Taking Yunnan section of Yunnan-Vietnam railway as the research object, and the construction of greenway network is taken as the goal. The differences of the source level and retention status of the remaining stations are taken into account. Firstly, the station is taken as the ′source′ and the weighted Voronoi model is used to carry out the spatial division of resource point. Reuse MCR extension model to build the greenway network and realize effective combination of Voronoi and MCR. The selection of elevation, slope, relief degree, land use and other factors, on the weight assignment, integration along the important natural humanities resources, using ArcGIS technology platform for weighted superposition, the railway section on the greenway construction suitability analysis and the greenway network. The results showed that the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway greenway network has circular nature. It connects 8 cities including the urban area of Kunming City, Yiliang County, Mile County, urban concentration area of Mile City, Kaiyuan City, Mengzi City, Jianshui County, and Shiping County, as well as 200 important natural and cultural resources. The construction of Yunnan-Vietnam railway greenway network has a strong positive effect on integrating spatial resources, promoting the coordinated development of central Yunnan, and making full use of industrial heritage.
1-MCP was used to promote the latex regeneration of tapping panel dryness（TPD） trees in this study. The bark structure and latex physiological parameters, such as latex yield, inorganic phosphorus, thiol,sucrose contents and lutoid bursting index, were measured during TPD tree recovery. The results showed that the bark structures of TPD trees had an obvious change during TPD tree recovery. The number of effective laticifers increased in yellow skin, and the areas of stone cells and swelling laticifers decreased in the barks. From the changes of latex physiological parameters, the latex yield showed a significant increase trend during TPD tree recovery. The latex yield of TPD trees from the control was 19.89 mL, and the yield significantly rose to the maximum of 151.17 mL when the TPD trees recovered the latex flow. The thiol and inorganic phosphorus both firstly decreased and then increased. The contents of thiol and inorganic phosphorus were 0.64 mmol/L and 11.26 mmol/L before treatments, respectively. Their contents both significantly rose to the maximum of 1.19 mmol/L and 14.56mmol/L when the TPD trees recovered the latex flow, respectively. The sucrose content had an obvious rise trend,which is consistent with the change of latex yield. However, the lutoid bursting index significantly dropped to the minimum of 13.47% when the TPD trees recovered the latex flow. Overall, the changes of the thiol, inorganic phosphorus and sucrose contents were positive correlations with the latex yield, and the change of the lutoid bursting index was negative correlation with the latex yield during TPD tree recovery.
蜡状芽孢杆菌BS16 是从松墨天牛肠道筛选获得的 1 株具有纤维素酶活性的细菌,为了解BS16 的菌株基因组特性及其纤维素降解功能,采用扫描电镜、基因组学分析、DNS法探究BS16 的形态特征、纤维素酶解基因、纤维素酶活.结果表明:BS16 的细胞为胶囊状,长为 3～4 μm,直径为 0.5～1.2 μm;蜡状芽孢杆菌 BS16 基因组全长 5 347 914 bp,包含 5 494 个基因,其中包括5 338 个蛋白质编码基因、11 个rRNA基因、102 个tRNA基因和 17 个sRNA基因;BS16 基因组中主要由GH4、GH5、GH8、GH13 家族编码纤维素酶;蜡状芽孢杆菌BS16 具有完整的纤维素酶系,在其分泌的纤维素酶中内切葡聚糖酶活性最高为(2.186±0.081)U/mL,其内切葡聚糖酶的酶活性最适pH值为 5.0、最适温度为 40℃.
