Many countries, those with lower socioeconomic repute are indecisively affected with the aid of poor oral health and fitness. This can be attributed, at least in parts, to differentiate in preventive dental appointments. While several research and studies have been utilized to the area, they normally fail to seize the recursive nature of dental travelling behaviour, and fall short of informing the diagram of complex interventions to address inequalities. To undertake a systematic assessment and synthesis of idea in order to supply an overview of the pathways which convey about socioeconomic inequalities in early dental visiting, and discover viable intervention points? Schoolchildren's use of dental care services was strongly predicted by socioeconomic and psychological characteristics. Understanding one's own oral wellness Health repute is a multifaceted construct made up of psychological, psychosocial, and socioeconomic components. Despite the fact that disparities in the utilisation of oral healthcare assistance have been identified in several countries, they are mostly observed among the underprivileged. The aim was to study these aspects in relation to each other as well as aspects such as socio-economic factors, health factors, and attitudes to teeth and care organization. It is commonly acknowledged that socioeconomic circumstances have an underlying influence on many health outcomes.
Pulp capping is a dental restoration procedure that protects the dental pulp from death of tissue after it has been exposed, or almost exposed during cavity preparation, from a severe injury, causing the pulp to die. Calcium hydroxide and Mineral Trioxide Aggregates (MTA) are the most often utilised pulp capping materials in dentistry, and they have had significant clinical success. In recent years various other materials like Bone morph genic protein, Bio dentin, Lasers are also introduced clinically. Therefore this review article will summarize recent pulp capping materials and their advantages.
Background: Novel coronavirus infection results in Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and is termed as "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)": Mild to moderate symptoms are being reported in a major proportion of patients suffering from COVID-19 infection, which are mainly respiratory. A large percentage of COVID-19 infected cases are asymptomatic, while few had minor symptoms like rise in temperature, cough, difficulty in breathing, body aches, throat pains etc. Main text: Although the COVID-19 disease is mainly associated with respiratory symptoms, there can be neurological symptoms in some patients with severe disease. Anosmia has emerged as a predominant feature of SARS-CoV-2. This also arises the probability of some degree of involvement of the CNS with the infection. The mechanisms suggested are that SARS-CoV-2 can enter the CNS via two routes, namely via blood stream or direct spread. Neurological manifestations are seen in patients having prolonged stay in ICU intensive care units. COVID-19 involves both central nervous system and peripheral nerves. Neurological manifestations of the disease can be due to the neuro-invasiveness of the virus. It can also be an indirect manifestation of multi-organ system failure. The most common neurological manifestation was acute encephalopathy with an incidence of 50%. Manifestations like stroke and coma and also meningitis, encephalitis and myelopathy can occur. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and management is needed for CNS manifestations as they pose a risk for serious complications. Considering the adverse effects of COVID-19 disease on the central nervous system, more research is needed. This will help evaluate the short and long term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the functioning of the central nervous system.
We have long recognised that the need for diagnosis of diabetes in our patients, which is linked to a variety of oral disorders, like most commonly occurring periodontitis and various others like xerostomia, candidal infections. There exists a two way relationship of diabetes and periodontitis diabetes a complex disorder which affects the metabolisms of carbohydrate, lipid and protein in which hyperglycaemia is the main clinical sign. Periodontitis is caused mainly due to plaque associated bacteria as well as defect in the host defence mechanism. These two way relationship can be taken under control by controlling the normal levels of blood glucose or by maintaining the proper oral hygiene to prevent the accumulation of plaque and calculus as they are the main retentive factors for the development of periodontitis. Weather the diabetes mellitus is present or not, as well as the controlled degree of the disease in the patients, affects the occurrence and severity of periodontitis. Furthermore, various oral consequences of undiagnosed or poorly treated diabetes mellitus have been documented and must be considered during diabetic patients' periodontal disease therapy. "Periodontal diseases" can have a huge effect on a diabetic's metabolic status. The increase the risk of "glycemic deterioration" over time is because of the presence of periodontitis.
Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) is a global public health emergency. Post a COVID managing and treating patient has become a major cause of concern for health care professionals all over the world. Dental specialists are taken into consideration to be at excessive risk, as maximum dental remedy tactics can cause to unfold of contamination because of the direct proximity with saliva, blood and era of aerosols. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and hygiene practices among undergraduate dental students regarding COVID-19 in Jaipur district. Methodology: A web based survey was conducted among 3rd and 4th BDS students and Interns of all dental colleges of Jaipur district. The questionnaire was divided into four parts like socio-demographic (5), knowledge (11), attitude (7) and hygiene practices (5). Chi square test was applied and statistical significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: Overall 499 undergraduate students responded, among them 35.1% were male and 65.9% are females. The final year BDS students (93.33%) had better knowledge as compared to Interns and third year students and the difference was statistically significant. Males showed positive attitude as compared to female students. Interns (75.73%) were more concerned about hygiene practice. which is likewise statistically significant. Conclusion: Among the undergraduate dental students who responded, females and final year BDS students had better knowledge. The male participants showed positive attitude as compared to female students and the preventive practice measures except for face shield which was least used among third year students.
Implants are now widely used as a method for replacing missing teeth. Along with its high success rate implant shows many failures too. Various factors are responsible for causing implant failure. Smoking is one of the commonest causes. Smoking being one of the deleterious habits causes harmful effects on our body. Similarly, it shows its harmful effects on implant. The aim of this review article is to highlight these effects. Implant failure rates are seen more in smokers when compared. Osseo integration is affected by components of smoke leading to failure. Maxillary site is more prone for marginal bone loss and has shown higher rates of failure.
Background: An orthodontic treatment focuses on improving an individual's facial esthetics and functional occlusion via improved chewing patterns, muscular power, increased force, and occlusal contact area through a more efficient masticatory function. Every decision made during orthodontics treatment will be influenced by the patient’s growth pattern and /or muscle strength. Objectives: To evaluate the gonial Angle in vertical, horizontal and average grower, to evaluate the hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average grower and to correlate between gonial angle with hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern. Methodology: We will study a patient group undergoing orthodontics treatment with vertical, horizontal, and average growth patterns in the Orthodontics Department at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital in Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha District. The calculated sample size of the study will be 196, under criteria 49 for vertical, 49 for horizontal, and 98 for the average growth pattern. Both male and female norms for the value are to be evaluated based on the value. Expected Results: Hand grip strength is to be compared between average, horizontal and vertical growers. Hand grip strength would be inferior in the large gonial angle group compared to the small gonial angle group. Gonial angle is the most conspicuous determining factor of Hand grip strength. Assessment of growth pattern has a vital role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Conclusion: In the present study it will be an attempt to analyze effectiveness of gonial angle in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern patients compared with hand grip strength. Subject with large and small gonial angle groups using cephalometric radiograph shall be assessed with hand grip strength. A major finding of this study is that gonial angle is one of the key factors for the strength of Hand grips.
Introduction: Anterior Open Bite (AOB) is a debilitating malocclusion that requires thorough diagnosis to ensure long-term stability and proper treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AOB in patients visiting a university teaching hospital in Chennai, India in order to assess the need for orthodontic treatment and to determine its relation to other associated features. Material and methods: This retrospective study was conducted among patients who were diagnosed with anterior open bite in a university teaching hospital in Chennai during the period of December 2020 to May 2021. The collected data was then subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were used. Results: Anterior open bite was frequently observed in males with 52.4% of the total population. Patients with anterior open bite had class I malocclusion prevalently with 85.1% of the total population. 89% of patients with anterior open bite had competent lips, followed by 6.8% of patients who had potentially competent lips. It was noticed that potentially competent lips were more frequent with females than in males. Conclusion: AOB was more prevalent in males compared to females. Patients diagnosed with anterior open bite predominantly had Class I malocclusion and competent lips. Careful diagnosis and treatment plan for AOB should be done as any error in identifying the etiology may lead to a poor result. Due to the close connection between the prevalence of anterior open bite and dysfunctional problems, prevention modalities should be integrated into a national public health program. Awareness programs targeting parents should be implemented to reduce the risk of anterior open bite malocclusion.
