Background: According to the World Health Organization, human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer, which is the fourth most common cancer in women, with an estimated 266,000 deaths and 528,000 new cases in 2012. Usually, HPV infections cause no symptoms but it is also reported that 99% cervical cancer cases are linked to genital infection with HPV and it is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract. Aim: The aim of the study is to review the literature to describe what research has been done and what can be the future prospect. Methods: To search for the literature search engine, PubMed and Google were searched by inputting different key words, for example, HPV and cervical cancer. Studies considered were broadly associated with either HPV and cervical cancer or its worldwide scenario and socio-economic status. Results: Considered studies showed that Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, whereas a considerable number i.e., 90% cases of cervical cancer, HPV was detected. The largest proportion attributable to HPV reported were about 75%, 70%, 70% and 60% of vaginal cancers, oropharyngeal cancers, vulvar cancers and penile cancers, respectively. Various identified risk factors as well as different suggested methods are also described to protect against HPV. Conclusion: We may conclude that as it is sexually transmitted infection and causes no symptoms, so proper care should be taken in intimate hygiene management.
Background: Teething is a natural and physiological process in growing infants. It is one of the major milestones in the development of the child and has been attributed to cause a myriad of problems to the infant. Aim: This study sought to determine the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers from Owerri, South-East Nigeria on childhood teething. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study that involved 127 mothers who attended the infant immunisation clinic of Federal Medical Centre Owerri over 3 months from September to November 2018. Results: Fifty-one (41.7%) infants had the eruption of the first tooth on or before 5 months of age. A good proportion 111 (87.4%) of mothers believed that tooth eruption in infants will come with illness, while 55 (43.3%) of the mothers had in the past experienced symptoms with teething in their babies. Seventy-three (57.5%) of the mothers use medications as prophylaxis for teething-associated problems. Mother's education did not significantly influence the use of teething prophylaxis (31.4% of mothers with tertiary education administered medications to their children during teething compared to 54.2% of mothers with lower educational background, P = 0.094, χ 2 = 6.392). Conclusion: Mothers in Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria irrespective of their educational status still have wrong perceptions and beliefs about teething and majority routinely administer medications for presumed teething problems.
Background: Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a scarring folliculitis found predominantly among men of African descent. It could present as pustules, papules or keloidal eruptions usually at the occiput of the scalp and has been associated with certain aetiological factors. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and possible aetiological factors of AKN in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Methods: It was a 3-year retrospective study conducted in the Dermatology Clinic of the UPTH, from 2014 to 2017, where folders of patients who were diagnosed with AKN by dermatologist were retrieved and reviewed. Results: The prevalence of AKN was 1.7%. Male patients were predominantly affected with a male-to-female ratio of 21:1. The age range of the cases was from 18 to 51 years, with a mean ± standard deviation of 27.31 ± 7.01. Majority of the subjects had a history of clean-shaven hair (80.6%). Other possible predisposing factors were friction from collars (48.4%) and shaving of the hairline at the occiput during haircuts (64.5%). Conclusion: Despite the low prevalence of AKN, its social impact is glaring; therefore, more emphasis should be laid on the aetiological factors and management to improve the quality of life of the affected patients.
Background: The traditional health-care model in this country places the physician (or appropriate ordering provider) in control of determining what diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring (including laboratory tests) is to be performed on a patient. A paradigm shift in the way medical care is provided has been observed; with a change in the delivery of health-care moving from physicians into the hands of the patients. One manifestation of this has been direct access testing (DAT) for laboratory services defined as patient (as opposed to physician) initiated testing of human specimens. Appropriateness of tests ordered and reliable interpretation of test results are some of the concerns associated with DAT. Aim: To determine the comparative evaluation of DAT compared to physicians' pre-authorised laboratory testing at a clinical laboratory. Methods: All laboratory requisition orders made to the Pathology Department at Bayelsa Diagnostic Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State within a 2-year period were evaluated. Results: A total of 15,755 requisition orders were analysed. The prevalence of DAT was 21.2% compared to 78.8% of physicians pre-authorised laboratory tests. Nine out of the ten most frequently ordered investigations: full blood count, electrolyte, urea and creatinine, microscopy, culture and sensitivity, microscopic diagnosis of malaria parasite, (urinalysis, Widal test, lipid profile, liver function test and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were pre-dominantly physicians' pre-authorised requisition orders. Fasting blood glucose was the only investigation that had a higher prevalence from DAT. More than half (1753 [52.5%]) of the self-referred patients did not present with clinical history while majority (10,087 [81.2%]) with laboratory tests pre-authorised by physicians presented with clinical details. Conclusion: This study highlights that laboratory test pre-authorised by physicians still remains the traditional healthcare model in South-south Nigeria.
