A pure culture of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria tenella was isolated from mushroom tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant growth-promoting potential of the fungal isolate. The isolate was identified based on ITS region sequencing and result showing 99% similarity with GenBank reference sequences. B. tenella demonstrated the ability to solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya’s agar, forming clear halo zones, indicating its potential role in enhancing soil phosphorus availability. The phosphate solubilization index (SI) was calculated to be 2.19 ± 0.05 thereby confirming the solubilizing potential of the isolate. Furthermore, the fungus showed positive results for Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, a key phytohormone involved in plant growth, with concentrations 8.12 μg/mL, measured by spectrophotometry using Salkowski reagent.
This study contributes to ongoing efforts to protect the ecosystem of Lake Khuvsgul by supporting the remediation of hazardous waste and the reduction of pollution within the lake. A key focus of the operation is the analysis and selection of rigger equipment used in the retrieval of sunken vehicles and machinery from significant depths. In 2023–2024, a total of 11 submerged vehicles and machines were successfully recovered from depths ranging from 33 to 171 meters, including a motorboat, a ZIL-130 truck with trailer, a UAZ-469, a TT-4 tracked mountain tractor, and a YAG-6 truck. The retrieval technology was implemented through four sequential stages: preliminary pulling to free the objects from sediment, deep-water lifting, transportation toward the lakeshore, and final extraction onto land. This article presents the engineering calculations, equipment selection, and practical application of rigger systems utilized at each stage, offering insights to support future environmental recovery operations in deep freshwater ecosystems.
This study evaluated the chemical composition, sensory attributes, fatty acid profile, and microbiological quality of pasture-raised goat offal soup and mushroom-enriched products. Product formulations were optimized through sensory evaluation. Trained panelists rated the offal soup containing 8% liver as the most palatable (93/100), while the formulation with 50% mushrooms (F3) achieved the highest acceptability. The offal soup and mushroom-enriched products contained 68.0 vs. 70.6% moisture, 18.5 vs. 19.2% protein, 7.7 vs. 2.9% fat, 1.3 vs. 1.2% ash, 4.5 vs. 6.0% carbohydrates, and 424 vs. 670 mg/100 g salt, respectively. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) accounted for 54.73% in the soup and 30.2% in the mushroom product; monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were 42.28% vs. 32.1%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 3.62% vs. 37.3%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids were oleic (39.6%), stearic (27.9%), and palmitic (21.9%) in the soup, and linoleic (34.2%), oleic (30.0%), and palmitic (17.2%) in the mushroom product. Microbiological counts remained below 10³ CFU/g during a six-month storage period, confirming product safety. These findings demonstrate that both products are nutritionally balanced, microbiologically stable, and represent sustainable food innovations for the meat industry. Moreover, it can be products that meet the healthy and natural food choices prioritized by modern consumers.
Sustainable agribusiness development relies on productive and well-adapted livestock populations to ensure food security and support dairy farming systems. This study evaluated the population structure, production performance, genetic diversity, and environmental adaptability of Black-and-White (Holstein-type) cattle in the Agro-City regions of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia an important hub for intensive dairy production. The area maintains 23,500 cattle, including 5,300 Black-and-White and crossbred cows, accounting for 54.1% of the national population of this breed and supplying approximately 28.1 million liters of milk annually to urban consumers. Localized Black-and-White cows produced an average of 3,277 ± 220.9 kg of milk per lactation, with mean fat and protein contents of 3.55% and 3.1%. Reproductive indicators included a 267.6 ± 16.5-day lactation length, 395.3 ± 21.1-day calving interval, 84.0% conception rate, 1.2 calvings per year, and 96.4% calf survival, resulting in an overall reproductive efficiency of 80.0%. Genetic analysis showed moderate variability, with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.31 and expected heterozygosity of 0.627. After more than 15 generations since their introduction from Russia, the population demonstrated strong climatic resilience, with an adaptability index of 4.23. Overall, the localized Black-and-White population represents a well-adapted genetic resource with significant potential to enhance sustainable and intensive dairy production in Mongolia’s Agro-City region.
We carefully filtered all the studies on the classification of Tettigonoidea distributed in Mongolia, since 1960s and combined with our research results. As a result we found that 42 species (17 subspecies), 3 subtribes, 6 tribes, 16 genera, 2 subspecies belonging to 1 superfamily, were recorded in Mongolia. As a result of field research, 392 samples were collected from 140 points of 116 sums in 18 provinces of Mongolia. Deracantha onos Pallas, 1772 (Common bull katydid) has been determined to be Mongolia's most widespread katydid species. As a result of our field research conducted in 2013-2022, 82 out of 43 research points in 31 districts of 12 provinces were found. It was determined and consolidated. Based on this distribution map, using the Maxent-Geographic distribution model, it was calculated that the Common bull katydid is spread over an area of 881,730 km2. It is estimated that the average annual temperature will increase by 2.2 degrees and precipitation by 14.5 percent in 2050. In the year 2080, the Maxent model predicts that the distribution of the will increase slightly from the current average annual temperature of 4.0 degrees, and precipitation will increase by 25.8 percent.
