It is historical reality that thousands of people have been exposed to all forms of crimes in communities. Those affected by crime are men, women, children, youth, and some elders and this directly affect economic and social development in Countries. To obtain sustainable peace, it require an essential on the security strategy to formulate to prevent and prosecute the perpetrators thus reducing the number of crimes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the security strategies on crime management by the United Nations mission in Unity State, South Sudan. The study was guided by the social conflict theory explaining the context of the problem. The research methodology and resign was interpretive approach and descriptive survey research design respectively. The study used stratified sampling technique and selects a sample size of 255 respondents. The questionnaires were administered to all the respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical methods which include measures of the central tendency mean, mode, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Both SPSS and excel will form the tools of analysis. The frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the data. The study findings showed that community led, social development, economic dynamics and community dialogue strategies are essential elements in crime management. The government and authorities should develop policies that enhance unique and sustainable strategies to curb crime management provided by the study. Key Terms ; Crime management; Security strategies; Community led strategies DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/14-2-03 Publication date : May 30th 2024
Employment policies in Indonesia's palm oil industry often have a significant impact on palm oil workers. Many of the government's efforts to appreciate the existence of workers through regulations have stalled due to low participation by plantation owners and companies. The reality of palm oil workers in Musi Banyuasin Regency indicates the weak knowledge of workers and low participation by plantation owners, which results in a lack of security for palm oil workers' livelihoods. This research uses a qualitative approach, collecting in-depth interviews and participant observation data. The research results show that workers' low understanding of labor regulations causes the working conditions of palm oil workers to become increasingly difficult, as does the low participation of plantation owners in the implementation of labor regulations, which makes regulations increasingly less functional as the main aim of making palm oil workers prosperous.
The Internal Quality Assurance System (SPMI) is a vital aspect of higher education management, serving as the foundation for educational institutions to ensure service quality and educational excellence. This research aims to identify the challenges in implementing the SPMI policy at Tanjungpura University. It analyzes communication strategies, resources, disposition, and organizational structure that can enhance the success of SPMI implementation in building a quality culture in the university. The study uses a descriptive approach with qualitative analysis, focusing on George C. Edward III's Implementation Model. This model emphasizes that policy implementation success is influenced by various factors, including communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The main findings indicate a limited understanding of the SPMI policy among faculty, department, and program officials. Additionally, there is a lack of inclusive active participation from faculty members and educational staff. The study recommends an increase in the number of Internal Quality Audit (AMI) auditors. The research also highlights progressive efforts and sustained commitment to improving university quality through the legitimacy of the Institute for Learning Development and Quality Assurance (LPPPM) and the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) at Tanjungpura University. Recommendations ensure the involvement of all faculty members and educational staff in SPMI policy socialization, increase the number of AMI auditors, and implement more effective follow-ups on AMI results. Keywords: Strategy, Implementation, Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Internal (SPMI), Tanjungpura University. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/14-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2024
Objective: This paper seeks to thoroughly re-evaluate the strengths of Ghana's nursing and midwifery licensure examination digitization implementation against existing criticisms on preparedness, equity and transition gaps. Method: An in-depth counter-analysis approach drawing extensively from authoritative internal technical documents and monitoring data earlier unavailable refutes identified shortcomings. Results: Experts initially flagged rushed timelines, infrastructure limitations, quality reliability fears and overzealous regional transfers based on policy commentaries. Counter Results: Re-appraisal evidence verifies gradual sandboxing prevented exclusions; proactive investments combated hardware divides; customized tools increased sustainability; integrity reviews maintained standards; consultative practices enhanced adoption; and selective modular emulations enabled locally-appropriate innovations internationally. Scientific Contributions: Multi-sourced project implementation datasets provide granularity revealing calibrated strategic change leadership upholding ethical obligational balances often obscured in policy critiques. Nuanced transition processes prove more resilient to systemic risks. Practical Significance: For global south regulators digitizing credentialing, the case underscores managing adaptable integrations before ambitious overhauls; targeting functional needs authoritatively, co-designing tools democratically and scaling prudently sustains modernization goals equitably. Conclusion: Ghana's nursing and midwifery transformation offers a benchmark in low-resource digitization for human capital development sectors through its reinforcing mixes of customization, capacitation and cooperative advancement. Recommendations: Regional policy learning platforms should document and disseminate more Ghana-like use cases that frugally leapfrogged education infrastructure not through disruptive imports but sustaining indigenous digital public goods targeting local priorities. Keywords : Nursing and midwifery licensure reform, Digitized assessments, Change management, Low-resource contexts, South-South policy learning DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/14-1-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2024
