Augmented Reality (AR) technology has been utilized in many fields, including language education.However, there is limited research on its application in early childhood education.This paper focuses on the statistical analysis of an AR application's efficacy for learning new vocabulary at the pre-elementary school level.We used a pre-test/post-test experimental design study to compare the effectiveness of learning foreign language vocabulary using traditional approaches (flashcards) and using an AR app.The data were collected from three daycares on students at three age groups, 4, 5, and 6 years old.The Mixed ANOVA Model is used to compare the control and treatment groups' means through pre-test and post-test scores.We also conducted a reliability analysis to see groups' pre-test and post-test scores are internally consistent.Cronbach's alpha scores were used as the reliability estimate.Moreover, the item-total correlation and item difficulty for each age group were calculated.The results show that Cronbach's alpha values for all age groups are between .80 and .95. (>.70).The item analysis results identified the easiest and the most difficult questions on the vocabulary test.The results of the Mixed ANOVA Model show the statistically significant difference between pretests and post-test results (time factor) for each age group (p=0.00,p<0.05 for each age group).We also show there is an interaction effect between pre/post-test scores and control/treatment groups for four-year-olds (p=0.00,p<0.005) and five-yearolds (p=0.045,p<0.05) in learning a foreign language when AR apps are utilized in the classroom.
In the current study, the researcher investigated improving EFL learners' speaking performances using communicative activities.The design of the study was classroom action research.The researcher followed a quantitative method in this study.A Ph.D. student in the ELT department as the teacher-researcher and 40 second-year EFL students enrolled in the ELT program participated in this study.To select participants, the researcher used convenience sampling.The teaching and learning process of the study consisted of ten cycles that were carried out in ten weeks.Each cycle included four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection.Different instruments such as English-speaking tests, lesson plans, observation checklists, the rubric of speaking, and questionnaires were used for collecting data.To calculate mean scores of the pre-test and post-test scores and to find any significant differences between the two tests descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests and to find inter-rater reliability among three raters for two tests, the researcher used the Interclass Correlation Coefficient test.The findings revealed the effectiveness of the interventions and communicative activities in the speaking classes.Statistically, significant differences were found in EFL learners' perceptions of their speaking ability, performances, classroom participation, anxiety level, willingness to speak, and self-esteem.Overall, students favored activities that provided a competitive classroom environment and led to a high level of classroom participation.The results indicated the effectiveness of speaking classes, because students were significantly more satisfied with their speaking ability after the interventions.Students' perceptions and attitudes about their interactional skills were chenged significantly after the study.
Body language is speech without words in self-expression.Body language, which is nonverbal communication, comes before speech.Therefore, body language has a great share in speaking skills.Body language is a whole consisting of gestures (facial expressions), gestures (hand and arm movements) and body posture.The aim of this study is to examine the character of Keloğlan in terms of hand and arm movements (gestures) in the Keloğlan Tales cartoon series published by TRT Çocuk.In this study, qualitative research design was used.The study source is the first five episodes of the first season of the Keloğlan Tales cartoon series published by TRT Çocuk.Keloğlan character was examined according to hand, finger and arm themes by creating "Body Language Criteria Form".Document analysis was used in the analysis of the data.A total of f(215) movements were found in the study.These include f(96) arm movements, f(89) hand movements and f(30) finger movements.In the five sections examined, the most self-confidence movement was used among the arm movements with a rate of 48.95%.Then, the most used arm movement was the communication-open movement with a rate of 40.62%.Among the hand gestures in the five sections examined, the most commonly used movement with a rate of 21.35% is the movement of the answer unknown.Then, the most used hand gesture was the challenge gesture with a rate of 12.35%.In the five sections examined, the pointing gesture with the index finger was used the most with a rate of 56.66%.Then, the most used finger movement was the thumb pointing movement with a rate of 13.33%.It was concluded that arm movements were used the most in the study.Then comes the hand and finger movements, respectively.