In recent decades, emerging and re-emerging diseases have been spreading worldwide. Lumpy skin disease is one of the most significant economic transboundary animal diseases. It has been reported in several areas of the world. The study supports the adoption of the portable Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (vLAMP) assay as a primary diagnostic tool for lumpy skin disease virus. Main diagnostic methods such as Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) are sensitive and reliable but are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. In contrast, the portable vLAMP assay offers significant advantages for field application. It eliminates the need for specialized expertise or sophisticated laboratory equipment and can detect Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) within 60 minutes under constant temperature conditions. This study aimed to develop and optimize a rapid, portable vLAMP assay for the on-site detection of LSDV. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay are comparable to conventional PCR and other tests. Thirty-two samples, including tissues, whole blood, serum, and swabs were analyzed using two DNA extraction kits and molecular methods: conventional PCR and vLAMP assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the vLAMP assay were estimated using a two-by-two contingency table and found to both be 100%. The vLAMP had a kappa value of 1.0 against the conventional PCR. Therefore, this vLAMP assay can be adopted as a timely and simple method for the early detection, monitoring, and control of LSDV outbreaks in field settings.
The application of remote sensing technology is commonly used to predict the soil moisture content of cropland and has become an effective method for smart agriculture. Therefore, this study aims to (i) quantify seasonal variations in soil moisture content at different soil depths during wheat growth stages, (ii) examine the relationships between soil moisture, wheat yield, and UAV-derived vegetation indices, and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of UAV multispectral data for predicting soil moisture content under semi-arid conditions. We hypothesize that vegetation indices derived from UAV multispectral imagery are significantly correlated with soil moisture content at different soil depths and can be used as indirect predictors of soil moisture. Soil moisture was measured using the gravimetric method, with samples taken at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths from 60 plots in the field at all wheat growth stages. The soil reaction range of the study area varies from 7.3 to 8.0, the soil volume was 1.14 to 1.35 g/cm3, soil organic carbon was 0.82-2.18%, and total soil nitrogen was 0.9-0.23%. From the results, the air temperature was low; it rained in July of the year between the stem elongation heading stages of wheat. According to the soil sampling, the soil moisture content of the third ten days of July (the early heading stage of wheat) had the highest values (11.7–30.1%), while the soil moisture content had the lowest values (13.53–21.21%) in the sensitive period of wheat from seedling growth to the heading stage. When correlation analysis is performed between soil moisture and wheat yield, the soil moisture in the depth of 0–20 cm has a weakly negative correlation (r = -0.13 (-0.38)), and the soil moisture in the depth of 20–40 cm has a weak to moderate correlation (r = -0.13 (-0.43)). The regression analysis of soil moisture content and vegetation indices calculated by spectral data shows a positive correlation (with an R2 value of 0.44 at 0–20 cm, p<0.0001; an R2 value of 0.2 at 20–40 cm, p<0.01). Using the UAV, the determination coefficient is R2 = 0.32 at 20–40 cm depth and R2 = 0.29, p<0.01.
Wheat is an important cereal crop in Mongolia and faces production challenges due to the lack of appropriate agronomic practices, weather uncertainties, weeds, insects, and disease outbreaks. Wheat leaf diseases are one of the biotic stresses that decreases production and grain quality. Leaf diseases were randomly assessed in 114 wheat fields, in the Bulgan and Orkhon provinces, from 2019 to 2023 in order to figure out the prevalence, incidence, and severity of wheat leaf diseases. The environmental and climatic conditions of the two regions were obtained, and the relevant data were almost identical. Wheat leaf diseases were identified, which included septoria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria nodorum), leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) and spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana). In Bulgan and Orkhon, during the assessment years, the mean incidence and severity of septoria leaf blotch was 58.1-81.7% and 9.7-12.8%. For leaf rust, the mean incidence and severity were 58.3–72.2% and 7.3–10.4%, and the mean incidence and severity of spot blotch were 0-5.5% and 0-6.5% respectively. Due to these biological factors such as leaf spot and leaf rust, it is suggested that designing appropriate technologies to alleviate disease problems is important. Using varieties resistant to leaf diseases and proper field management can reduce the risk of leaf diseases.