以奈曼沙漠化研究站内立地条件基本一致的小叶杨与樟子松混交林作为实验样地,运用空间结构参数的一元分布及三元分布分析小叶杨-樟子松混交林的空间结构特征,运用Ripley's K函数分析小叶杨与樟子松混交林的空间分布格局与种间关联性.结果表明:樟子松的株数主要集中在12 cm径级,小叶杨的株数主要集中在 6cm径级.小叶杨-樟子松混交林的角尺度 2/3 为随机分布,1/3 为聚集分布;大小比数分布频率较为均匀,主要为中庸分布;混交度较小,主要为弱度混交与中度混交之间.当M和U保持不变时,随着W的增加,小叶杨-樟子松混交林的相对频率以W=0.5 为中轴呈现正态分布;当W和M保持不变时,小叶杨-樟子松混交林的U分布状况在范围[0,0.25]>[0.75,1].在 0～25 m空间尺度上,小叶杨、樟子松种群主要为随机分布和聚集分布,其中随机分布的情况占大多数,小叶杨和樟子松间主要为不相关性.小叶杨-樟子松混交林是一种人工和天然相结合的混交林,水平分布格局为随机分布,大小比数为中庸分布,混交程度为中度混交,且小叶杨与樟子松的种间关联性相互竞争较弱,所以合理地调整与优化林分的空间结构可以使演替朝着理想的方向发展.
以 1 年生云南松苗木为材料,采用随机区组设计,对春季、夏季、秋季平茬后云南松苗木的萌蘖增长数量、萌蘖累计数量、萌条长度进行测定与分析,筛选出能提高云南松苗木萌蘖能力合理的平茬季节,并探讨云南松苗木萌蘖能力对平茬季节的响应规律.结果表明:在不同季节平茬后,云南松苗木的萌蘖增长数量随着苗木生长时间的推移呈现先增长后下降的趋势;不同平茬季节萌蘖累计量差异显著,春季平茬显著高于夏季平茬且显著低于秋季平茬,平茬后第 90 天春季、夏季和秋季的萌蘖累计数量分别为 11.6、11.4、13.6 条;不同萌条长度等级的比率有差异性变化,从萌条等级比率来看,不同季节萌条长度差异显著,春季平茬萌条长度显著高于夏季平茬和秋季平茬.因此,云南松萌蘖能力对不同季节平茬的响应是不同的,春季对云南松进行平茬可以促进萌蘖的出生以及萌条的生长,同时提高萌条质量,可以获得较为优质的萌条.
采用U*12(1210)的变形U*12(410)均匀设计,开展采种母树、微波辐射时间和不同浓度外源激素溶液浸种的苗木培育试验.结果表明:苗龄 274 d时,处理组合的平均地径为 2.57～3.28 mm,苗高和主根长分别为 13.8～19.9 cm和 17.0～25.8 cm,根、干、叶和全株生物量分别为 0.31～0.83、0.27～0.63、0.60～1.40、1.18～2.87 g/株,苗木质量指数为 0.17～0.38.处理组合间除干的含水率外,所有指标均呈显著或极显著的差异.叶是构成滇青冈苗木生物量的重要器官,约占全株的 1/2;该树种苗木属含水量较高的类型,其占苗木生物量鲜重约 1/2.采种母树是影响滇青冈苗木生长和生物量的主导因子,母树间苗木生长和生物量具有极显著的差异.微波辐射5s后,采用1.5 g/L和0.35 g/L的GA3 和IAA溶液浸种 1#母树种子的苗木综合质量最优.滇青冈苗木生长和生物量积累主要受遗传影响,其壮苗培育需要在选择采种母树基础上开展.外源激素浸种在良种基础上,促进滇青冈苗木生长和生物量积累.
In order to explore the taxonomic value of the ultrastructure of bark beetles, the ultrastructure of seta on pronotal end in 53 species of bark beetles（Scolytinae: Curculionidae） and other 6 species beetles of Curculionoidae was analysed by Scan Electronic Microscope（SEM） in this study. These beetles include 6 species of Ips and Pityophthorus, 5 species of Xyleborus, 3 species of Euwallacea, Orthotomicus and Xylosandrus, 2 species of Hylesinus, Polygraphus and Scolytus respectively, and the other 21 species belongs to 21 genera of 12 tribes of subfamily Scolytinae. The analysis showed obvious similarity within the genus and interspecific difference among 6 species of Pityophthorus and Ips, 5 species of Xyleborus, 3 species of Orthotomicus respectively. It was inferred that these marginal seta could be available character in classifying these bark beetles. The ultrastructures of seta of other 6 species beetles of Curculionoidae are different: those of Cylas formicarius are absent,Araecetus fasciculatus single, Sipalus gigas multi-branched, Rhabdoscelus obscurus palmate, Euplatypus parallehus and Euplatypus hintzi bifurcated, similar to that of Scolytini. In addition, it was discovered that it had an evolutionary trend which these seta on pronotal end were from none to appear, palmate to bifurcated form, complex to simple, after systematic analysis of the microstructure of marginal setae of 53 species of bark beetles belong to 28 genera in 14 tribes of subfamily Scolytinae and 6 other species of Curculionoidae. The results show that the ultrastructure of seta on pronotal end can be used as an available feature in bark beetles classification and has certain evolutionary research significance. Finally, the advantages of these marginal seta as a taxonomic feature of tiny insects and their function in the life activities of small beetles were discussed.