The duration of Senior High School (SHS) education was made 4 years when the 2007 Education Reform was initiated. However, in December, 2008, a change of government reverted the duration to 3 years which resulted in two final year examination classes in all senior high schools in Ghana in the 2012 / 2013 academic year. This sparked off much debates in the media and general public outcry over the consequences of the reversion. The study engaged 143 respondents comprising teachers and heads using census sampling from three second cycle schools, Peki Senior High School, Peki Senior High Technical School and Kpeve Senior High Technical in South Dayi District of the Volta Region Questionnaire was used in quantitative design. Key findings included inadequacy of dormitories, dining halls, classrooms, computer laboratories and general resources and difficulty in maintaining discipline among the students. Some strategies adopted to contain the challenges were pairing two juniors in a bed, keeping trunks and chop-boxes on dormitory corridors in order to accommodate more students in the dormitories, and combining classes for students. Recommendations included government speeding up work on on-going infrastructural projects; sourcing additional funds from donors; Parent Teacher Association supporting government's effort and building capacity of teachers on preparation of 'NO' / and 'LOW' Cost teaching to improve teaching and learning outcomes, and adequate supply of technical systems preceding implementation of future new reforms. Key words: Challenges, Reform, Double-Final-Year- Students, Headteacher, Teachers, Strategies DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/14-2-01 Publication date: May 30 th 2024
Matrimonial disputes have, in the wake of a regulated system of dispute resolution, been predominantly resolved through litigation which is largely inconsiderate of the emotional and psychological needs of the parties to the marriage relationship. In essence, the 'resolution' of matrimonial disputes has evolved to mean the complete dissolution of the marital relationship; or any other pronouncement by the adjudicator which would allow the aggrieved party to take a leave, whether definite or indefinite, from the matrimony. Remedies provided under extant laws include divorce, annulment and judicial separation. These remedies usually engender a perpetual feeling of hostility between the parties, and invariably, obligations imposed by the adjudicator are typically fulfilled not out of cordiality but under the threat of a sanction for failure. Flowing from the foregoing, there has arisen the need for other effective means of settling matrimonial disputes outside half-hearted attempts at reconciliation. This study examined the role of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in the settlement of matrimonial disputes, using Nigeria as a case study. It analysed the various causes of matrimonial disputes, remedies and the enforcement thereof. It also discussed the alternative modes of dispute resolution applicable to matrimonial disputes. These were done in order to advocate for the deliberate application of ADR to Matrimonial disputes. Relying on the doctrinal method of research, the study found that while the Nigerian Matrimonial Causes Act encourages reconciliation, collaborative divorce and divorce arbitration have also been applied in matrimonial disputes in other jurisdictions. The study also revealed that, while these methods do not guarantee reconciliation, they certainly engender privacy of the proceedings as well as cordiality between the parties, thereby protecting them from some of the emotional and psychological trauma inherent in litigation. The study concluded although recourse to courts may be inevitable, using ADR for resolving matrimonial disputes is becoming increasingly expedient. Keywords: Matrimony, disputes, litigation, alternative dispute resolution, settlement DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/14-1-07 Publication date: April 30 th 2024
The paper examined the health care policies implemented in Ghana from the pre-colonial era to the current Fourth Republic of Ghana. The study was based on a desktop review of literature and official government publications. The study found that pre-colonial health care was championed by traditional healers and leaders and the strategies took the form of communal labour, taboos and herbal medicines as well as amulets. The colonial era witnessed the introduction of medicine into the Gold Coast. However, this strategy was mostly selective in favour of the Europeans. When the selective application or implementation failed, the medication was extended to the indigenes with European affinity. Health care policy during the post-colonial era was aimed at ensuring access, affordability and equity for the citizenry. As such, successive governments implemented a three-prone health care policy: financing, infrastructure and human resource. However, lack of policy continuity due to unstable and punctuated political leadership derailed the fruition of these policies. Nevertheless, the Fourth Republic has experienced some level of policy stability in health care financing with the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme. However, the scheme is also plagued with diverse hiccups like excessive politicization of appointments, delay in reimbursing accredited service providers etc. The study also revealed that health care policies were shaped by multiple dynamics; key among them were ideology, demography, partisan politics, external factors and global public health issues. The study concludes and recommends that health care policy have been on the front burner since the pre-colonial era until date. But selectivity, lack of continuity and politicization have denied the country of its fruits as such the paper recommends fine tuning the current National Health Insurance Scheme to suit the exigency of the time and politicization should be minimized if it cannot be neutralized. Keywords: Ghana; public policy; health care financing; National Health Insurance Scheme; Cash and Carry. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-6-07 Publication date: December 30 th 2023