As part of efforts to monitor and mitigate environmental degradation caused by mining, an experimental study was conducted on reducing heavy metal concentrations in the tailings soil of the Oyu Tolgoi Mine. This mine is located in the Khanbogd soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia. The study employed phytoremediation, an ecological engineering method that uses plants to extract or stabilize contaminants. Since soil contamination typically accumulates over long periods, two-year-old seedlings of two native plant species, Nitraria sibirica Pall. and Reaumuria soongorica Pall. Maxim., were planted to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing heavy metal concentrations. A total of 96 seedlings were planted in two rows with 24 replicates each: one test site adjacent to the tailings facility and one control site located 5 km away. Heavy metal content in both the seedlings and the soil was analyzed over a five-month period by Hanlab LLC’s Mineral Analysis Laboratory, Mongolia. Among the 28 heavy metals detected, the native shrub, Reaumuria soongorica, showed higher absorption and accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, and nickel ranging from 65.4% to 82.7% compared to Nitraria sibirica (14.8% to 75.4%), indicating its potential as an effective species for phytoremediation in contaminated tailings soil.
A total of 18 bacterial strains were isolated from the root nodules of Chesniella macrantha Cheng f. ex H.C.Fu, a very rare, subendemic, and relict plant species in Mongolia. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains were assigned to four genera: Priestia (10 strains), Rhizobium (6 strains), Peribacillus (1 strain), and Neobacillus (1 strain). Ten strains exhibited 99.65–100% similarity to Priestia aryabhattai B8W22T or Priestia megaterium NBRC 15308T, while strains Gr2-1, Gr2-2, Gr2-3-1, Gr3-1, Gr3-2-1, and UN2-3 showed 99.78–100% similarity to Rhizobium mongolense subsp. mongolense USDA 1844T. Two strains, Gr2-4-1 and UN1-2, were most closely related to Peribacillus simplex NBRC 15720T (99.93–100%) and Neobacillus drentensis LMG 21831T (99.71%), respectively. Eight strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in LB medium supplemented with 5 mM L-tryptophan, and three exhibited phosphate solubilization activity. Six Priestia strains, Gr2-3, Gr2-4-2, Gr3-2, Gr3-3, Gr3-3-1, and UN1-3, showed high IAA production, whereas Priestia strains Gr2-3, Gr3-3, and UN2-5 solubilized phosphate on Pikovskaya’s agar, with a solubilization index (SI) of 2.16 ± 0.02 cm. Among all isolates, Rhizobium strain Gr3-2-1 was the most effective in promoting both root elongation and branching in C. macrantha plantlets, indicating its potential use in propagation and conservation of this endangered Mongolian legume.
This study evaluated the effect of animal age, sex, and muscle type on mutton. Analysed the proximate analysis, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile, and mineral content of mutton from Erdenedalai soum in Dundgovi Province, Mongolia. The results showed that the samples exhibited adequate moisture, relatively high protein content, and moderate fat levels, with notable differences among muscle type. Among the three muscles, the thigh exhibited the highest (p<0.05) moisture content (69.67%) and the lowest (p<0.05) fat level (8.27%), resulting in a lower energy value (154.58 kcal/100 g). The loin had the highest protein content (20.75%), and fat (10.58%), and the greatest (p<0.05) energy value (178.20 kcal/100 g). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the predominant lipid components, and the n-6/n-3 ratio remained within a nutritionally desirable range. The amino acid composition was stable, with the proportion of essential amino acids (EAA/TAA ≈ 43%) meeting the criteria for high-quality protein. Among flavor-related amino acids, glutamic acid (3.06–4.18 g/100 g) and aspartic acid (1.48–2.13 g/100 g). Mineral element contents were also stable, and no heavy metals were detected, indicating excellent nutritional value and food safety.
The live weight of Tsagaan-Uul male lambs at weaning, around five months of age, shows a notable increase, with male lambs gaining an average of 8.4 kg and female lambs gaining 8.2 kg. Remarkably, both male and female lambs experience a growth increase of 1.2 times during the two months following weaning. During the early stages of life, from one to three months, male lambs exhibit live weights ranging from 5.63 to 7.73 kg, while female lambs weigh between 5.41 and 6.85 kg. At separation from their mothers, typically around four to six months old, male lambs weigh between 4.07 and 4.26 kg, and female lambs range from 3.77 to 4.01 kg. In the first month post-birth, lambs experience significant growth, increasing their live weight by 168.8 to 204.7 percent. However, this growth rate notably declines starting in the second month, reducing by a factor of 2.95 to 2.97 times. After weaning, when lambs are around four to five months old, the growth rate decreases further, declining by 3.89 to 4.66 times compared to their growth at two months of age, indicating a substantial slowdown in growth intensity. Under natural grazing conditions, the live weight of Tsagaan-Uul male lambs increases at a rate of 127 to 258 grams per day, while female lambs show a daily weight gain of 98 to 201 grams during their first seven months of life. Specifically, free-grazing male lambs achieve an average daily weight gain exceeding 200 grams until they reach two months of age. However, by seven months, particularly in the first ten days of September, their daily weight gain decreased by 2.03 to 2.05 times compared to the rate observed in the first month.
