Over the past decades, cosmology has become largely based on experimental data, the most important sources of which are studies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). CMB is present in the Universe since the very first moments of its existence, and the features of CMB recorded now reflect the fundamental processes of the evolution of the Universe. These processes cause a weak anisotropy of CMB, which is no more than 0.01 percent. The structure of anisotropy, which is interpreted on the basis of a sufficiently detailed standard theory of primary recombination, allows us to establish the most important cosmological parameters. One of these parameters is the Hubble constant (more precisely, the Hubble parameter). However, the difference between the value of the Hubble constant, obtained from the results of the Planck mission, and obtained from independent local measurements, is 10%. Such a big difference is called the Hubble tension problem, and is an important problem of cosmology. The interpretation of the Planck measurements (as well as the interpretation of WMAP results, where a close value of the Hubble constant is obtained) is critically based on the predictions of the standard recombination theory. This work shows that the recombination rate is higher than predicted by standard theory and is caused by the excitation of the kinetic degrees of freedom of hydrogen atoms, which is ignored by standard theory. The calculations performed demonstrate that taking into account this process leads to a good coincidence of the values of the Hubble constant obtained from the results of the Planck experiment and local measurements.
Cosmic Rays (CR), which provide crucial insights into the structure and evolution of the universe and astronomical phenomena such as supernovae, hold significant importance in the realms of physics and astrophysics.Simultaneously, CRs pose a challenge in astronomical observations due to their generation of hot pixels, necessitating the need for their fluxes to be accurately determined and eliminated from charge-coupled device (CCD) images.To address this, it is essential to measure the cosmic ray background at large observatories.In response, we developed a cosmic-ray muon detector utilizing scintillation technology, employing a plastic scintillator and a photomultiplier tube.We utilized the DRS4 Evaluation Board ver.5.1 read-out system for signal reception and processing.Our measurements were conducted at the ATA50 Telescope on the Atatürk University campus and at the site of Turkey's largest telescope, the Eastern Anatolia Observatory (DAG), using our custom-designed cosmic ray muon detector (CRMD).For the calculation of cosmic ray flux, we applied the Time of Flight (TOF) method, which calculates the flight time of cosmic rays passing through scintillators positioned vertically on a shelf.Data analysis was conducted using our Python code and ROOT programs.Cosmic ray-muon measurements involved placing the detector at various zenith angles.At the DAG site (elevation 3170 m), we observed a cosmic ray flux of 0.0450 cm -2 s -1 sr -1 .Conversely, at the lower altitude ATA50 Telescope site (elevation 1855 m), the flux was measured at 0.0235 cm -2 s -1 sr -1 .Notably, a 1-meter thick concrete structure was found to reduce cosmic muon measurements by 56%.Furthermore, the flux values obtained at 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° angles showed compatibility with theoretical predictions and were compared with existing literature values.These findings demonstrate the reliability, stability, and costeffectiveness of our custom-designed detector.
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This paper takes another look at the Pioneer anomaly with the NOW theory of time: Two recent papers by Longo, "The NOW of time and how it impacts physics" and "Theories affected by Time Flow."This new concept of time-flow changes the foundation of the physics of time defined by Newton and has impacted the main evidence for dark matter, which shows that galaxies rotate at a speed consistent with gravitational theory.This work demonstrates that the confused state of the pioneer's anomalous acceleration is also likely due to Newton's definition of time.With the NOW theory of time, the theoretically calculated value of the pioneer anomaly is 7.2 × 10 -10 m/sec 2 within the reported measurement error.When adding to this a few onboard contributions that seem to be the most reasonable, the final value is 8.12 × 10 -10 m/sec 2 compared to the reported observed value of (8 ± 3) × 10 -10 m/sec 2 .
Since the dawn of relativity in the first two decades of the twentieth century, it has been maintained that faster-than-light (superluminal) motion could produce time travel into the past with its accompanying causality-violating paradoxes; hence, it was concluded that it is impossible to exceed the speed of light.Tachyons, hypothetical particles that always move faster than the speed of light, seem to present serious challenges to our understanding of reality and the mathematics used by physicists to explain it, if they exist.This paper addresses these problems from a classical perspective and presents solutions to the perplexities posed by superluminal motion.Specifically, classical analyses ruling out superluminal motion are shown to be flawed.Thus there are no classically-valid objections to such phenomena.To the contrary, correct analysis leads to the conclusion that tachyons could send signals faster that the speed of light yet not violate causality.There are, however, some limitations to how fast such signals can propagate with respect to the receiver; that is, for one point, they cannot be infinitely fast.For another, they cannot violate the relativity of simultaneity.These are important points since neglecting them has led to the claim that tachyons cannot exist because they produce phenomena that are irreconcilable with reality.