The successful implementation of community policing in any place rests on police-citizen interactions since it is a cornerstone of community policing. The higher the quality of police-citizen interactions, the higher the chances of thriving community policing implementation if the police department remains committed to supporting. Maintaining public safety and effective policing is very critical in community policing as that influence strong relationship and mutual trust between community members and the police agencies. Consistency, fairness, and procedural justice are critical elements that help build trust and legitimacy since they provide an opportunity for community-wide conversations about social equity, good relations, inclusiveness, transparency, and policing standards that shape the attitude of community members towards the whole concept of Community Policing. This study sought to assess the impact of community members’ attitudes on community policing in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was underpinned by the social capital theory and the cognitive dissonance theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was community members in Lurambi Sub-County. The study targeted a sample of 384 community members as primary respondents. Besides, Police Officers and County law enforcement officers involved in community policing participated in the study as key informants. Stratified random sampling was used to select community members, while purposive sampling was used to select informants for the study. Primary data from community members was collected using questionnaires, while interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect secondary data. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Study data were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences version 27 for windows. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results of the study revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the attitude of community members and community policing (r=0.576; P<0.05) and regression analysis revealed an R squared value of 0.352, which implied that 35.2% of the variance on community policing outcomes was a function of community members’ attitudes in Lurambi Sub-County. As a consequence, the study recommended that members of the community members, the police officers, and other stakeholders develop policies that strike a balance and learn to work together in harmony and a manner that will foster trust and openness and shape community attitude towards supporting Community policing activities not only in Lurambi Sub-County but in Kenya and beyond. . Keywords: Community Members, Attitudes, on Community Policing DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-5-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Increased cases of insecurity and crime are the major challenges affecting many societies globally. Kenya is not an exception thus community policing was adopted to enhance security and safety, reduce crime, fear and improve social order in the neighborhoods through engagement of the community members and police. However, crime rate in some counties still remains high. For instance, a recent report by National Crime Statistics ranked Kakamega County fourth among Kenya's most crime-prone counties in 2019. The report indicated that most crimes in Kakamega have occurred in Lurambi Sub-County. Consequently, this study sought to identify the strategies taken by the government to ensure better community policing in Lurambi Sub - County. Broken windows Theory and Systems Theory guided the study. The study employed a descriptive research design, and adopted stratified sampling technique and purposive sampling techniques to obtain sample units. The target population of the study was 1182 being community members, Nyumba Kumi leaders, police officers and National Government Administration Officers. A sample of 284 community members was used during data collection while 21 Nyumba kumi leaders, 19 police officers and 5 National Government Administration Officers were also sampled to take part in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data from community members, interview schedule was used to collect data from police officers and National Government Administration Officers while a Focus Group Discussion Guide was used to collect data from Nyumba Kumi leaders. The quantitative data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29.0 for windows while the collected qualitative data was analyzed thematically in line with the study objectives. Results were presented using tables and figures. The study findings revealed that law enforcement officers underwent any training to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the development of community policing and crime reduction. 36.6% responded that police officers had undergone through the community policing training programme. 63.4% however, did not undergo any training. Further still, research findings revealed that significant majority (92.0%) of the respondents were of the opinion that enough awareness has been created about community policing by the government. In light of the findings made, the study concluded that the Police-Community partnership method has a significant and positive effect on the crime reduction hence recommended coordination of the developed national crime reduction strategy in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. Keywords: Strategies, Community Policing DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-5-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