Approximately 200 soil samples were collected from pastures, forests, and cultivated fields in Ulaanbaatar city, as well as provinces such as Tuv, Selenge, and Bulgan in 2018. These samples were diluted using Koch's serial dilution method and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium supplemented with Streptomycin (0.03 g). Pure cultures of Trichoderma were selected based on their morphological characteristics after 7–10 days of incubation at 25°C. The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma against various fungal pathogens was determined using the dual culture method. For the identification of Trichoderma species, DNA was extracted using CTAB buffer, and the ITS1 and ITS4 rDNA regions were PCR amplified, purified, and sequenced at Macrogenes, in South Korea. The sequences were compared to those in the NCBI GenBank database to establish phylogenetic relationships. Trichoderma was detected in 11 samples out of the approximately 200 soil samples. Eleven pure cultures of Trichoderma fungi were isolated and identified as T. harzianum, T. citrinoviride, T. sinuosum, and T. virens based on molecular biology and sequence analysis. When tested for antagonistic activity against A. alternata, Cladosporium fulvum, and F. oxysporum pathogens, all 11 pure cultures of Trichoderma showed more than 54% activity. On average, the T. citrinoviride 31/4 pure culture showed 67.8% antagonistic activity, while the T. harzianum 186/4 pure culture showed 70.5% antagonistic activity.
Low-temperature adaptation is a critical physiological process in mesophilic bacteria, yet its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate how Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain F9 adapts to cold stress, the strain was cultured at 5°C (F9_5), 10°C (F9_10), and 25°C (F9_25). High-throughput transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across these conditions. Gene expression differences were identified and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. A total of 731 DEGs were identified between the F9_25 and F9_10 groups, 747 between F9_25 and F9_5, and 265 between F9_10 and F9_5, with 65 shared DEGs across all comparisons. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were primarily associated with cellular energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and membrane components. KEGG pathway analysis identified 20 significantly enriched pathways, with key differences observed in: dicarboxylate metabolism, ABC transporters, and two-component systems in the F9_25 and F9_10 comparison; two-component systems, pyruvate metabolism, and glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism in the F9_25 and F9_5 comparison; and fatty acid degradation, tryptophan metabolism, and two-component systems in the F9_10 and F9_5 comparison. To survive low-temperature stress, strain F9 modulated gene expression to counteract the reduction in enzyme activity and protein efficiency. This regulation helped maintain membrane fluidity, ensuring proper substance exchange and signal transduction, while also securing sufficient energy and biosynthetic precursors for essential cellular functions.
To protect the ecosystem of Lake Khövsgöl and eliminate hazardous waste, the Government of Mongolia undertook the recovery of the sunken Sükhbaatar ship. This study presents the engineering design, analysis, and application of rigger equipment used in the retrieval process, with a particular focus on the calculation, selection, and deployment of steel wire ropes to generate the required pulling force. The Sükhbaatar ship, constructed in the former Soviet Union in 1956, measured 43.3 meters in length, 8.4 meters in width, and 11.4 meters in height (including the antenna), with a hull height of 5.7 meters, a total weight of 309 tons, and a cargo capacity of 400 tons. After sinking in 1985, the vessel was successfully retrieved during a 37-day operation conducted from October 1 to November 7, 2021. The recovery was executed using a combination of pulling and lifting forces generated by specialized rigging systems, including winches, pulleys, and steel wire ropes, under challenging environmental and operational conditions.
Mongolia’s rivers and lakes host over 70 fish species, with approximately 30 species harvested for human consumption. The annual fishing season typically spans 180 days, yielding an estimated 600 tons of fish annually. Fishing in Ogii Lake, Arkhangai Province, began in 1938; however, recent years have seen a cessation of regulated fishing, alongside a rise in large-scale illegal fishing, particularly during winter and spawning periods. Climate change has further impacted aquatic ecosystems by altering water regimes, increasing pollution, degrading habitats, and disrupting fish reproductive cycles, resulting in ecological imbalance. This study collected fish samples over three years at seasonal intervals from two to three subsistence fishing households on Ogii Lake. The species composition identified included Perch (Perca fluviatilis), Ide (Leuciscus idus), Roach (Rutilus rutilus), and Northern Pike (Esox lucius). A total of 1,567 fish from these four species were caught using control nets, with sensory and laboratory analyses conducted in 3–5 replicates. The findings highlight the urgent need for standardized protocols in fishing, transport, processing, and storage to promote fishery sustainability and product quality.