In order to clarify the relationship between abundant phenotypic variations and different light environment, we compared the phenotypic characteristics of D. leptopodum under two light environment to explore the effects of different light habitat conditions on the phenotypic diversity of D. leptopodum. The results showed that there was abundant intraspecific diversity of D. leptopodum; The condition of full light（60% light conditions）tends to result in a significant increase in the length of the basal leaves and stems of D. leptopodum, which shows a situation of spindling, and the viewing effect is not ideal; Suitable shade environment（60% light conditions）could increase the number of stem branches（number of flowers）, the size of petals, the number of basal leaves and the coverage of D. leptopodum.
为了解异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs的释放情况,以异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板为试验材料,采用 1m3 气候箱法,测试异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板在 28d内VOCs释放量的变化,运用非线性回归分析方法建立VOCs释放量随时间变化的回归方程,对比分析了异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板和其他种类人造板VOCs的组成成分异同.结果表明:异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs释放量随测试时间的增加而减少,VOCs释放量在测试的第 1～7 天下降甚快,为急速释放期;第 8～14 天下降较快,为快速释放期;第 15～28 天下降平缓,为释放平衡期.异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs释放量的非线性回归方程为y=a-b×ln(x + c),回归方程相关度(R2)大于 0.98.异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs的组成成分占比由高至低依次为芳香烃类、烯烃类、酯类、烷烃类、醛酮类、醇类、其他类.人造板VOCs的芳香烃类占比最大,约为实木制品的 4～8 倍.实木制品VOCs的醛酮类占比最大,约为人造板的 3～28 倍.异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs的芳香烃类占比低于脲醛胶人造板,约为脲醛胶人造板的17%～28%.异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板 VOCs的烷烃类占比低于脲醛胶人造板,约为脲醛胶人造板的7%～18%.异氰酸酯胶定向刨花板VOCs的主要单体是对二氯苯,而脲醛胶人造板VOCs的主要单体是对二甲苯.
为分析峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组密码子的使用偏性,揭示影响其密码子使用偏性的主要因素,首先从NCBI数据库中下载峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组完整序列,用于CDS序列筛选,然后利用CodonW 1.4.2 和EMBOSS在线软件对峨眉含笑密码子的组成成分进行分析,从而得到GC含量、ENC、RSCU等参数,最后做中性、ENC和PR2 绘图分析,研究导致密码子偏倚形成的主要原因,以期取得最优密码子.结果表明:峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组CDS序列的密码子在第三位上GC含量较低,平均值为 31.26%.ENC为 36.36～57.89,表明密码子的偏性较弱,ENC与GC2 和GC3 均呈极显著相关.有 32 个密码子的RSCU>1,其中以G/C结尾的有 3 个,A/U结尾的有 29 个.中性绘图、ENC-plot和PR2-plot分析显示:由于选择压力的存在,使峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组密码子在一定程度上表现出偏好性使用.对应性分析显示:编码核糖体蛋白的基因位点分布比较零散,说明该类基因密码子的使用模式相差较大,在峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组中的表达率较高.该研究明确了峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏性主要受选择压力的影响,并最终从峨眉含笑叶绿体基因组中筛选出UUU、CUU和UCU等 14 个最优密码子,且均以碱基A和U结尾.