On any given day in the Republic of Kenya, there are more remandees in Prisons than there are convicted offenders. Little is known about the experiences of these remandees and the challenges they pose for effective reintegration upon release. Remanded persons do not benefit from rehabilitation and empowerment and are released with no support, yet leave remand expected to reintegrate successfully back into the community. This study investigated the relationship between the type of offense and reintegration of acquitted remandees in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study was underpinned in the Labelling theory and Social Learning theory and adopted a descriptive survey design employing a mixed method of data collection. The study used a stratified random sampling technique to obtain acquitted remandees and purposive sampling to get Correctional Officers, Assistant Chiefs and community members who took part in the study as key informants. A sample of 400 acquitted remandees was selected from a population of 1,427 using Yamane's sample apportionment formula. In addition, 9 Correctional Officers working within Kakamega County, 8 community members and 8 assistant chiefs from Sub-Locations with the highest number of returning remandees in Kakamega County were included in the study as key informants. Study data were collected using a questionnaire for acquitted remandees, interviews schedule for Prison Officers and Probation Officers, and Focus Group Discussion guide for community members and Assistant Chiefs. Validity of the data collection instrument was ascertained through expert review and reliability of the study questionnaire was ascertained using the internal consistency method where Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient of Reliability of 0.874 was achieved. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 for windows. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the study. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically where identified themes informed discussion lines. All statistical measurements with regards to quantitative data were performed within 95% confidence interval. Findings revealed that offense type and reintegration of acquitted remandees were significantly related (r=0.625; P<0.01) with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.295. Given the findings of the study, a conclusion was made that offence type had a significant influence on reintegration of acquitted remandees in Kakamega County, Kenya. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, a recommendation was made that local administration in the community carries out sensitization to assist community members to understand the difference between a remandee and an offender and the consequences of labelling acquitted remandees explained to community members to avert the likely outcome of forcing acquitted remandees into actualizing the criminal label. Keywords: Offence Type, Reintegration, Acquitted Remandees DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-5-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
The study focused on Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and covered services, self-funding and corporate reputation, public health systems and health insurance programs, and a study of the Nigerian public health system and its health insurance program. The study's foundation was a change management theory that Kurt Lewin developed in the 1940s. Qualitative research methods were adopted. The sample size of 18 (3 people each from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria) was obtained from the unlimited total population into a focused group that comprises stakeholders of the Nigerian public health system and its health insurance scheme. Collaboration action research was adopted to comply with learnings from iterated feedback cycles. The result shows that there is a significant growth in Nigeria’s UHC but if the health insurance scheme does not provide sufficient healthcare services, even for minor conditions. Furthermore, results also show that a lack of trust led to a decrease in the corporate reputation of the NHIS reducing the rate of self-funding. Therefore, the study suggests that stakeholders in Nigeria's public health system and health insurance program should build a positive reputation by communicating to citizens specific aspects of the system's vision, mission, services provided or covered, etc. Nigerians view trustworthiness and high-quality services as essential components of the system and the program's reputation. In order to deliver a complex and iterative process of change (Unfreeze, Move, and Refreeze), Nigeria should establish a strong managerial reputation among its stakeholders, fund and monitor the system and scheme through proper accountability, the interaction of the individual, groups, organizations, and society involved Keywords: UHC, Self-Funding, Public Health, and Health Insurance Scheme DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-6-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2023
As education becomes more globalized, many universities are welcoming a diverse student body from various cultural and religious backgrounds. International low-income Muslim students, on the other hand, frequently face unique challenges when pursuing higher education abroad. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the barriers that these students face at Morgan State University (MSU) and to propose strategies to improve their immersion experience. MSU can create a more welcoming and supportive educational environment for international low-income Muslim students by addressing their specific needs and fostering an inclusive campus environment. Keywords: Muslim Students, International Muslim Students, Low Income, Engender, Immersion DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-6-04 Publication date: September 30 th 2023
The main purpose of this review study was to examine the relationship between cognitive campaign biases, political decisions and consequences. Relevant information to complete the research was obtained through a desk top research technique was adopted whereby available secondary data relating to the concept of cognitive campaign biases, political decisions and consequences was analyzed. Important information from available secondary sources including published academic documents, reports as well as other available materials online or in libraries was critically analyzed. The review study determined that cognitive campaign biases have a substantial role in determining the political choices that individuals make. In addition, it was determined that cognitive campaign biases exist primarily in the concept of framing which is the social construction of political or social movements with a positive or negative representation. The review study recommends that cognitive campaign biases should be restricted as they tend to indoctrinate people mind causing them to vote in unwise manner and thereby bringing suffering to themselves and the society at large. Keywords: Cognitive Campaign, Political Decisions, Cognitive Biases DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-6-05 Publication date: October 30 th 2023