Language teaching means culture teaching.It is impossible to reach the desired results with a language teaching in which culture is ignored.Dîvânu Lugâti't-Turk written by Kaşgarlı Mahmut in the 11th century, is not only a dictionary that enlightens the Turkish language and culture, but also a guide that shows a path and a method in teaching Turkish.As he foresaw the reality that a nation loosing its language could soon loose its freedom, Kaşgarlı could not be indifferent to the predicament of Turkish language and set forth on defending Turkish.Moreover, with this work, Kaşgarlı aimed to reduce the differences fostering the tendencies of separation and unite all the Turkic tribes with respect to language and culture.All the criteria he set here were arranged to serve this main idea and purpose.Kaşgarlı Mahmut continually emphasizes the idea that the fundamental element that can hold the Turkic communities together is the language that is the essence of culture.His frequent use of 'All Turks' also clearly shows the importance he attaches to consanguinity.Today, the target groups of teaching Turkish have been rapidly widening.In the field of teaching Turkish, fresh materials are needed to be prepared as well as qualified instructors are required to be trained.Thus, we believe that teaching Turkish both as a mother language and foreign language should be conducted in accordance with the principles of Dîvânu Lugâti't-Turk.DÎvânu lugâti't-türk
The current study was carried out to determine which factors affect EFL vocational and technical high school students' English-speaking anxiety and to make them self-evaluate their foreign language speaking anxiety, which affects their foreign language learning.For this purpose, vocational and technical high school students' English-speaking anxiety and its relationship with the variables of gender, grade level, education level of parents and family income were investigated.To this end, the current study was designed in line with the general survey model.The population of the research consists of 387 students, who are in 9 th , 10 th , 11 th and 12 th grade levels at three vocational and technical Anatolian high schools in a city in the Marmara Region in the 2019-2020 academic year.A "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researchers and the "EFL Speaking Anxiety Scale" prepared by Hortwitz, Hortwitz & Cope (1986) and adapted to Turkish by Öztürk (2012) were used as the data collection tools in the current study.The results of the study revealed that while vocational and technical high school students' English-speaking anxiety did not vary significantly depending on their grade level, parents' education level, family income, but varied significantly by gender.Accordingly, it was concluded that the female students studying at vocational and technical high schools have more English-speaking anxiety than the male students.Implications arising from these findings were also explained.64770
This study aims to identify how code-switching functions as an instructional method and discusses teachers' perceptions of language choice and code-switching practices at the English Prep Program of a state university in Istanbul.Teachers' language choice relates directly to pedagogical focus; therefore, the present study mainly intends to examine why instructors feel the need for code-switching while teaching.In this regard, the study also examines if there is a specific corpus that teachers follow while they are code-switching, by applying a mixed-method of data collection and analysis.Not only the teachers (N=6) but also students (N=63) were included in the study to investigate the issue from a broader perspective.The study unearthed that even though English is the primary instructional language in the classroom, coding from the second language to the first language is taking place in preparatory classes.The data analysis also indicated that all the instructors consciously or unconsciously as they reported-code-switched throughout their lessons to make up for the students' language deficiency and to explain the concept that had no equivalent in the English language.The findings are important as they can help teachers to reflect on the instructional functions of their code-changing practices during instructions Code-switching EFL teaching Instructional Functions of Codeswitching
In this study, postgraduate theses in the Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD) database were examined in the axis of creative drama and language skills.For this purpose, 14275 theses indexed in the database and including "drama" among the keywords were examined, and after the exclusion criteria, it was determined that 145 of the postgraduate studies included the relationship between language education and drama.This descriptive study was based on the survey model.Theses were analyzed in terms of language skills, university, year of publication, keywords and preferred scientific research method.The data were analyzed and visualized through the Maxqda 2022 program.The main results obtained in the study are as follows: It is seen that the most studies at the graduate level are in the field of speaking education.This is followed by writing, reading and listening.The period between 2011 and 2015 is the period in which the most postgraduate studies in accordance with the criteria in question were conducted.It was seen that most of the studies in the determined criteria were conducted in universities in the United States of America.The top 5 most preferred keywords/phrase groups in the theses were drama techniques, second language teaching, literature education, communicative skills, and educational theater.The most preferred scientific research method was mixed method.It is thought that the results of the study will guide researchers, field experts and practitioners working in the field of creative drama and language education.
