For this purpose, according to the literature, seven main factors were identified as most important factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking which totally include 27 measurement items. Then, to evaluate the cause and effect relationships of factors an online questionnaire link distributed to professors and students as a group of potential expert users of internet banking and finally 20 completed questionnaires collected. To analyze interactions between the factors using Grey-based DEMATEL method, first experts’ opinions of grey numbers are converted to crisp numbers and all opinions are unified into a single view. Then the crisp numbers normalized in DEMATEL and total matrix of each factor is calculated. At the end, the values of R, D, R+D and R-D are calculated, which based on these criteria the cause and effect relationships of factors analyzed and factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system prioritized.
The purpose of this study is to investigates the impact of tourism on biodiversity loss in a sample of 141 countries. In the analysis, we measure tourism using the numbers of international tourist arrivals, while biodiversity loss is proxy using the numbers of threatened species – birds, fishes, mammals and plants. We also include GDP per capita, population growth, protected areas, and crop production, which act as the control variables. We find that using robust standard error estimator the number of international tourist arrivals, population growth rate, protected areas and crop production increases the numbers of threatened species, while GDP per capita reduces the numbers of threatened species. One policy implication of this study is that since businesses in the tourism industry depend on the very existence of biodiversity, then biodiversity conservation should become the essential factor for business sustainability.
Workplace deviance in organizations has becoming a serious issue discussed amongst researchers and managers. It seems that the cost of workplace deviance is detrimental as it affects organizational effectiveness and performance. The aim of this paper is to extend the workplace deviance construct into voluntary sector and to examine the correlation between perceived organizational supports with workplace deviance. Data were gathered from a sample of 346 volunteers that involved in emergency relief services in Malaysia. Results from the factor analysis indicated three forms of workplace deviance and the hierarchical multiple regression analyses have revealed that perceived organizational support has a significant negative effect on workplace deviance. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings were discussed.
This paper examines the relationship between the perceived motivational climates of student athletes in Universiti Sains Malaysia with regard to their perceived success in their respective events. This paper also queries if the self-confidence of student athletes in Universiti Sains Malaysia acts as mediator to their perceived motivational climate and perceived success. A total of 80 completed questionnaires were returned and analysed using Smart Partial Least Squares second generation structural equation modelling software. The results indicated that self-confidence of student athlete play a mediating role in the relationship between perceived motivational climate and perceived success in organization. The findings contribute to our understanding on the importance of motivational framework on research pertaining to student athlete.
The study analyses the family of regime switching GARCH neural network models, which allow the generalization of MS type RS-GARCH models to MS-GARCH-NN models by incorporating with neural network architectures. Proposed models differ in terms of both the dynamics of the conditional volatility process and the forecasting capabilities compared to a family of GARCH models. Gray (1996) RS-GARCH model allows regime dependent heteroscedasticity structure following the markov switching methodology of Hamilton (1989). The MS-GARCH-NN model family differ in the sense that, they allow regime switching between GARCH-NN processes. Single regime GARCH-NN models are developed by Donaldson and Kamstra (1996) and further extended by Bildirici and Ersin (2009). Further, the proposed models incorporate a variety of neural network architectures. MS-GARCH-MLP and MS-GARCH-Hybrid-MLP models by Bildirici and Ersin(2014) are augmented with fractional integration (FI) and asymmetric power GARCH variants. And they developed models are MS-FIGARCH-Hybrid-MLP, MS-APGARCH-Hybrid-MLP and MS-FIAPGARCH-Hybrid-MLP models. In this paper, these models were used to test volatility of gold return. Tests are evaluated with MAE, MSE and RMSE criteria and equal forecast accuracy is tested with modified Diebold-Mariano tests. An empirical application is provided for forecasting daily returns in gold market. The results suggest that the proposed approach performs well in modeling and forecasting volatility in daily returns of international gold market.
The prevention of work-related injury and illness is of crucial importance to employees, industry and society as a whole. Corporate safety culture is now generally accepted as having a strong influence over workplace accidents and injuries. After implementation of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the organization, there have been an improvement in term of safety in the workplace. However, there are still some cases of accident being reported even after the organizations’ management provided training, introducing stricter rules and regulation regarding safety, and provides proper equipment to employee. Hence, the study is carried out in order to examine the effect of employees’ attitude and subjective norm toward safety culture behaviour in organization. The study was conducted in manufacturing service industry in Malaysia, and data collection was done at Flextronics Penang Sdn Bhd, a company in the northern part of Malaysia. Data were collected through 196 survey questionnaires distributed to operators (90 respondents), technician (52 respondents) and engineer (27 respondents) in Flextronics Penang Sdn Bhd. The results showed that safety culture behaviour is significantly influenced by employee's attitude and subjective norm. Based on the findings, several recommendations are being put forward in order to improve the safety culture behaviour among employees in the organization. For future research in the same area, it is being recommended to include management commitment, leadership, safety education, and training under scrutiny in order to understand its relationship with safety culture behaviour among employees.
This study aimed to identify factors on youth for intention to buy online shopping in Malaysian Public University. The factors were attitude, subjective norm and website usability. The present study also attempted to explore whether consumer prefer the online retailer of attitude, subjective norm also the website design can influence them or not. In addition, the current study examined how online retailer ranks these factors in terms of importance to their online business. A simple random sampling technique was adapted and questionnaires were distributed to 300 respondent's Malaysian youth. A total of 253 questionnaires were collected and were found usable. The data were analyzed using several statistical analyses including demographic profile, descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlation test and regression test. The result revealed that youth were significantly related comprises of attitude, subjective norm and website usability. Furthermore, the study findings confirmed that website usability was perceived to be the most important factor, whereas other variables has moderate influence on consumers’ intention to shop online. The findings of this study can be beneficial for business online industry, especially for online retailer in attracting and retaining customer.
This paper investigates the individual factors in the organization that influence the organizational performance of Secondary School teachers in Northern State of Malaysia. With the work influence, sense of community and individual spirituality as independent variables, this paper examines how these factors influence the organizational performance of the Secondary School teachers. In this study, data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 300 randomly selected respondents. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Thus, descriptive analysis, reliability analysis and multiple regression analysis were applied to this study. The results indicated that work influence factors are significant in influencing organizational performance in Secondary School.