以桂南红壤区 4 个代次桉树人工林土壤为研究对象,采用空间替时间的方法,对新造林(I)、萌芽一代林(II)、萌芽二代林(Ⅲ)、萌芽三代林(Ⅳ)土壤的 15 个指标进行测定,通过显著性比较分析 3 种综合指标评价法(模糊数学法、内梅罗指数法和灰色关联度分析法)对不同代次桉树人工林土壤肥力质量进行评价,并进行回归性验证.结果表明:土壤pH值在多代连栽后有所降低,Ⅳ林(4.41)比Ⅰ林(4.71)低,呈现出一定的酸化趋势,而有机质和有效磷、锌等元素含量也均有所下降;内梅罗指数法和模糊数学法的评价结果趋势一致,而灰色关联度分析法的评价结果则和前 2 种方法不一致;进一步通过回归性验证发现,内梅罗指数法和模糊数学法的综合评价结果符合实际生产情况,而灰色关联度分析法反映的结果失真.连栽土壤肥力质量变化为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ,土壤肥力从Ⅲ林开始出现衰退现象,需要及时补充缺失养分,维持土壤肥力质量稳定.
以金银莲花横走茎为材料,采用石蜡切片技术观察其形态发育过程,结合叶片不同部位的生理差异,研究茎节发育的生理机制及分株栽培方式.结果表明:茎节起始于幼嫩茎最外轮维管束周围的薄壁细胞,不断分裂增加形成原基细胞团,分化后形成大量叶片、根系和花序.茎节发育初期,金银莲花叶片的叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量以及茎节生长点的可溶性糖含量处于较高水平;茎节生长点的淀粉和蔗糖含量先升后降,不同组织的碳水化合物与抗氧化酶活性均表现为茎节生长点>叶片>叶柄;表明酶活性与碳水化合物之间存在协同作用.不同分株方式的横走茎均可在塘泥和河沙基质中形成新植株,其中塘泥+ 1/2 分株法为金银莲花繁殖的较好方式.研究结果可为金银莲花的栽培繁育提供参考.
以核桃壳为原料,采用H3PO4 活化法制备了核桃壳炭(WSBC)用于去除水溶液中的罗丹明B(RhB),应用FTIR、XRD、SEM和BET等技术对WSBC进行物相表征,利用UV-vis跟踪吸附过程,分析了H3PO4 浓度、焙烧温度、吸附温度、投加量、溶液pH、RhB初始浓度对WSBC吸附性能的影响.结果表明:物相表征方面,制备的WSBC具有良好的孔隙结构,其表面具有丰富的官能团,吸附RhB前后,晶相无明显改变.吸附活性方面,采用0.5 mol/L的H3PO4 溶液活化,600℃焙烧 2h制备的 WSBC,在 20℃,初始 RhB浓度 10 mg/L,投加量 0.2 g,吸附时间 60 min,RhB的吸附率为 90%.WSBC吸附RhB过程符合准二级动力学方程,RhB在WSBC上的吸附遵循Langmuir吸附模型,最大理论吸附量为 12.61 mg/g.
The effects of different concentrations（0.02 g/mL, 0.03 g/mL, 0.04 g/mL, 0.2 g/mL） of aqueous extracts of Solanum pseudocapsicum, Hedera nepalensis var. si, Cirsium maackii and Eupatorium odoratum leaves on seed germination indexes of Solanum pseudocapsicum were studied by indoor Petri dish method. The content and components of soluble sugar in the extracts of four plants were determined by anthrone colorimetry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. The results show that（1） Different concentrations of four plant extracts had inhibitory effects on the germination of solanum pseudocapsicum seeds, and all the germination indexes of Solanum pseudocapsicum seeds were reduced. Extraction with 0.2 g/mL Hedera nepalensis var. si water has a maximum inhibitory effect of-20.52 on liquefaction sense, and the comprehensive germination rate, germination potential, germination index and vitality index were significantly different from those of the control group（P ＜ 0.05）;（2） The soluble sugar content of the four plant extracts of different concentrations increased with the increase of the extract concentration. The soluble sugar content of 0.2 g/ml Hedera nepalensis var. si aqueous extract was the highest, which was 1.53 ± 0.02 mg/g. With the increase of the soluble sugar content, the more obvious its inhibitory effect on seed germination was;（3） PCA analysis shows that the olefins dominated by neophydiene are the dominant components of Solanum pseudocapsicum, and Hedera nepalensis var. si, and the olefins dominated by Darlene D are the dominant components of Cirsium maackii, which accounted for 37.94%, 78.7%and 52.94% respectively, and 5-isopropyl-4,6-dimethyl-3,6,8-nonatriene-2-ol was the dominant components of the extract of Eupatorium odoratum that accounted for 63.28% of the all components. The inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of four toxic plants increased with the increase of concentration. The correlation analysis showed that soluble sugar was the main factor to inhibit the seed germination of Solanum pseudocapsicum. The experimental results provide basic data for the further development and utilization of toxic plant resources.
