The relevance of the work stems from the fact that buildings and structures in the Arctic and Siberia are designed for long service lives exceeding 50–100 years, whereas climatic loads and the condition of permafrost soils can no longer be considered unchanged. The purpose of the article is to develop a methodological framework for transitioning from static standardization to climate-adaptive life cycle management of construction objects using a digital twin that accounts for the probabilistic nature of the input data. The methods employed include systems analysis, probabilistic limit state calculation, refinement of calculations based on permafrost monitoring data, and economic-mathematical assessment of adaptation measures. Climatic impacts, soil temperature, and the bearing capacity of the foundation base are treated as time-varying characteristics that are refined using regional climate projections and field observations. Dependencies are formulated for the limit state, probability of failure, risk, and life cycle costs. It is shown that the digital twin is a unified framework that should integrate a BIM model, regionalization of climate data, geotechnical monitoring, and scenario-based risk calculation. The practical significance of the approach lies in the transition from repair after damage occurs to proactive management of foundations, engineering systems, and soil protection in permafrost regions.
Additive manufacturing, or 3D concrete printing (3DCP), has evolved over the past two decades from laboratory experiments to implemented construction projects. Technology provides reduced material consumption and waste, lower labour costs, faster construction, and greater freedom of architectural form. However, the widespread industrial adoption of ACP remains limited due to interrelated barriers that existing studies tend to address in isolation. This paper presents a systematic literature review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in the Scopus database, covering publications mainly from 2015 to 2026. The selected sources are systematised into six areas: (1) technologies and equipment, (2) materials and mix design, (3) reinforcement and structural solutions, (4) implementation practice, (5) sustainability, and (6) digitalisation and standardisation. It is established that the technology is at TRL 6-7, since individual technical solutions have proven their performance, but system-level readiness for serial application has not been achieved. Extrusion printing remains the dominant scheme; the range of printable mixes has expanded from fine-grained mortars to geopolymers and waste-based composites, while reinforcement methods provide a significant increase in load-bearing capacity. It is found that scaling barriers are systemic in nature, with economic and regulatory constraints acting as the cause of technological and social ones. Economic assessments demonstrate a consistent advantage in terms of construction time and material consumption, but remain contradictory in terms of cost, which is determined by the scale and utilisation rate of the production system. Environmental benefits are not realised automatically and depend on mix composition, structural geometry, and the implementation scenario. The need is substantiated for harmonising test methods, developing normative rules for structural design, and creating open verified databases as conditions for the transition of ACP from demonstration projects to the practice of reliable and sustainable construction.
The overhaul of an apartment building is carried out on a restricted site and without resettling the residents, which is why ventilated facade systems, allowing the energy performance of a building to be improved without interfering with its load-bearing structures, have become widespread in such works. The structural side of these systems has been studied in detail, whereas organizational and technological solutions remain unstated and lack a substantiated choice. Such solutions are carried by the organizational and technological documentation, namely the work execution plan and the work technology chart from which the contractor takes labour intensity, work team composition and duration. The validity of these solutions has not been verified so far. The purpose of the study is to assess the validity of the organizational and technological solutions embedded in work technology charts for ventilated facade installation. The study is based on a complete examination of openly available charts, considering in turn the composition of their sections, the labour resources adopted and the technical and economic indicators, while the standards given in the charts are compared with the state elemental estimate standards for the same operations. It has been established that the calculation part of the charts is mostly left blank, and where figures are given they are inconsistent within a single document. The conditions of an overhaul of an occupied residential building are not taken into account in any chart of the sample, the size of the work section is adopted without calculation, the work team size varies from chart to chart and is not derived from the scope of work, and the normative basis for calculating labour input lags behind the year of issue of the chart. The results will allow organisations developing work execution plans for facade works to substantiate organizational and technological solutions on a verifiable basis.
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the applicability and efficiency of base renewable energy sources (RES) in modern buildings, including high-rise and unique structures. A comparative analysis of key technologies-solar (photovoltaic and thermal), wind, geothermal (heat pumps), and bioenergy-is conducted, highlighting their specific advantages determined by efficiency rates, COP (Coefficient of Performance), capacity factors, and thermal potentials. The selection methodology is implemented as a sequence of iterative steps based on international statistical data (IRENA, IEA), modeling tools, and principles of multi-criteria analysis. Key engineering requirements for the external and internal units of solar (photovoltaic and thermal), wind, geothermal, and bioenergy systems are identified. It is established that the selection and design of RES systems are driven by a triad of imperatives: achieving architectural harmony, maximizing energy efficiency, and ensuring safety and durability. There is no universal solution, and integration efficiency is determined by a complex interplay of factors: climatic conditions, architectural and structural features of the building, and its energy profile. A typology of solutions is proposed for various building classes-ranging from mass multi-story housing to skyscrapers-with a detailed examination of wind and vibration loads, thermal deformations, and installation logistics. The study proves that for complex facilities, the optimal approach is a hybrid one, combining, in particular, geothermal heat pumps, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and adapted small-scale wind turbines. The article emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary design at the intersection of architecture, energy engineering, and mechanics to create effective energy-active buildings. The transition from evaluating RES potential in general to designing site-specific adaptive solutions is a prerequisite for creating energy-efficient and carbon-neutral buildings. The practical value of the work lies in providing designers and developers with a structured decision-making tool, which contributes to the creation of energy-efficient, carbon-neutral buildings and a sustainable urbanized environment.
For nuclear power plant construction abroad, workforce demand is specified by occupation and work period. Personnel release, inter-project transfer, qualification assessment and admission to work at the receiving site may follow different schedules. Total headcount matching the resource plan therefore does not confirm workforce availability for a particular work package by its scheduled date. The study develops a calculation approach linking the human resource potential of a spatially distributed structure to the production programme, work execution plan and network schedule. Input data come from workforce planning for nuclear power plant construction projects: resource plans, qualification matrices, recruitment assessments, transfer plans, and records of experience and training. The method combines seven components: headcount, qualification, engineering supervision, experience in analogous operations, inter-project transfer, training and supporting infrastructure. Individual indicators are combined with checks against critical constraints. The dataset specifies construction workforce demand of 232,154 people for 2020–2035. Of the projected shortage of 41,511 people for 2026–2032, inter-project transfers are planned to cover 18,697, or 45.0%. Qualification-confirmation ratios are 0.252 for thermal installation and 0.341 for general construction and electrical installation occupations. These results inform estimates of candidate intake and training time. The model coordinates the assessments for one work front and date. Personnel and resource readiness is an author-defined analytical measure; its confirmation does not replace checks of other conditions for starting work. The numerical results apply to the plans and samples examined, not to universal staffing standards.