Revealing and examining the vocabulary of a language is a necessity rather than a choice.In vocabulary studies, the words that make up the language are examined and recorded from various aspects.These studies enable the development of the language within the framework of its possibilities and put it into existence.In this respect, vocabulary studies constitute an important part of lexicology and dictionary studies, which are sub-fields of linguistics.Studies on determining, examining and revealing the vocabulary of Turkish continue increasingly in terms of creating a dictionary, revealing word frequencies and examining word patterns.Vocabulary and word frequency studies on literary texts with the help of various computer programs are increasing.In particular, the works of writers who can use Turkish well are taken as examples and their vocabulary is determined.The fact that the methods followed in these studies and the terms used are different sometimes brings about different problems.One of these problems is related to the definition and use of the term "word".This situation prevents researchers from establishing a certain consistency within themselves.It is important that these problems be solved and that joint work progresses by gaining strength from each other.In this study, we aimed to contribute to the elimination of the confusion in the use of these terms by making explanations about the usage and meaning areas of the language, word, word/speech, vocabulary terms used in vocabulary studies with descriptive method.
With the flourishing interest in the role of learners in the field of second/foreign language learning and teaching, the quest for how students become self-regulated has attracted researchers for decades.The present study attempted to investigate whether there is any relationship between critical thinking ability and self-regulation in vocabulary learning of EFL learners.Therefore, in order to collect the related data, a revised version of the Vocabulary Levels Test (Schmitt, 2000) was administered to 130 students to establish their homogeneity in terms of their vocabulary knowledge.In the second stage, the critical thinking questionnaire (Honey, 2004) and the Self-regulating Capacity Vocabulary Learning Scale (Dornyei, Schmitt & Tseng, 2006) were administered to the selected participants to specify the critical thinking ability and self-regulation in vocabulary learning of EFL learners.The obtained results of the statistical analyses indicated a strong relationship between critical thinking ability and self-regulation in vocabulary learning.Moreover, there was a high correlation between the students' critical thinking ability and L2 vocabulary knowledge.In addition, the findings revealed that EFL learners' self-regulation in vocabulary learning was correlated with their L2 vocabulary knowledge.
Web 2.0 tools are effective applications in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and teaching basic language skills.The aim of this research is to examine the effect of Voki, one of the web 2.0 tools, on the speaking motivations and speaking self-efficacy perceptions of those who learn Turkish as a foreign language.Explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed design types in which quantitative and qualitative approaches are used together, was preferred in the research.The participants of the study consist of 48 students (25 experimental, 23 control group) at B2 level who learn Turkish as a foreign language in the Turkish Teaching Center of a state university located in the south of Turkey.In the study, Speech Motivation Scale, Speaking Self-Efficacy Perception Scale and semi-structured interview form were used as data collection tools.Voki application was used in the speaking lessons of the experimental group during the 6-week applications.In the control group, no technology-based web 2.0 tools were used.Z test (for independent groups), Wilcoxon test (for dependent groups), Kruskal Wallis test were used in the analysis of the quantitative data collected in the study.Descriptive analysis and content analysis were used in the analysis of the qualitative data collected through the semi-structured interview form.As a result of the research, it was determined that the Voki application had a positive effect on the speaking motivation and self-efficacy perceptions of the students in the experimental group.Accordingly, students stated that they found the Voki application fun, useful, effective and necessary.Additionally, students stated that Voki is an effective application in the development of other language skills, especially speaking skills.In addition, it was determined that the students in the experimental group had positive opinions that Voki improved their speaking skills.In this respect, it is recommended to use web 2.0-based technology applications such as Voki to improve students' speaking skills, especially in teaching Turkish as a foreign language.