Introduction: The performance management concept is not new but has undergone a relatively slow development in the Ugandan health sector and lacks documented proof of practice. Performance management is a continuous process of identifying, measuring and developing the performance of individuals and aligning performance with the strategic goals of the organization. Aim of the study: The study aimed to improve the performance of health workers through established performance management practices in health facilities of Bunyangabu district in order to inform and benchmark interventions. Methodology: A before and after study design was employed to conduct this study. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect data from selected health facilities in Bunyangabu district, interventions which included, training, support supervision and mentor-ship were used. Pre and post intervention data was collected and analyzed using excel, stata, and epi info computer software . Findings: The baseline analysis showed that up to 25% of the health managers were not aware of the recommended performance management practices, 45% able to set performance targets, 20% had job descriptions, 30%had conducted appraisals and only 15% knew about the rewards and sanctions. 85% could not state the vision or mission of the organizations.The interventions applied during the study including training in performance management improved the level of awareness among participants from 75% to 95% in six months, knowledge on target setting from 15-80%, knowledge on Job description from 20-62%, knowledge in performance appraisal from 30-70%, and knowledge in rewards and sanctions from 15 – 70%. The raise in knowledge was associated with an improvement in key health service delivery indicators; staff attendance 62-88%, eMTCT retention on ART 79-88%, PNC at 6weeks 26-53%, HTS linkage 89-97%, and ART coverage 92.5 – 99.7%.The study of associations indicated that the performance management was associated with health facility performance as follows performance planning (r=.757; P = 0.001), performance monitoring (r=.692) ; P=0.001), and functional rewards and sanctions committees (r=.66843); P=0.000). Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a knowledge gap among health facility managers about performance management.The study also concludes that inclusion of performance management in routine support supervision is associated with improved quality of health services and Continuous monitoring and mentor-ships influence performance among health workers. Keywords: health staff, individual performance management, standardized staff performance management systems, accredited facilities, performance planning, performance monitoring, performance appraisal, rewards and sanctions DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-3-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2023
During the colonial period in Nigeria, 1900-1960, the Nigerian Railway was one of the strong pillars of the Nigerian political economy. It facilitated the massive economic exploitation and the economic development of the colony. Moreover, it was one of the important legacies of British domination of the Nigerian space up until when Nigeria got her political independence from Britain in 1960. Starting from 1960, however, and up to the 1990s, the economic, financial, and social fortunes of the Nigerian Railway industry declined at a very rapid speed. Its situation during this period was further complicated by the introduction, implementation, and the negative impact of the IMF/World Bank supported neo-liberal economics undergirded Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). By the very last year of the twentieth century, which year also marked the beginning of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, the Nigerian Railway Corporation(NRC), the statutory body that was charged with the responsibility of managing and developing the Nigerian Railway industry, had become bankrupt and was rapidly dying and was in free fall into total collapse.As a result of the foregoing negative development, and starting with the Obasanjo Administration (1999-2007), renewed efforts were made to reorganise and modernise this important transport and socio-economic infrastructure. The various reorganisation programmes that were initiated and implemented for the Nigerian Railways from 1999-2015 were critically examined. It is argued that in view of the dependent and neo-colonial nature of the Nigerian historical political economy and the rampant corruption that has come to define it, not much would be achieved by way of radical transformation and modernisation of the railway industry in the medium to long term – unless Nigeria becomes industrialised and is then able to manufacture nothing less than sixty per cent of her needs and requirements, Currently nearly of these are still imported in the face of scarce foreign exchange earnings. Keywords: Nigeria, railway, management, development, transformation, modernization DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-3-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2023
This study is used to describe sustainable crawfish farming in the state of Louisiana, and to also suggest some key strategies to help the state of Louisiana to promote crawfish production. It is an undeniable fact that the Louisiana Crawfish production over the years has been produced from wild habitats, mainly from the Atchafalaya River basin, which seems to be a factor of seasonality. Following the statistics of the total Crawfish production by Louisiana Crawfish Promotion and Research Board, it was underscored that more than 100 million pounds of crawfishes were produced. Out of the 100 million capacity of crawfishes produced annually, approximately 82 million pounds of crawfishes were obtained from regular crawfish farms and more than 18 million pounds of crawfishes were harvested from natural habitats by the activities of approximately 1,600 fishermen. Surprisingly, the crawfish industry employs about 7,000 people directly or indirectly and injects $300 