Objective: This case is presented for its rarity and importance of examining the tip of the appendix. Case report: An 18 year's old female presented with repeated haematuria, urinary tract infection and pain in the right lower abdomen. On MRI, an urachal cyst and acute appendicitis was diagnosed. The patient underwent surgery for the same. Incidentally, the patient was found to have a goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix on histopathological study. Goblet cell carcinoid can present with acute appendicitis as was seen in our patient. Incidental finding of goblet cell carcinoid is seen in 3% cases. Goblet cell carcinoid can present with pain in right iliac fossa as in our case. Presentation with stage III/IV disease can be seen in 51% to 97% cases as was seen in our patient. Lymph node metastasis was seen in 17-38% cases with involvement of the mesenteric node. The patient did not have carcinoid syndrome. The tumour is generally seen at the tip of the appendix as an ill-defined mass with circumferential and longitudinal extension as was seen in our case. It may involve the whole of the appendix which was not seen in our case where the tumour was confined to the tip. These tumours generally show strong positivity for CEA, CDX-2 CAM 5.2 and CK. They are inconsistently positive for neuroendocrine markers, though the tumour in our case showed diffuse Chromogranin positivity. Conclusion: It is important to submit all appendixes for histopathological examination where especially the tip of the appendix should be examined.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical results of conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy with or without adjunct PDT in patients of chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: 20 patients with chronic untreated periodontitis, (8 female, 12 male, mean aged 36.35 years, all non-smokers, Systemic diseases, including anti-inflammatory, blood stimulants, or systemic antibiotics, within the last 6 months were exempted from the criteria, previously untreated chronic periodontitis; in any quadrant at least 1 premolar and 1 molar with at least 4 teeth each; in each quadrant at least 1 tooth with an attachment loss of>3mm were included in the study. The periodontal status of each subject was evaluated at baseline and 6 weeks following periodontal therapy. PDs, clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed. All patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment comprising a thorough scaling and root planning of all periodontal involved teeth using a split mouth design, two quadrants were additionally treated with PDT, with a designated photosensitizer dye (methylene blue) and a diode laser (biolase 940nm). Laser application at six locations per tooth was carried out circumferentially. The subjects were given thorough oral hygiene maintenance instructions and recalled after two weeks for a second round of PDT at the same sites. A total of two exposures for the photodynamic therapy group with a two week interval were done Probing depths and attachment levels were assessed after 6 weeks. Statistical analysis was done to compare intergroup using the paired t test. Differences were considered as statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Baseline mean values for PD and CAL were significantly different in the test and control group. Values for CAL and PD decreased significantly 6 weeks after treatment in the control group, with a higher impact on the sites treated with adjunctive PDT Conclusion: In patients with untreated chronic periodontitis, clinical outcomes of conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy can be improved by multiple PDT.
Introduction: The rise of adult patient looking for orthodontic treatment that more likely to have existing restoration leads to increase in bonding of brackets to composite restoration. To ensure clinically optimum bond strength of brackets to composite, researchers are comparing and evaluating several surface treatment approaches. Aims: The study's purpose is to assess the effect of different mechanical surface conditioning approaches (no preparation, diamond bur grinding, sandblasting with Al2O3, Er, Cr; YSGG laser irradiation) on Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of stainless steel orthodontic brackets to composite restoration. Materials and methods: In this in vitro study 48 Composite discs were constructed (D=10 mm, H=4 mm). The samples were divided into two groups (n=24), one group underwent thermocycling (5000 cycle), then each group subdivided into four subgroups (n=6) according to the surface conditioning method (no-preparation, diamond bur, sandblasting with Al2O3, and Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation). After the brackets have been bonded to the composite discs, SBS of all the samples measured in a universal testing machine. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and post-hoc test. The samples were then examined at a magnification of x10 under a stereomicroscope to evaluate their failure mode and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Kruskal-wallis test was used to compare ARI scores. Results: No significant difference in shear bond strength between the composite control groups. However, significant difference in SBS values in the aged composite groups was recorded; the laser group values (10.81 MPa) were the highest among the tested groups. The no preparation aged group (2.95 MPa) has had the lowest SBS. ARI scores showed no significant difference among all groups (P > 0.05). Sandblasting and grinding group mostly showed ARI score 2 and 3, however, score 0 and 1 were predominant in the no preparation and laser groups. Conclusions: Diamond bur grinding, sandblasting with aluminum oxide and Er; Cr: YSGG laser irradiation of composite surface yields clinically acceptable outcomes in terms of shear bond strength and ARI values, bond strength with no preparation of composite surface was below the clinically acceptable range.