This research has been prepared in order to reveal the attitudes of teacher candidates studying in the French Language Teaching undergraduate program regarding the use of distance education environments.The study group consists of 1 th , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th class teacher candidates studying in the Department of French Language Teaching of a state university in Turkey in the spring semester of the 2021 -2022 academic year."Attitude Scale on the Use of Distance Education Environments in the Pandemic Process" was used as a data collection tool that is developed by Yıldız, Çengel and Alkan.The scale consists of 25 items.The internal consistency coefficient of the scale, calculated by Cronbach Alpha, is 93.Statistical calculations were made by considering the average scores of the scale sub-dimension questions.In the comparison of "scale scores" according to "categorical groups", Independent T-test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed.Following the analysis of variance, the Tukey test was used to determine the different groups.In determining the relationship between the scales, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated.In the calculations, the statistical significance level (a) was taken as 5% and SPSS 26 (IBM SPSS for Windows, ver.26) statistical package program was used for analysis.In the scale sub-dimensions, the highest score was observed in the "Effectiveness" sub-dimension and the lowest score was observed in the "Availability" sub-dimension.There was no significant difference in the overall scale score and sub-dimensions score according to the grade levels of the scale scores.According to the gender levels of the scale scores, there was no significant difference in the overall scale score and the sub-dimensions score.According to the academic achievement score levels of the scale scores, a significant difference was found in the "Satisfaction" sub-dimension.As the academic achievement score increases, the satisfaction sub-dimension score also increases.
Famous linguists and writers have many opinions about the German language, which is one of the common languages of the world but until today generally not very positive opinions have been reported about the German language.The most well-known of these
Post-consumption reviews have a significant impact on others' purchase choices, especially the negative comments about received services.Thanks to the extensity of the internet, today the reviews can be found in CMC.The authenticity of these reviews makes them also useful data sources for researchers.In this present study, 344 online reviews from native English speaker US citizens about 5 different hotels were collected on the worldwide-known website called Booking.com, in order to find out which speech acts and adjectives are most frequently preferred by the writers of the reviews.Findings showed that the majority of the reviews include complaints about the services the writers get, however, almost half of them (N=150) also included positive comments about the services.The two most frequently used adjectives were found to be dirty (N=133) and clean (N=59) which is an important indicator of the feature of the institutions that reviewers are most interested in, since these adjectives are antonyms of each other.The findings of the study are expected to be useful for hotel managements and corpus linguists as it sheds light on the expectations of the possible travelers and the way that they use the language to convey their messages in this specific corpus.
People have started to feel the need to communicate with verbal, non-verbal or visual methods since their birth.Literary genres emerged with this communication need.One of the sub-branches of theater, which is based on speech and movement, is comedy.The comedy, which emerged in entertaining ceremonies, is still one of the favorite genres of society today.Cinema is also based on movement and image.Today, there is no country that does not take place in the world of cinema.When we look at the first cinemas, it is seen that short films without scripts, documentaries, or short films with scenes from daily life were staged.Today, even 720 hours of movies have been shot.The aim of this study is to examine the changes that comedy films have undergone over time, within the framework of pragmatics, which is mostly about the communicative dimension of language.Although there are many studies on cinema, the scarcity of studies on films within the scope of pragmatics is one of the aims of this study.In addition, the change in the understanding of comedy today, the differences between the underlying meanings of a movie shot in the 1970s and a movie made in the 2000s have created an element of curiosity.A film from the diachronic and a film from the simultaneous periods of Turkish cinema were selected and analyzed within the scope of Grice's Principles of Cooperation.As a result of this examination, it has been determined that linguistic comedy elements have been replaced by a comedy in which images and slang words are used as a tool.