million into the state's economy each year. Therefore, the sustainability of this industry will continue to generate sustainable employment, and reliable revenue to support the state’s project. The study adopted a cross-sectional data collection procedure to sample 250 crawfish farmers in the State of Louisiana with the help of Cluster random sampling technique. The study was modeled after Ranganathan et al. (2017) and Robinson (2018) analysis and interpretation of Logistic regression model to estimate the strategic determinants of sustainable crawfish production in Louisiana. The study revealed that the engagement/involvement of crawfish farmers' in the productive and efficient system of production in the State of Louisiana (such as productive cage system) will remain an important driver of sustainable crawfish growth. The study further revealed the following fishing production strategies as sustainable for the crawfish growth based on the farmers perception and understanding: crawfish health management, genetically improved crawfish strains, more affordable quality feeds, human capacity development and extension services, as well as policy and public investment support for crawfish production. The study recommended that the Louisiana State government and the other key stakeholders should continuously invest in technology and transfers that will aid in sustainable crawfish production, and to also focus beyond the farm by strengthening the implementation of policy and public investment support for crawfish farming. These strategies will go a long way to generate more sustainable employment, and revenue to ensure growth in Louisiana. Keywords : Sustainability, Strategies, Production, Natural and Wild-Habitats, Employment, Logistic Regression, Revenue, Crawfish, Seafood, Aquaculture, and Fishing DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-2-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
Purpose : Strategic performance measurement and management (SPMM) as a subject has come over increased research radar over the last four or so decades. The so-called “performance measurement revolution” of the 1980s to 1990s concentrated on the private sector. “Business managerialism” and “accountingisation” kicked-in into the public sector with transplanting of hitherto private sector management techniques under New Public Management (NPM) and other administrative reform programmes by various governments internationally. Specifically, the 1990s saw the implementation of modern multi-dimensional SPMM systems originally in the private sector. Considering the nuanced nature of the public sector, the transfer of SPMM systems from the private to the public sector has not been straightforward due to technical, conceptual and behavioral factors. This paper contrasts the features of the private and public sectors and investigates the implication of the distinctive nature of the public sector on the application of SPMM in the public sector. This will augment our perceptions and comprehension of existing public sector SPMM theory and practice. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted a systematic literature review (SLR), a mode of research which has been widely adopted and strongly justified for adoption in business and management research since the turn of the 21st century. The study conducted a content and thematic analysis on the commonalities and differences between private and public sectors and implication of the differences on public sector strategic performance measurement and management. The study itself covered 233 published and unpublished documents covering the seven decades to 2023 which to our knowledge constitutes the most comprehensive update on the public-private debate trends to date. Findings: The study thoroughly interrogated the literature perspectives or models on the commonalities and differences between the public and private sectors. The study then deep-dived into the underlying characteristics which differentiate the public and private sectors producing one of the most detailed side-by-side analyses of public-private differentiation based on organisational characteristics, dimension, or concept of all time. The systematic review further identified and derived several thematic areas related to public-private differences and went on to establish the implications of the public-private divergences from an SPMM perspective especially as it relates to the derivation and application of public sector performance measures. These findings are critical for both practitioners and academics as they explore the subject of transplanting private sector SPMM practices into the public sector which is another overripe area for research. The findings provide public managers with a comprehensive and critical cog in their management toolbox as they navigate the practical realities and difficulties of implementing SPMM in the public sector’s unique and complex environment. Research Limitations: The main challenge with conducting a comprehensive research of this magnitude relates mainly to the broad range of literature covered, the unwieldy and onerous analysis and lots of judgement calls which could impact bias and replicability. Practical Implications - This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the key features of the private and public sectors found in the literature and evaluates how they drive attendant management practices in the two sectors and specifically how the public sector’s distinctive nature impacts on the measures of performance. Originality/value - Studying the differences and how they impact the choice of public sector KPIs is crucial in attempting to address the myriad of challenges and potential hindrances to future institutionalisation of SPMM in contemporary PSOs. Exploring and understanding the differences and similarities between public and private sectors is a beneficial springboard to cultivate erudition, cross-pollination and facilitation of knowledge transfer between the two sectors of the contemporary global political economy. Keywords: Strategic, performance management, performance measurement, performance measures, key performance indicators, public-private differences DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-2-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