Periodontal therapy entails both surgical and nonsurgical procedures aimed at restoring periodontal (gums and bones) health and preventing tooth loss. Periodontal treatment in early stages of gum disease includes extensive cleaning, scaling, root planning. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by a complicated interaction between pathogenic microorganisms, the environment, acquired factors, and host related variables. The goal of a nonsurgical periodontal treatment is to get rid of both active bacteria solidified biofilm microorganism and microbial bacterial spores from the teeth surface and surrounding smooth tissues. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy contains scaling and root planning, localised implantation of drugs under the gum line to combat gum disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy, and laser therapy. Most inflammatory periodontal disease can be controlled with regular home care and expert clearance of subgingival plaque. Despite repeated recollection, illness can reoccur.
Oral carcinomas have a high incidence rate in the Indian population. The treatment for oral carcinomas consists of a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Low-dose, repeated, and regular drug delivery with no extended drug free interval characterizes metronomic therapy. In contrast to standard chemotherapy, metronomic therapy offers an alternate treatment option for oral and oropharyngeal cancer.
SCC of the tongue accounts for 20-25% of all malignant oral carcinomas. It typically affects older men in their 5090s. Patients typically present with painless indurated or ulcerated lesions in the lateral aspect of anterior two thirds of tongue. Known etiologies include tobacco use, alcohol, and exposure to UV light. Other etiologies include trauma, nutritional deficiency, syphilis, and/or poor oral hygiene. SCC of the tongue initially metastasizes to the ipsilateral subdigastric lymph nodes. Aim: The aim was to determine the frequency and distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) involving tongue among patients by studying biopsy specimens during the period (2008-2020) years. Results: Of total cases of the tongue lesion (1451), 999 cases of squamous cell carcinoma in tongue region, The patient were affected over a wide range of 9-98 years with mean age of (54.98)years .The most age group effected (448, 44.80 %) in (60+). (514, 51.45 %) of male gender and (485, 48.55%) offemale gender. The ratio of male to female is (1.05:1). Lateral border of the tongue was most commonly involved (451, 45.1%), followed by base of tongue and dorsal surface of tongue. Histopathological Grading grade 11(47.9%) had the highest percentage of the total number of cases (999) while grade IV were reported with the lowest percentage (3.1%). Baghdad governorate preponderance for the other governorates (646) . 2020 year is the lowest value (28) cases as compared to the other years.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep patterns may be altered in the absence of clear routines, due to the threat of latent risk of infection, symptoms of fear and stress that affect sleep quality and favor the development of sleep disorders are strengthened. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of traumatic stress between fear of COVID-19 and insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in university students in the Peruvian city of Metropolitan Lima. Observational, quantitative and predictive study. The research sample consisted of 469 university health students, of whom 244 (52%) were women aged 18 to 26 years (median age=23.36). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied as a statistical technique for mediation analysis. The results show adequate fit indices of the SEM mediational model, where the relationships between the study variables were significant. The indirect pathway of traumatic stress between fear of COVID-19 and insomnia presented practically significant indirect effects for clinical research (beta=0.32; beta=0.56) that were greater than the direct effect (beta=0.25), which demonstrate the mediating effect of traumatic stress on the relationship of the variables.
Aim: The aim of the current study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol mint extract against anaerobic and aerobic bacteria found in subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and method: Fresh mint leaves were collected, washed, dried and then finely powdered. Aqueous extract was prepared using 50mg of mint powder, mixed with 100ml of distilled water. The mixture was boiled till it reached 10ml and was filtered using filter paper. Ethanol extract was prepared using 50mg of mint powder and was mixed with 50ml of ethanol. The mixture was left for 24 hours with periodic shaking and was filtered. The prepared extracts were compared with chlorhexidine in aerobic and anaerobic microbial culture. Results: Chlorhexidine showed maximum zone of inhibition against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of 23mm and 20mm respectively. Followed by ethanolic extract of mint with zone of inhibition against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of 17mm and 16mm respectively. Zone of inhibition against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria is 11mm and 9mm respectively. Conclusion: These results supports a notion that mint extract can be used for treatment of periodontal diseases.
Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of the COVISHIELD vaccine among the interns working in the Acharya Vinoba Bhave rural hospital (tertiary care hospital of central India). Methods: We surveyed 71 M.B.B.S interns over the period of 1 month. Selected healthcare workers were invited to participate in the online survey. A pre-constructed, confidential, validated, self-administered online survey questionnaire inquiring about the history of COVID-19 and COVISHIELD vaccination was provided to selected interns. Online survey was based on the retrospective study with the questions related to the past medical history, COVID-19 infections in the past, vaccination history, symptoms during COVID-19 positive period, and presence of radiological evidence suggesting COVID-19 infection affecting the lungs. The prime question to calculate the analysis of this study was "Have you tested positive any time after taking 1st dose of COVISHIELD? Results: According to survey analysis effectiveness of the COVISHIELD vaccine in interns working in AVBRH is found out to be 94.37 % after taking both doses of COVISHIELD vaccine. The most common symptoms were fever (13.33%), weakness/ fatigue (12.22%), cough (12.22%), and loss of taste (10%). Conclusion: The study indicates that the COVISHIELD vaccine is found out to be highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infection among interns. However, this evidence should be further assessed in larger trials.
Viral infections are difficult to treat because of the viruses' complex structure and metabolism. They can also hijack the metabolism of the host cell, mutate and adapt to harsh environmental conditions. SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus, has considerably more resistant characteristics, making eradication even more challenging. Following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a third highly pathogenic coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019, causing a pandemic, increased panic and drew worldwide attention. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a highly diverse family of enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA viruses. Because viruses require substrates and energy from the host for their construction and replication, taking advantage of the increased glycolytic flow for these functions could be a key aspect of viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 virus can be stopped from replicating by reducing the substrates available for structural integration. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose is one such molecule that limits substrate availability and has recently gained a lot of attention (2-DG) infection with SARS-CoV-2 cause's glycolysis, reduces mitochondrial activity and damages infected cells. 2-DG administration can stop viral replication by inhibiting enhanced glycolytic flux and other metabolic activities. The drug can have adverse effects on different systems of body as it affects the normal metabolism of the cells because it targets cells non-selectively, in a dose dependent manner. This article gives information about the mechanism of action of 2-Deoxy-d-glucose on the virus and host cell and its use in this pandemic.
Objective: Inguinal hernia is the most widespread hernia of abdominal wall. Hernia is a common condition affecting both men and women since time immemorial. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of bilateral or unilateral inguinal hernias in normal and low Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). Methodology: This cross sectional study by using non-probability convenient sampling technique was carried out at Al-Tibri medical college and hospital, Karachi. The ethical approval for the study was taken from Institutional Research and Ethical Committee. An informed consent was taken from the patients and guardian. A total of 82 patients were selected for these studies in which78 were male and 4 were female. Inclusion criteria were based on the patient aged above 35 of either gender with complained of pain in groin region with clinical findings like swelling and tenderness, being an overweight and the labor that lifts heavy weight were also included in this study. However, the patient aged below 20 years with muscular pain in groin region without swelling were excluded from this study. Results: In a total of 82 patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia on clinical basis, the mean age was 45.95 +/- 17.56 years. The mean height was 66.87 +/- 3.77 inches. The mean weight was 61.90 +/- 8.61 kgs. The mean BMI was 21.53 +/- 2.56 kg/m2. Gender was male in 78(95.1%) and female in 4(4.9%). Diagnosis was right inguinal hernia in 34(41.5%), left inguinal hernia in 34(41.5%) and bilateral inguinal hernia in 14(17.1%). BMI was normal in 68(82.9%) and low in 14(17.1%). This indicated that in our study the patients with normal BMI were more likely to suffer from inguinal hernia as compared to the patients having low BMI. Conclusion: It was concluded in our study that the frequency of inguinal hernia (unilateral or bilateral) varies with the body mass index. Normal body mass index of male having a more chances of inguinal hernias than low body mass index. It was observed that the frequency of unilateral right inguinal hernia is more than bilateral. Similarly, males are more affected than females.
The objective of the present study was to compare the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity of aqueous extracts of costus igneus with that of metformin in in-vitro studies. Different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the leaf from the plant costus igneus and the solution of drug metformin (100-500 mu l) and standard drug (Acarbose) were taken and assessed for the antidibetic activity based on their alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. The alpha-amylase inhibition action of Costus igneus was 89% of that of metformin at a concentration of 500 mu g. The alpha-glucosidase inhibition action of Costus igneus was 66.6% of that of metformin at a concentration of 500 mu g. The study has shown good results and could be a potential topic for exploration of antidiabetic properties. The aqueous extract of the leaves of Costus igneus could serve as an alternative to the commonly used antidiabetic drug metformin. However further studies need to be performed to assess its safety profile.