Background: Antiretroviral therapy reduces mortality and morbidity amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, improves their quality of life and reduces the potential to infect others. The goal of National Agency for the Control of AIDS is to achieve and sustain an AIDS-free Nigeria by 2030 hinged on its strategic framework. Achieving this goal is threatened by certain identified challenges. Aim: This study is to review the contents of the national HIV and AIDS strategic framework in a bid to identify the challenges confronting its full implementation in the management of HIV in Nigeria. Methods: Several published articles on HIV prevalence, factors influencing trend and spread, and sociodemographics of the affected were reviewed as well as three federal government of Nigeria national HIV and AIDS strategic framework. Articles were sourced from online indexes such as Medline; sampling about 60 peer-reviewed articles from which information relevant to the topic were retrieved. Publication by relevant bodies on HIV and AIDS was likewise reviewed, and relevant information was retrieved from them. Results: Challenges identified include AIDS-related stigmatisation and discrimination, socio-cultural norms and practices, especially denial of women to inheritance and widow inheritance with its resultant feminisation of poverty and female genital mutilation, reduced funding following the withdrawal of donor agencies, anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer bias, bureaucratic and structural problems, as well as negative attitude of healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The study concludes that achieving an AIDS-free Nigeria with zero new infection and zero. AIDS-related stigmatisation by 2030 will require mitigating against the aforementioned challenges.
Background: External abdominal hernias are very common diseases encountered in surgical practice. A previous report from this centre 21 years ago documented the pattern of adult external abdominal hernias. However, there is an observed changing pattern. The aim of the study was to document the changing pattern, mode of presentation, treatment and outcome.Methods: It was a 5-year prospective study from January 2011 to December 2015. Adult patients with external abdominal hernia at our institution were studied. Information documented included patients' sociodemographic information, type of hernia, mode of presentation, treatment and outcome.Results: Six hundred and thirty-seven out of 4,083 patients with general surgical cases had external abdominal hernias (15.6%), with a male:female ratio of 3.1:1. The types of hernia were inguinal (451 [70.8%]), umbilical (83 [13.0%]), incisional (54 [8.5%]), epigastric (31 [4.9%]), femoral (14 [2.2%]) and others (4 [0.6%]). The common modes of presentation for inguinal hernias were simple (364 [80.7%]) and strangulated (42 [9.3%]). The most common mode of treatment for inguinal hernias was modified Bassini (265 [58.8%]). The common post-operative morbidities for groin hernias were wound infection (18 [3.9%]) and acute urinary retention (10 [2.2%]). The 3-year recurrence rate for groin hernias was 14 (3.0%). Mortality was three (0.5%) patients.Conclusion: The pattern of external abdominal hernias in our institution has changed with the descending order of occurrence as follows: inguinal, umbilical, incisional, epigastric and femoral. This is in contrast to previous reports where femoral was the second most common. Modified Bassini was the preferred method of repair of inguinal hernia due to its simplicity.