In this paper, we have sketched how Einstein's theory of gravity formulated on R × S 3 topology, i.e, space and time of rotations can be applied to tachyon dynamics and modified gravity.The initiative of formulating physical theories on R × S 3 topology was taken by many physicists in early 1980s among which a first successful attempt was taken by M. Carmeli and S. Malin followed by G. Zet, C. Pasnicu and M. Agop.The main idea of formulating gravity on such topology is due to the fact that the surface of sphere has more symmetries than distance in Minkowskian space-time.Thus, we are making the quantities dependent on angles instead of invariant lengths.Since we have changed the topology on which the theory is formulated, the definition of derivative operators and other differential operators changes.There are two kinds of geometries of R × S 3 topology, the first given by M. Carmeli and S. Malin is of commutative type where the derivatives commute and the other given subsequently by G. Zet, C. Pasnicu and M. Agop is of non-commutative type where the derivatives do not commute and result in an additional term in the equations.Although the Einstein's field equation on R × S 3 topology was already derived [6][8], what we have tried in this paper is to construct Killing vector fields and conserved currents on R × S 3 topology.
This paper (falling within the purview of Physics Education Research in particular, and Science Education Research in general) deals with a very significant issue related to labeling of the physical quantities along the axes of coordinates in graphing.It has been discovered that the traditional norms of specification of physical quantities along the axes in graph drawing are ambiguous.Such norms of specification totally ignore the inherent nature of a physical quantity.Furthermore, as a result of such a specification, each coordinate of a point lying on the graph assumes a numerical value along with a unit tagged with it, thereby violating the most fundamental concept of Cartesian coordinate geometry according to which the coordinates of a point in two-dimensional real space should be an ordered pair of real numbers.To get rid of such an ambiguity, an unambiguous procedure of specifying the physical quantities along the axes of coordinates in graph drawing has been finally proposed.The issue raised in the paper along with the relevant solution offered are both original and novel, never considered by any one earlier and hence the present scheme could not be placed into context to other existing works on the same issue.However, the present work has been compared with two other earlier works reported by the author in relation to graphing to judge its novelty and originality.
This paper introduces the present moment, the NOW as it is called, into physics.Einstein thought the NOW could not be part of physics.Newton's definition of time, which he called mathematical time has defined a measure of time, but not time.It is used in all of physics, as well as all sciences, and civilization in general.Newton recognized that time appears to flow and thought the flow of time to be a universal constant independent of external influences.The common perception of the NOW of time does flow.Most conscious beings recognize time and space are different properties of Nature.So using this common belief as a clue, we introduce a new space called time-space, which is dependent upon external effects and controls the flow of time.Time-space is a two-dimensional space with only one unit, the second, but the physics of time-space is only one-dimensional and involves a periodic internal moving object, satisfying the philosophical notion that time and motion are intimately connected.Newton's flow of time is a universal constant, but Einstein's relativity, by assuming the speed of light to be constant, showed that the rate of time does depend on external influences when compared between different moving reference frames as well as different gravitational intensities.The NOW introduced here is thought to be an abstract quantity, consistent with Einstein's vision of I-time, as well as fields in general, having one property that is measurable, the period of the abstract moving object.The rate is constant within the solar system.Therefore, no changes are necessary to any of the physical theories.However, when applied to astrophysics and cosmology the altered rate has effects.This is demonstrated by applying the NOW rate to the rotation of the Andromeda galaxy and shows the rotation to be consistent with gravitation theories.Therefore, we conclude that galaxy rotation, which is the primary evidence for dark matter, dark matter does not exist.A broader conclusion is that the foundation of physics, as defined by Newton, is not correct.