The aim of the study was to study the main etiological factors of hypoglycemia in newborn piglets, to establish criteria for a comprehensive diagnosis of the disease, as well as to develop an optimal treatment regimen. The materials obtained in the course of the study are of great importance for the clinical assessment of piglets' health. On the other hand, it expands knowledge in understanding this pathology and allows for effective therapeutic and preventive work in industrial pig breeding complexes. In the studied group of animals, a significant decrease in blood glucose was recorded to 3.49±0.03 mmol/l on the second day of life and to 2.75±0.03 on the 4th day, when the piglets were in a coma. The indicators of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and iron, which were also reduced by 35%, 57.9% and 57.1%, respectively, indicate that the young have signs of alimentary anemia. As a therapeutic technique, it is effective to use a 15% glucose solution and plant piglets under healthy sows. Due to this, on the 10th day, the blood glucose level of piglets rose to 5.25± 0.04 mmol/l. Of the 90 sick piglets on the farm, 78 recovered, the percentage of young animals was 84.6%. The greatest effect is observed with the intraperitoneal method of administration of a 15% solution in a dose of 5-10 ml, which increases the percentage of recovery to 92%. For the highest results, it is recommended to use ferran preparations in a dose of 2 ml and nitamine 0.4 ml per 10 kg of weight as additional therapy, as well as warming piglets with infrared lamps.
The genetic diversity of Mongolian native horse breeds Mongol, Galshar, Tes, and the lines Darkhad and Undurshil was studied using coat color gene and microsatellite marker polymorphism analyses. A total of 2,000 horses were characterized based on predominant coat color phenotypes and associated genes. Among six coat color genes, the highest average heterozygosity was observed in the Undurshil line, while the Tes breed exhibited the lowest. Microsatellite analysis of 17 markers in 259 horses identified 225 alleles, including 80 private alleles. ASB17 was the most polymorphic marker, whereas HTG4 was the least. The Galshar breed displayed the highest genetic diversity, with Na (10.4), Ne (0.795), No (0.726), and PIC (0.802) parameters, while the Darkhad line showed the lowest values. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and cluster analysis revealed distinct genetic structures among the populations. The Darkhad line was notably different from other breeds, while the Galshar breed shared genetic similarities with the Undurshil line, and the Mongol breed was genetically similar to the Tes breed. These findings provide critical insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian native horse breeds, supporting their conservation and sustainable management.
In this investigation, the microstructure changes of 0.25% low carbon steel, which is hardfaced with high chromium white iron by a semiautomatic welding process was studied using OM, SEM and EDX analysis. Mechanical properties, such as hardness and wear rates, were also investigated. Four groups of samples were used in the study. The first group of samples was low carbon steel without any surface treatment. The second, third, and fourth groups of samples were selected from several hard-faced low carbon steel pieces with 3.0, 3.4 and 3.8 % of chromium contents in their hard-faced surface respectively. SEM analysis results show that the microstructure of the surface treated samples consist of a small amount of ferrite and a large amount of pearlite. EDS test shows that the chromium contents of both ferrite and pearlite have increased significantly. Increasing pearlite amounts and increasing chromium concentrations in every phase seem to increase the hardness from 280 to 495 HV30. Chromium content was increased in both pearlite and ferrite. This increase causes the phase’s hardness to be increased. Also, there is a trace of М7С type carbides that appeared in hardfaced surface with higher chromium content.
Mongolia has a large nomadic culture which has existed for thousands of years. Nomadic herders spend much of their time producing milk and dairy products, including Aaruul, or dried yogurt curd, which is a local dairy product unique to Mongolia. A drying device was designed to dry aaruul made by traditional methods to a moisture content no more than 20% in a short period of time, and the optimum values of drying temperature, drying time, and air flow speed were determined by multi-factored model and step-by-step decomposition method. As a result of the experiment, curd with a moisture content of 60% is dried at a temperature of 440C with an air flow speed with 3m/s for 7 hours, and the moisture content becomes 19.8%. It takes 4-5 days to dry curd naturally, and by using this device, curd drying time can be reduced by 10-17 times and the productivity of curd production can be increased. The electricity consumption of the device for drying 1kg of curd is 1.5 kWh.