A relative clause (RC) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun.It describes, identifies, or gives details about a noun.RCs begin with a relative pronoun or relativizer: a wh-or that.Relative pronouns might be omitted in English, which results in the reduction form of RCs.Turkish, however, has neither relative pronouns nor a reduction in RCs, which may result in challenges in translation from English into Turkish.This study aims to analyse what these challenges are and how they differ depending on the condition of active and passive voice use in RCs or reduced RCs.By applying a set of questions gathered from Foreign Language Exams administered to the translation students, the present study revealed that students taking the online test had more errors in the questions of non-reduced active RC sentences, which might be related to the length of the sentences, the phrases hard to translate, and other tricky options in the multiple choice test while students translating from the scratch had more difficulty in answering reduced passive RCs because of the temporal ambiguity in meaning.It is expected that this study will help student translators be aware of the ambiguity of meaning in reduced RCs.
Social media and internet channels, which have become indispensable in popular culture today; This undermines the place and importance of reading in society.The availability of information on these platforms, its rapid dissemination as true or false, and its openness to interpretation at any time cause readers and listeners to easily adapt to the system.Thus, people gain the reflex to comment.There is a close relationship between reading and comprehension.Just reading is voicing the letter ensemble, and understanding is what is received by the correct or incorrect coding of the messages transmitted to the brain.These receptions allow to make comments.Hermeneutics is the whole of the interpretation principles of attempts to make a text, expression, event or phenomenon more understandable, as many authors agree on a common view.This scientific study is a descriptive analysis of Thomas Mann's "The Master and His Dog" (Herr und Hund) on narrative techniques in the context of hermeneutic literary theory.It was examined by the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods.Mann was born on June 6, 1875, to Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann, a merchant and later senator from Lübeck.
This study aims to examine instructors' opinions about the solutions that can be done when students have writer's block and the precautions that can prevent students from having writer's block.Quantitative research design was applied in the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained in this descriptive study.264 instructors working at various schools in Türkiye participated in this study by completing voluntarily a structured interview form through email, social media and other internet platforms.For the analysis of data, the replies of the participants were firstly recorded in SPSS programme, and the frequency, percentage and means of participants' replies were calculated.This study concludes that instructors thought that they had knowledge about writer's block.Their experience in the state and stage of writer's block and their opinions about the precautions against writer's block are congruous with the literature.Yet, the instructors' opinions about solutions to writer's block are not compatible with the literature.This is an evidence of the fact that instructors do not know what to do in case their students have writer's block in the classroom.Consequently, it is suggested that instructors should take training about writer's block, which is a significant obstacle for the development of writing.
This research aims to determine the learning strategies used by university students in learning French as a foreign language.For this purpose, the relationship between language learning strategies used in the foreign language learning process and different variables (levels of use of strategies, gender, grade level, grade point average and foreign language English levels) was tried to be determined.The descriptive survey model was used in the research, and the data were obtained with the quantitative data collection technique.The participants of the study consisted of 136 (100 females, 36 male) volunteer students studying at the French Language and Literature Department at a state university.As a data collection tool, the "Foreign Language Learning Strategies Scale" (FLSS) developed by Özçelik (2012) based on Oxford's (1990) "Language Learning Strategies Classification" was used.The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, independent t-test, Anova, Sheffe, Levene test) using the SPSS 22.0 package program.According to the results of the research, it was seen that university students have high level of meta-cognitive and compensatory strategies, followed by social, cognitive, memory, affective and interlingual strategies, respectively.It has been determined that strategy use is higher at the 4th grade level, where the learner has more command of the language, compared to other grade levels.In addition, it has been observed that students who are moderately or highly successful use language learning strategies more than unsuccessful students.There was no significant difference between the French foreign language learning strategies and the English level of the students.