This article follows a previous one, which addressed the famous problem of Twins" Paradox: if one of two twins remains on Earth while the other gets on a rocket, travels at a speed close to the speed of light and returns, the traveler should find his brother older than himself.This is because, according to Special Relativity (SR), a moving clock runs slower than a "stationary" one.The paradox lies in the fact that movement is relative, thus breaking the equivalence between frames of coordinates, a crucial principle at the heart of SR theory.The cited article highlighted the error in the premises that leads to the paradox, reanalyzing it and proving its non-existence either for a one-way or a round trip, despite the phenomenon of time dilation.An important extension of this conclusion is provided here.If one of the twins leaves the other, following a closed polygonal or circular path, in the end they find themselves at the same age.Thus, once again, the fundamental equivalency between frames of coordinates is fully respected.Thisas beforeis achieved by means of a new dilation factor, progressively "stronger" than Lorentz factor , but perfectly reflective.Issues concerning the geometry of space-time and apparently strange outcomes are also analyzed.In addition to strengthening theoretical consistency, restoring confidence in SR and allowing further developments, this study has possible experimental relevance in particle accelerators.Finally, one discovers the existence of a threshold speed for the shortest possible time to complete a closed path.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the NOW theory of time, introduced by Longo, titled: "The NOW of time and how it impacts physics."If found to be valid, it alters all aspects of physical theories because of the foundation of time, as defined by Newton.First, we start with Electrodynamics because it is the primary theory critical to Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology for the study of the universe.In this paper, it is found that when the NOW of time is applied, the speed of light is not a universal constant throughout the entire universe but is dependent on local brightness that varies throughout the universe.Next, we show that Quantum Mechanics is altered.This alters Redshift calculations and interpretations.It is the next theory in line of importance due to the theories of atomic structure and its connection with a redshift that allows the dynamics of cosmological objects to be studied.We find that atoms radiate at different frequencies in distant locations than they do on earth.This provides a possible interpretation other than the usual Doppler effect.Furthermore, it alters the scale when considering the expansion of space.Finally, it also alters Special and General Relativity primarily due to the alteration of the speed of light.Thus, we conclude that Newton's foundation of physics needs to be revisited.
A new apparent relativistic paradox is presented involving only one space-time event.This is different from earlier 'relativistic paradoxes' involving extended bodies or events at different positions.A collision between a rod and a ring impacting at an oblique angle to each other is considered in the context of the special theory relativity.A question arises as to where along the length of the rod the point of impact will be according to two observers in the inertial rest frames of the rod and the ring, respectively.Note that in the rod-frame, the ring is sliding, not rolling, so the rest frame of the ring is inertial, not rotating.The observers argue from a purely kinematical point of view in favor of two different points of impact along the rod.However there can only exist one point of impact.In order to solve this apparent paradox, we use the asynchronous formulation of relativistic kinematics, in which the consequences of the relativity of simultaneity are built into the formalism.We show that this reconciles the descriptions from the two inertial frames of reference, and hence the new 'paradox' leads to a strong argument for the relevance of the asynchronous formulation of relativistic kinematics.
The so-called "twin's paradox" is considered an important issue in special relativity theory because it implies a profound understanding of space time structure.And yet, since its original formulation in 1911 by Paul Langevin, numerous alleged explanations for this disturbing paradox have been produced; as it seems, unsuccessfully.This remains a subject for heated debate.Why?Because in all those explanations one tries to reconcile the irreconcilable, this is, what seems to be a logical conclusion (based on the phenomenon of time dilation) with what is simply unacceptable: how can it be a difference in aging from twins without breaking the fundamental equivalency between frames of coordinates?The purpose of this research is, first, to point out the basic flaws in the premises of the usual "explanations" and then to provide a consistent answer to the problem.It is proven here that there is no twin's paradox and this despite the reality of time dilation.Proceeding without prejudice, simply following appropriate premises and mathematical equations, one finally discovers an astoundingly, wonderfully coherent resolution to the problem, and this in the frame of special relativity itself.The key to understand and finally resolve this puzzling issue is relativistic asynchrony, particularly past and future permutation.Finally, the implications of this understanding, as can be easily induced, go far beyond special relativity.If there is no different aging in inertial frames, regardless of their relative velocity, should this conclusion also apply to accelerated ones, this is, to general relativity?
We found new classes of exact models to the Einstein-Maxwell system of equations which describe the internal structure of a compact star made of strange matter considering the equation of state proposed by Rocha, Bernardo, de Avellar and Horvath in 2019. It has been assumed that this matter is composed of equal number of up, down and strange quarks and a small amount of electrons required to reaching the charge neutrality. If this hypothesis is correct, the neutron stars would be strange stars. We have chosen a particular form of gravitational potential Z(x) that depends on an adjustable parameter related to degree of anisotropy of the models and the new solutions can be written in terms of elementary and polynomial functions. The obtained models satisfy all physical features expected in a realistic star and the expressions for mass, density and stellar radius are comparable with the experimental results.
In this paper we have studied the statistical and squeezing properties of the cavity light generated by a three-level laser. In this quantum optical system, N three-level atoms available in an open cavity, coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir, are pumped to the top level by means of electron bombardment at constant rate. We have considered the case in which the three-level atoms and the cavity modes interact with the two-mode vacuum reservoir. We have carried out our analysis by putting the noise operators associated with the vacuum reservoir in normal order. Applying the solutions of the equations of evolution for the expectation values of the atomic operators and the quantum Langevin equations for the cavity mode operators, we have calculated the mean and variance of the photon number as well as the quadrature squeezing for the cavity light. In addition, we have shown that the presence of the spontaneous emission process leads to a decrease in the mean and variance of the photon number. We have observed that the two-mode cavity light is in a squeezed state and the squeezing occurs in the minus quadrature. The maximum quadrature squeezing of the light generated by the laser, operating far below threshold, is found to be 50% below the vacuum-state level. We have also established that the mean photon number in the presence of spontaneous emission is less than the absence of spontaneous emission.