This research departs from public problems that still occur and a comprehensive solution has not yet been obtained in the implementation of general elections, namely concerning the quality of voter data. Accuracy of voter data still occurs even though the government has issued a policy on updating voter data continuously , in which the KPU as the organizer is expected to be able to update voter data on an ongoing basis. The purpose of this study was to find out, to analyze strategies to strengthen the implementation of sustainable voter data updating policies in Landak District. The method used to achieve the research objectives is descriptive qualitative by conducting field research and literature studies. The results of the study show that strengthening the policy of updating sustainable voter data in Landak District is faced with several problems. Problems can be viewed from organizational aspects, interpretation aspects, and application aspects. The strengthening of this policy is carried out by strengthening application aspects through collaboration with the village government to verify population data. Data on voter results in village head elections can be used as a comparison to verify new voters. In addition, socialization and education to the community by the KPU, Bawaslu, political parties, NGOs and village government regarding the rights and obligations of the community in general elections. Keywords: Updating Voters Data, Continuity, Elections DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-2-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
In Uganda, advance financing is a common method for financing public infrastructure. While advance financing is thought to considerably alter the way governments in the developing countries improve infrastructure through offering more financing services that might make a real difference to infrastructural developments, there is a continual uproar about the inefficiencies in Uganda National Roads Authority, principally around the advance funded projects. This study focused on assessing the appropriateness of advance financing arrangements on the efficacy of advance financing of this road. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from a total of 204 respondents from Uganda National Roads Authority using self-administered questionnaires. The authors focused on financial stability, professionalism, level of government funding and efficacy of advance financing of the roads sector. Data was analyzed using SPSS 26. Ordinal logistic regressions were run to establish the relationships between the study variables. The findings of the study revealed that good financial management methods were significant positive predictors of efficacy of advance financing of public infrastructure. Also, when the Contractor did their part and accepted status quo other than highlighting objections was found to be a momentous predictor of efficacy of advance financing for infrastructure project. Under government funding, scenarios where government had truthfully rewarded contractors with a sense of achievement positively influenced the efficacy of advance financing of Public infrastructure. Generally, both financial stability and professionalism positively influenced efficacy. However, the study findings revealed that when the government meets the agreed target with contractors before full implementation of the project, there is a negative influence on efficacy of the project. This therefore calls for sanction on staff working on these projects which is contrary to construction code on public road construction projects since they are designed for a specific purpose using taxpayer’s money through government who are accountable to confirm that the funded projects follow their predetermined targets. Keywords: Financial Management methods, Financial stability, professionalism, Government funding, Efficacy of advance financing, Public-private partnerships, Public infrastructure DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-1-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Exports have a vital role in driving economic growth. For a number of countries including Ethiopia, international trade, especially exports has a critical role namely, an impetus for the national economy. Successively, in the past several years’ the Ethiopia’s government has used export promotion policies and approaches to increase trades and generate export-driven economic development by establishing a comprehensively possible export sectors. Nevertheless, due to the declining exports which resulted in a negative balance of payment, acute shortages of foreign exchange, and mounting international obligations, the country’s export-oriented growth strategy was not successful as intended. Hence this study aimed to investigate the impediments of export-oriented growth strategies implementation in Ethiopia using a mixed research approaches. The result of the study revealed that, it has been found that in spite of some progress or improvements in the export sectors of the study country (i.e., Ethiopia), when compared to past couple of years, the implementation of export-led growth strategies has led to lack of quality services due to poor planning, inadequate resources and poor monitoring and evaluation of the strategies being implemented. This has compromised the quality of each service being delivered. It has also led to a situation where the study country is unable to meet the ever-increasing demand for each of the services or commodities sufficiently. Evidence has confirmed also that the said services rendered are inadequate and not effective. The study also found that the implementation of the existing export-led growth strategy impacts negatively (affects or not as intended) on the provision of quality services and not successful as stipulated in the trade policy of the country. Hence, there is a need to critically consider the specific gaps identified by the study in designing strategies for accelerating development of exports in the country through holistic and integrated approaches. To this end, the outcomes stand important for redesigning export trade policy/strategies to boost the performance of exports and the overall ultimate economic growth in the country, Ethiopia. Keywords: Ethiopia, Export–oriented growth strategy, Impediments, Implementation DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-1-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