通过采集昆明野生动物园里大熊猫新鲜粪便,利用羧甲基纤维素钠培养基(CMC-Na)进行选择性培养,刚果红平皿浸染初筛和DNS法纤维素酶活复筛,对目标菌株进行形态学和 16S rDNA同源性鉴定,并对高产纤维素酶的菌株进行单因素发酵条件优化试验.结果表明:从大熊猫新鲜粪便中筛选到 2 株高效的纤维素分解菌鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌ZD1 和MZ3(ZD1/MZ3),2 个菌株发酵液纤维素酶活分别为 277.58 U/mL和 255.22 U/mL,通过发酵条件优化后,ZD1 和MZ3 发酵液中纤维素酶最大活力分别达 339.48 U/mL和 293.65 U/mL,较优化前酶活可提高 22.30%和 15.06%,最佳产酶条件为:CMC-Na+P、37℃、pH 6.8～7.2、36～48 h.
Based on the measured data of 10 water quality sampling points in Dianchi Lake, this paper used the measured water quality indicators of the long time series from 1990 to 2020. Through the inter annual changes of the indicators, and comprehensive time-space analysis and statistical methods, the time-space evolution of water quality in Dianchi Lake was compared from the inter annual scale. The two spatial regions of Caohai and Waihai were analyzed by spatial interpolation method. The results show thatthe outer sea water quality index is relatively stable, the grass sea related index changes greatly, the Dianchi Lake is greatly affected by chemical oxygen demand（COD）, and the correlation of the outer sea water quality index is weak. From 1997 to 2015, the environmental degradation and restoration process of Dianchi Lake was carried out; after 2016, the water quality problems improved. During the period from 2000 to 2010, the content of relevant indicators（TP, TN, ammonia nitrogen, etc.） was easily changed in the southern part of the sea outside Dianchi Lake, and the regional content was more concentrated, and the content of water quality indicators in the area near Caohai was significantly higher.The eutrophication of grass sea water is serious; although the eutrophication of the outer sea is relatively moderate, the eutrophication index is at the edge critical. The CWQI values of the entire Dianchi Lake waters ranged from 64.72 to 92.38（73.38 ± 7.28）, fluctuating within the range of pass, moderate and good water quality.
利用超声抽提观光木心材,采用超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术(Q-EXACTIVE-MS),结合相关文献和质谱数据库对生物碱成分进行鉴定;采用紫外-可见光分光光度法测定其乙醇提取物的总体生物活性.结果表明:从观光木心材中共鉴定出 32 个生物碱,结构类别多样,以 26 个异喹啉类生物碱为主,此外还有 2 个吡咯里西啶类生物碱,1 个有机胺类生物碱,2 个吡啶类生物碱,1 个喹啉类生物碱;在测定浓度范围内,乙醇提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、总还原力、抗乙酰胆碱酯酶、抗α-葡萄糖苷酶和抑菌活性随着试样浓度的增加而增强,呈现出良好的剂量依赖性,IC50 值分别为 0.08、0.03、8.94、0.11、0.60、0.43 mg/mL,表明观光木心材具有良好的抗氧化、抗乙酰胆碱酯酶、抗α-葡萄糖苷酶和抑菌等生物活性.