The coronavirus disease-2019 outbreak that has been first detected in a single city in the Wuhan city of China has eventually been reported in 216 nations and territories and has been acknowledged as one of the major public health threats. The overall risk of the spread of the disease has been graded as very high in both the regional and global settings. Such a declaration by the World Health Organization makes it imperative and compulsory for the policy makers and all the public health authorities that it is high time to implement appropriate interventions which are suitable to the local case scenario and the settings. To conclude, the international risk of transmission of infection has been identified as very high and it becomes the responsibility of each and every one of us to reduce the risk of spread of the infection.
Tibial tubercle avulsion fractures are uncommon injuries seen in the paediatric age group which are due to an indirect force caused by the sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscles against the patellar tendon insertion on the tibia tubercle. The injury is most commonly associated with jumping and landing sports, such as basketball, long jump, high jump and football. The average age at presentation is 14.6 years and boys are predominantly affected. The child typically presents with pain in the anterior knee, joint effusion, haemarthrosis and inability to bear weight. Standard radiographs of the joint will reveal the avulsed tibia tubercle and also aid in classification of the injury. The major task in the treatment of this fracture is in maintaining a satisfactory reduction against the proximal pull of the quadriceps muscles. Satisfactory results are usually achieved, however, by operative reduction and fixation with cancellous screws, though some authors have reported good results with conservative treatment. We present a 15-year-old male adolescent who presented with tibia tubercle avulsion fracture of the right knee and was managed by open reduction and internal fixation using two cancellous screws.
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common nosocomial infection amongst stroke patients. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite the impact of UTI on stroke, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the microbial isolates from the urine of stroke patients with UTI in Nigeria. Aim: The aim of this study was to compile and describe microorganisms causing UTI in stroke patients and it is hoped to provide insight into management. Methods: This was a retrospective study, which involved review of the laboratory microbiology records of urine specimens of stroke patients with UTI who were on admission from June 2004 to June 2018 at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Results: A total of 2,681 stroke patients had their urine sent for microbiological assessment of which 778 (29%) had UTI. The mean age of the stroke patients with UTI was 65.9 ± 11.4 years, with 53.0% of them being female, while 69.0% had an ischemic stroke. With regard to the urine microbial isolates, Enterococcus faecalis accounted for 30.0%, Escherichia coli 19.0%, Enterobacter sakazaki and Proteus mirabilis 16.0% each, while Citrobacter freundii(0.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.1%) were the least isolated microorganism. Conclusion: Stroke patients are at risk of developing catheter-associated UTI. Catheter-associated UTI predisposes to multidrug-resistant antibiotic isolates, attendant with poor outcome. It is hoped that rational use of antibiotics and appropriate urinary catheter application be ensured in the care of the stroke patients.
Background: Gynaecomastia is a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the male breast. It is thought to be present in at least a third of men in the course of their lifetime. This study aims to review the histomorphological characteristics of gynaecomastia seen at the department of Pathology, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, over 10 years period. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective study was undertaken to review the histopathology reports of all gynaecomastia cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, UCH Ibadan, over a 10-year period from 01 January, 2009 to 31 December, 2018. Patient's biodata, histological diagnosis and clinical details were extracted from the surgical day books and laboratory request forms. The data were analysed for the frequency distribution using the SPSS software version 22. Results: Gynaecomastia accounts for 2.5% of all breast biopsies received within the study period and accounted for 68.1% of all benign breast lesions seen in males. The left breast was the most affected with 48.8% of the cases, whereas 17.2% of the cases were bilateral. The age range of patients with gynaecomastia seen in this study is between 12 and 80 years with a mean age of 43.36 years. The most common histopathological subtype seen in this study is the florid type gynaecomastia. Conclusion: Gynaecomastia is the most common diagnosis from male breast biopsies. The left breast is the most commonly affected breast. The florid type gynaecomastia is the main histopathological variant seen in this study.
Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a cardinal sign of many lumbosacral spine abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionised the management of LBP through precise diagnosis and accurate definition of the extent of the problem. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the lumbosacral spine abnormalities on MRI scans of patients with LBP. Methods: The prospective study was conducted within 4 years at the MRI suite of the Department of Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. This study included 200 patients who had LBP on whom MRI scan was performed. All MRI scans were done with permanent magnet 0.2 T 'open' MRI unit. The images were stored in a computer and subsequently viewed on the screen. Results: The MRI findings of 200 patients involved in the study showed that more males (124 [62%]) were affected than females (76 [38%]). The age of the patients ranged from 11 to 80 years, with a mean of 47.8 (standard deviation 1.4). The peak incidence of LBP was (55 [27.5%]) in the fourth and fifth decade of life. Majority of the patients (172 [86%]) had intervertebral disc prolapse/herniation. Thecal sac, spinal cord (at L1/L2 only) and cauda equina were compressed in 159 (92.4%), 4 (2.3%) and 73 (42.3%) patients, respectively. Compression of multiple structures in the spinal canal was seen in 64 (37%) patients. Conclusion: MRI examination has improved the management of patients with LBP, and the results obtained from this study will assist clinicians to quantitatively evaluate patients with LBP.
Background: Maternal health experts opine that poor control of labour-pain could result in traumatic childbirth experience which could lead to tokophobia. Aim: This study examined the association between perceived labour-pain and tokophobia amongst mothers who had normal vaginal birth in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. A sample size of 218 randomly selected birthing mothers was examined for the study. Fear of childbirth and numeric analogue scale for labour-pain interview questionnaires designed by the research team were used for data collection. Data were collected through face-to-face interview of consenting postnatal mothers at 24–36 h after labour. Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at P < 0.05. Results: About 85.3% of the respondents had severe perceived labour-pain. Only 2.8% of the respondents suffered moderate tokophobia. Occupation was significantly associated with tokophobia (P = 0.047) and homemakers (unemployed women) were more likely to suffer tokophobia. Perceived labour-pain, parity and age were not significant determinants of tokophobia (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Severe perceived labour-pain is widespread, whereas tokophobia is not very common in South-Southern part of Nigeria. Tokophobia was predicted by unemployment but not perceived labour-pain, parity and age. Midwives and other obstetric care givers should incorporate mental health services into prenatal care of unemployed women and advocate for adequate analgesia during labour to further reduce perceived labour-pain.
Background: Pregnant women are vulnerable to the negative effects of intestinal helminthiasis, due to increased nutritional demands during pregnancy and in severe cases may contribute to anaemia in pregnancy. Aim: The study was conducted to ascertain the pattern of intestinal nematodes among pregnant women in Delta State and the likely effect on their packed cell volume (PCV). Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study, involving 300 eligible, consenting antenatal women at the booking clinic of Eku Baptist Government Hospital in Delta State, between 1 January 2019 and 31 March 2019. Stool and blood samples were collected from every participant for analysis and evaluation, respectively, for helminthic pattern and PCV. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to capture relevant data. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 24. Results: Three-quarter of the women were below the age of 34 years. Over 80% (238/282) of the women were parous. Fifty-six per cent (158/282) of the women had secondary education. More than Fifty percent of respondents (154/282), were traders. Seventy-two (25.5%) women had a helminthic infestation. Ascaris lumbricoides accounted for the highest (62.5%) type of worm, followed by Necator americanus (23.6%). Pregnant women who had their toilet within their houses had a statistically significantly fewer helminthic infestation (P < 0.001). Hand washing was associated with a statistically significant reduction in helminthic infestation among the women (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in helminthic infestation across the trimesters (P = 0.224). Women with helminthic infestation had statistically significantly lower PCV (P < 0.001). Women with hookworm and mixed infestations had statistically significantly lower mean PCV (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A high prevalence of A. lumbricoides and hookwoom infestation among pregnant women was found in this study. Helminthiasis was associated with reduced PCV. The routine antihelminthics for pregnant women attending Eku Baptist Government Hospital, is recommended by these findings.
