Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused global health, economic, and population loss. Variants of the coronavirus contributed to the severity of the disease and persistent rise in infections. This study aimed to identify potential drug candidates from fifteen approved antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 (6LU7), SARS-CoV (5B6O), and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (6M0J) using virtual screening and pharmacokinetics to gain insights into COVID-19 therapeutics. Methodology: We employed drug repurposing approach to analyze binding performance of fifteen clinically approved antiviral drugs against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (6LU7), SARS-CoV (5B6O), and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins bound to ACE-2 receptor (6M0J), to provide an insight into the therapeutics of COVID-19. AutoDock Vina was used for docking studies. The binding affinities were calculated, and 2-3D structures of protein-ligand interactions were drawn. Results: Rutin, hesperidin, and nelfinavir are clinically approved antiviral drugs with high binding affinity to proteins 6LU7, 5B6O, and 6M0J. These ligands have excellent pharmacokinetics, ensuring efficient absorption, metabolism, excretion, and digestibility. Hesperidin showed the most potent interaction with spike protein 6M0J, forming four H-bonds. Nelfinavir had a high human intestinal absorption (HIA) score of 0.93, indicating maximum absorption in the body and promising interactions with 6LU7. Conclusions: Our results indicated that rutin, hesperidin, and nelfinavir had the highest binding results against the proposed drug targets. The computational approach effectively identified SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. COVID-19 is still a recurrent threat globally and predictive analysis using natural compounds might serve as a starting point for new drug development against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses.

Abstract Background This study conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of musculoskeletal discomfort among two-wheeler riders; however, musculoskeletal discomfort refers to pain, discomfort, or impairment in the muscles, bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, or other structures that support the body’s movement. It is a common problem experienced by individuals involved in various physical activities, including motorcycle riding. Methods This investigation was longitudinal research in which the Nordic muscular questionnaire (NMQ) was used to rule out the possibility of musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists. In Karachi, Pakistan, data were collected beginning in September of 2021 and continuing through February of 2022 using the convenience sampling method. Sixty-four individuals made up the sample. Participants were males ranging between the ages of 19 and 50 who rode standard motorcycles for their commute for about 6 to 8 h daily. Participants who had a tumor, an infection, or other comorbid are excluded. Results Sixty-four participants were included in this study, out of which 40 (62.5%) reported difficulty and discomfort in their neck, followed by their lower back (48.5%), shoulders (34.4%), and hips (26.6%). Sixteen motorcyclists (25%) complained wrist pain. When asked out their level of discomfort. However, 51.6% of individuals experienced lower back pain at the 12th month, while 46.9% had neck pain. 28.1%, 17.2%, and 14.1% reported shoulder, hip, and upper back discomfort. 51.6% of individuals had not seen a specialist for lower back symptoms. Lower back, neck, shoulders, and hip have been affected the longest, according to participants. Conclusion In conclusion, motorcyclists had a substantially greater rate of musculoskeletal problems than other drivers. Regulating musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists helps reduce symptoms and clinical indications of disease.

The present study aimed to identify the impact of various periodisation approaches used in training athletes and to identify the effect size of the periodisation technique in improving athletes' peak performance before the main event. Inclusion criteria comprised recruitment of all those studies in which the effects of periodisation training were identified on athletes' peak performance. Various databases such as Google Scholar, Pedro, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched by independent reviewers using the MeSH terms including 'interval training', 'aerobic exercise', 'periodisation,' 'peak performance', and 'athletes'. A sample size of n = 121 participants included in six studies were analysed in which the effects of periodisation methods of training among athletes were estimated for improving their peak performance by assessing jump height and speed, pool effects in the form of random, and fixed effect model were provided to depict cumulative results of all the included studies. In achieving optimisation in athletes' peak performance, inculcating the concept of periodisation is a practical approach. While incorporating periodisation in training, models of training principles must be given ardent importance.

Objective: Inguinal hernia is the most widespread hernia of abdominal wall. Hernia is a common condition affecting both men and women since time immemorial. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of bilateral or unilateral inguinal hernias in normal and low Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). Methodology: This cross sectional study by using non-probability convenient sampling technique was carried out at Al-Tibri medical college and hospital, Karachi. The ethical approval for the study was taken from Institutional Research and Ethical Committee. An informed consent was taken from the patients and guardian. A total of 82 patients were selected for these studies in which78 were male and 4 were female. Inclusion criteria were based on the patient aged above 35 of either gender with complained of pain in groin region with clinical findings like swelling and tenderness, being an overweight and the labor that lifts heavy weight were also included in this study. However, the patient aged below 20 years with muscular pain in groin region without swelling were excluded from this study. Results: In a total of 82 patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia on clinical basis, the mean age was 45.95 +/- 17.56 years. The mean height was 66.87 +/- 3.77 inches. The mean weight was 61.90 +/- 8.61 kgs. The mean BMI was 21.53 +/- 2.56 kg/m2. Gender was male in 78(95.1%) and female in 4(4.9%). Diagnosis was right inguinal hernia in 34(41.5%), left inguinal hernia in 34(41.5%) and bilateral inguinal hernia in 14(17.1%). BMI was normal in 68(82.9%) and low in 14(17.1%). This indicated that in our study the patients with normal BMI were more likely to suffer from inguinal hernia as compared to the patients having low BMI. Conclusion: It was concluded in our study that the frequency of inguinal hernia (unilateral or bilateral) varies with the body mass index. Normal body mass index of male having a more chances of inguinal hernias than low body mass index. It was observed that the frequency of unilateral right inguinal hernia is more than bilateral. Similarly, males are more affected than females.