为提高云南松生物量的估测精度,以 2 年生云南松苗木为材料,采用回归模型估测法,以生长指标地径(D)、苗高(H)、地径与苗高的乘积(DH)、地径平方与苗高的乘积(D2H)以及地上部分生物量(鲜质量)指标地上部分鲜质量(WAf)、茎鲜质量(WSf)、叶鲜质量(WLf)共 7 个指标为自变量,分别预估地下部分(总根、主根、侧根)及单株生物量.以决定系数(R2)、估计值标准误差(SEE)和回归检验显著水平作为最优模型选取标准,并对最优模型进行精度检验.结果表明:所构建的生物量最优模型均为幂函数,生长指标中D2H和生物量指标中WAf分别作为自变量拟合的模型最优,其中D2H能较好预估地下部分总根鲜质量和主根鲜质量,WAf能较好预估总根干质量、主根干质量、侧根干质量、单株干质量、侧根鲜质量和单株鲜质量,单株生物量的拟合优度明显高于地下部分,所预估的最优模型同一变量鲜质量与干质量差异不大.因此在实际生产中,对于不同的变量,要选择与变量最相适宜的预测指标去拟合,从而提高估测准确度.
选用高效氟吡甲禾灵、草除灵、草铵膦和滴酸草甘膦 4 种除草剂对日本菟丝子严重侵染的小叶女贞绿篱进行喷施,于施药 1、5、10 d,分别测定日本菟丝子茎和小叶女贞叶中可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉、丙酮酸含量以及硝酸还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性,分析除草剂种类和施药天数对日本菟丝子和小叶女贞生理代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响差异.结果表明:除草剂种类和施药天数对 2 种植物的可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量均有显著影响,除草剂种类对日本菟丝子影响为淀粉>蔗糖>可溶性糖,天数影响为蔗糖>淀粉>可溶性糖,对小叶女贞影响均为可溶性糖>蔗糖>淀粉.除草剂种类和施药天数对 2 种植物的丙酮酸含量和硝酸还原酶活性均有显著影响,除草剂种类对菟丝子影响为硝酸还原酶>丙酮酸,而施药天数影响为丙酮酸>硝酸还原酶,对小叶女贞影响均为硝酸还原酶>丙酮酸.除草剂种类和施药天数对 2 种植物的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均有显著影响,除草剂种类对菟丝子影响为过氧化氢酶活性>超氧化物歧化酶>过氧化物酶,而施药天数影响为超氧化物歧化酶>过氧化氢酶活性>过氧化物酶,对小叶女贞影响均为超氧化物歧化酶>过氧化氢酶活性>过氧化物酶.除草剂种类和施药天数对日本菟丝子生理代谢和抗氧化酶系统影响大于小叶女贞,4 种除草剂对菟丝子均具防除潜力,高效氟吡甲禾灵影响最快,草铵膦影响最大,但草铵膦对小叶女贞有较重的潜在药害.
以黔中地区马尾松为对象,运用树木年轮建立了该区马尾松标准年表,分析了马尾松径向生长与该地区温度、降雨等主要气候因子的关系.结果表明:黔中地区马尾松的径向生长对温度较为敏感,当年 2 月和连续月份 2-4 月温度与马尾松年轮宽度呈显著正相关,2 月份极端低温可能会对树木当年年轮的生长产生显著影响,表明黔中地区生长季早期的温度可促进马尾松的径向生长.径向生长与降雨量相关性不显著,但马尾松的年轮与当年 3 月及 6 月平均空气相对湿度呈显著正相关,表明生长季前中期,空气相对湿度也是影响黔中地区马尾松生长的重要环境因子;连续月份尺度中,年轮与上年 10 月至当年 2 月空气相对湿度呈显著正相关,表明其受前一年空气相对湿度的影响较大,存在"滞后效应".因此,生长季前中期温度和空气相对湿度是影响黔中地区马尾松径向生长的主要因素,且当年 2 月份的温度可能起到关键性作用.