Background: Commercial driving is a highly demanding job which often exposes the drivers to different health problems necessitating treatment. Various treatment options are available to these drivers. The objectives of this study were to assess the health problems and health-seeking practices of commercial bus drivers in Uyo, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in March, 2020. Data collection was done using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was carried out with IBM SPSS Statistics, version 20.0. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 121 male respondents participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was 40.45 ± 10.49 years. More than half 71 (58.7%) respondents had completed secondary education. The most common health problems reported by respondents were low back pain (55.4%), insomnia (55.4%) and body aches (52.1%). The usual sources of treatment were chemist (60.3%), herbal remedies (51.3%), health facility (25.6%) and self-medication (17.4%). Among 32 (26.4%) respondents that ever had fractures, 23 (71.9%) received treatment from bone setters. Care seeking in health facility as reported by the drivers was mainly influenced by treatment cost (43; 35.5%) and waiting time (23; 19.0%). Conclusion: Commercial drivers in this study obtained treatment more frequently from places outside the health facilities. Health education on advantages of expert medical consultations and treatment in health facilities should be carried out through their transport unions. Furthermore, mechanisms to reduce waiting time and treatment cost in health facilities should be explored for this group of workers.
Background: In 2018, the World Health Organization recommended the restrictive use of episiotomy by midwives and obstetricians on pregnant women undergoing vaginal birth. Unfortunately, the use of episiotomy is still fairly common in Africa. Aim: We examined the qualitative views on episiotomy amongst accouchers and pregnant women at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital in southern Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed. Census sampling was used to enrol 19 accouchers (house officer doctors = 7 and nurse-midwives = 12) and 43 third-trimester pregnant women. Narrative data were collected through focused group discussion using an interview guide and a digital audio recorder. Collected data were transcribed and subjected to coding, content and thematic analysis to enable categorisation of themes. Results: Respondents were 22–46 years old. The accouchers mentioned several indications for episiotomy which were not consistent with current evidence in literature. In contrast to pregnant women's views, the accouchers reported that episiotomy is a clinician's choice, so pre-informing the pregnant woman about it is optional. Pregnant women were of the view that they should be more involved by being the ones to decide whether they want to receive episiotomy or not. Even when the accouchers viewed episiotomy as having some clinical uses, the pregnant women suggested that episiotomy should be banned. Conclusion: The views of the accouchers and pregnant women were not totally aligned with each other. More sensitisation of accouchers and pregnant women is required to ensure re-alignment of views based on available evidence.
Background: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a useful diagnostic tool in cardiology practice. The information provided by the requesting physician is a helpful guide in the interpretation of findings. This study aimed to audit echocardiography request forms (ECFs). Methods: A 3-year retrospective audit of echocardiography request forms (ERFs) received at a community-based echocardiography centre in Delta State, Nigeria. Delta State University Teaching Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval to conduct this study. Data extracted from the ERFs were patients' name, age, sex, address and indication/background clinical information, the name and signature of requesting physician, name of referring hospital and date of the request. Evaluation of the appropriateness of the indications for echocardiography was done using 2011 Revised American College of Cardiology Foundation's appropriate use criteria (AUC). The corresponding echocardiograms were coded as normal or abnormal reports. Data were anonymised and analysed using the SPSS software version 23. Results: All the 412 ERFs audited had the names of the patients. The patients' age, sex and address were missing in 22.6%, 11.4% and 92.5% of the ERFs, respectively. A total of 119 (28.9%) ERFs lacked indication/clinical information and thus unclassifiable using the 2011 AUC. Of the remaining ERFs, the AUC was appropriate, inappropriate and uncertain in 259 (88.4%), 26 (8.9%) and 8 (2.7%), respectively. Majority of the ERFs with uncertain indications had normal echocardiograms. The echocardiograms of 78% (93/119) of the patients whose ERFs lacked indication/clinical information were abnormal. Conclusion: In this study, ERFs were inadequately filled. However, majority of the stated indications/clinical information for TTE were classified as appropriate.