In the Blagian philosophic and literary creation there are a multivalent perspectives of light, symbolically connected to: the ontological / physical significance of the light-sign, cosmologically assumed; the gnoseological function ("minus" and "plus knowledge" / enlightment, respectively paradisiac-logical and luciferic-poetic cognition); the (pr)axiological / psycho-emotional perspective, where the "erotic-love" significance prevails through the empirical symbolism of burning.Connecting all these symbolic hypostases, the (Complex) Light passes through a double metamorphic circuit, namely: God (Great Anonimus) / Sacred Lightcosmos / physic light -human / bio-phycho-lightsuper-human / noesic light -God.In terms of Blaga, the terrestrial horizon is no longer the limit where physical visibility ceases, but the whole complexity where the metaphysical / spiritual vision extends, because, for the philosopher-poet, the world is not only a cognoscible reality in its immediate realm, but also a world of signs, of symbols that reveal the original faces of the universe.In synthesis, the paper tries to configure a transdisciplinary vision of the whole Blagian creation, having as its "core nucleus" the semiotic paradigm of LIGHT-SIGN, for which the Poems of the Light are standing as a defining measure.
In this paper, we model effects of localized trap energy on the photoluminescence at different radiative trap level.Wherever possible, the concepts are augmented with data, with particular emphasis in the case of Gallium nitrate.By using illumination and lifetime, the intensity of light in each band is determined by assuming one incident photon ejects one electron at a time.From this at different temperature, illumination, doping concentration and impurity densities of states the intensities of light vary for all radia-tive recombination mechanisms.By varying illumination and impurity densities of states at room temperature, the dominated radiative recombination mechanisms are studied from the three radiative recombination mechanisms.At high values of illumination, the intensity of light in band-to-band radiative recombination mechanism dominates for all values of localized trap energies.For high values of impurity trap density, only the intensity of light in conduction band to trap level radiative recombination mechanisms dominates for all localized trap energies.
In the paper results of monitoring of thermal neutrons field in vertical irradiation channels of the WWR-SM nuclear research reactor of INP AS, Tashkent, Uzbekistan has been studied with purpose of determination of mode of irradiation target sulfur-33 (S-33) and increase specific activity of phosphorus-33 (Р-33).It is shown that reception P-33 with specific activity (120-140 mCi/g) is necessary to spend irradiation targets of S-33 elemental enrichment in vertical channels of the WWR-SM reactor in the following mode: irradiation place is distance of 35-50 cm below from top point of the vertical channel, nominal power of reactor=10MW, reactor thermal neutrons stream density ≥0.7⋅10 14 neutrons/cm 2 ⋅sec and irradiation time=320÷620 hours.Opportunity of application of S-33 as the monitor for reception of P-33 without the carrier was established.In fist time for express definition of specific activity of radionuclide P-33 in irradiation target S-33 the monitor S-33 was used.
The first-principle calculations were performed in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) using FP-LAPW method as implemented in Wien2k code to determine the structural stability, electronic, and magnetic properties of quaternary Heusler alloys Cr2TaGe1-xSnx (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00), The results showed that for the compounds, the AlCu2Mnl-type structure is energetically more stable than CuHg2Ti-type structure at the equilibrium volume. The calculated lattice constants for Cr2TaGe and Cr2TaSn are 6.081 Å and 6.311 Å, respectively. For mechanical properties, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio and shear anisotropy factor have studied. Their obtained values reveal that these compounds are mechanically stable. The electronic band structures and density of states of our compounds show a half metallic character with total magnetic moments, − 3.00 μB per formula unit with indirect band gap, 0.569 eV and 0.482 eV for Cr2TaGe and Cr2TaSn respectively. Regarding thermal properties such as the thermal expansion coefficient, heat capacity, and Debye temperature, we have applied a very suitable model for studying thermodynamics quantities called the quasi-harmonic Debye model. On the basis of these results, these alloys are predicted to be good candidates for future spintronic applications.
In this work, we models the optical generation and transient radiative recombination excess carrier lifetimes in direct band gap semiconductors Indium antimonide (Insb) during illumination and after switching off the illumination.The time dependence of excess carrier density and excess carrier lifetimes are determined by using the doping level 10 17 cm -3 and absorption rate 1.21×10 24 cm -3 s -1 .The transient mean times for each excess carrier lifetimes to reach their steady-state values and excess carrier lifetime are determined.