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile vasculitis of childhood, predominantly affecting medium-sized arteries with a predilection for coronary arteries and commonly occurring in children under the age of 5 years. Early recognition can be challenging; however, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of coronary artery abnormalities and death. We report a case of KD in a 19-month-old child who presented with prolonged fever, conjunctival congestion, skin rash and redness of lips and tongue. He was initially managed as a case of complicated measles, but with worsening symptoms, KD was suspected. Echocardiography revealed a left coronary artery aneurysm. He received two doses of intravenous immunoglobulin G, over a period of 24 h and responded remarkably to treatment. KD is rare in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and children with prolonged fever and erythematous rash may be mistakenly managed for measles if there is no high level of suspicion amongst clinicians.
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as labelled by the World Health Organization has had a global impact, affecting every aspect of daily life of people, businesses, manufacturers and even the healthcare sector.[1,2,3] The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spread from person to person by droplets, direct contact and aerosols have also been implicated.[1,4,5] The disease has resulted in several fatalities since its outbreak. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as a control measure has been adopted. However, due to the global impact of the disease there have been shortages in availability of personal protective equipment such as medical masks, eye protection, gowns and gloves amongst others.[1,4,5] Face shields are personal protective equipment devices that are used for the protection of the facial area and associated mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) from splashes, sprays and spatter of body fluids.[6,7] Structurally, the face shield is composed of the visor, frame and suspension systems.[6] The dimensions of visors differ. Some are in half facepiece length extending to the mid-face, full facepiece length extending to the bottom of the chin and face/neck length that also covers the anterior neck.[6] Their widths also vary but it is recommended that visors should be of sufficient width to reach at least the point of the ear, in order to reduce the likelihood of splash going around the face shield to reach the eyes.[6] For improved infection control, crown and chin protection have also been recommended.[6] Face shields have a number of advantages and these include being more comfortable, protecting a large portion of the face, with less retained facial heat, and less fogging than goggles. It is also less claustrophobic, with no impact on breathing resistance, no fit testing required and can be disinfected easily. Wearers do not need to be clean shaven and it is easy to don and doff, relatively inexpensive, with no impact on vocalization and can be worn concurrent to other face/eye PPE. Other advantages are that they do not impede facial nonverbal communication, there is reduced patient anxiety, it protects against self-inoculation over a wider facial area and may extend the useful life of a protective face mask when used concurrently.[6,7] The disadvantages include the glare, fogging, optical imperfection, some models not fitting properly over some respirators, bulkier than goggles and safety glasses and peripheral fit poorer than protective face masks.[6] Due to the scarcity of face shields prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been many innovations in the production of face shields by manufacturers and health institutions in order to make them available. Face shields are commonly utilized by healthcare workers. Utilization in the community as a control measure for COVID-19 has been advocated.[4,5] Others for whom its use have been recommended include teachers, emergency services staff, transport workers, those working in education and those in the retail, leisure and hospitality businesses.[8] Face shields are generally not used alone but in conjunction with other protective equipment and are classified as adjunctive personal protective equipment.[6,7] A disturbing trend has been noticed among the general public where face shields are being utilized without face masks. The general public have been cautioned against this trend.[9] It is therefore imperative that face shields be used along with face masks and other protective equipment as control measure during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Background: Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease of grave public health concern. It ranks above HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, and as one of the 10 most common causes of mortality. This study assessed the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection and factors associated with treatment outcome among the TB patients in an HIV treatment facility in a Teaching hospital in Jos, North central Nigeria. Methods: A 10-year retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional review was conducted and data was extracted through the review of TB registers. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 and bivariate analyses was conducted at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection was 9.25%, with the mean age of the study participants being 41.8 ± 11.6 years. Of all the participants, 87.5% had successful treatment outcome, while 12.5% had unsuccessful treatment outcome. In the bivariate analysis, place of residence was the only socio-demographic factor significantly associated with treatment outcome (<0.001). Conclusion: The TB-HIV co-infection prevalence rate was about 10% of the total HIV population with a high TB treatment success rate. With the exception of place of residence, no other factor had statistically significant relationship with the treatment outcome.
