In the last three decades, there have been debates on how private security has taken over the State's role in providing policing and security services to the public. Previously, the State has enjoyed the preserve and the privilege of being a monopolist in providing the services mentioned above. However, due to the dynamic changing nature of the crime, numerous calls have been made to establish public-private partnerships between the State and private security in policing and security-related services. This study sought to investigate the relationship between private security service providers and national security organs in crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-county, Kenya. The study was underpinned in the Routine Activity and Situational Crime Prevention Theories of criminology. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The primary target population constituted 358 respondents, both male and female, drawn from six registered and regulated private security service providers in Lurambi Sub-County, 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations across Lurambi Sub-County, and 133 clients of private security services. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 6 registered and licensed private security firms which provided the study population. Proportionate sampling with a statistical framework of 30% was used to identify 108 private security service providers who formed the sample size to ensure that the private security officers from the 6 firms were represented in the same proportion that they existed within the population. Questionnaires were used to collect data from three groups of respondents, including 108 private security officers, 6 managers each in charge of each private security firm that participated in the study, and 40 clients sampled from the 6 private security firms that participated in the study. Interview guides were used to collect data from 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations spread across Lurambi Sub-County. Study findings revealed a statistically significant but weak relationship between private security service providers and national security organs in crime prevention (r=.469; P<0.05). This implied that even though increased collaboration between private security service providers and the national security organs can significantly enhance crime prevention, there is currently limited interaction in that regard. As a consequence of the findings, the study recommended that private security service companies enhance collaboration and networking with State law enforcement agencies to enhance crime prevention. Key Terms: Private Security, National Security, Crime Prevention Resources DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/83-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2024
This paper sought to estimate the impact of unemployment on the economic growth of Sub-Saharan Africa using panel data from 36 Sub-Saharan African countries in an interval period from 2007 to 2021. Estimating these impacts, a fixed effect model is chosen over the random effect model and pool OLS and the result from the analysis shows that the unemployment rate has a negative impact on economic growth in the studied countries. Indicating that as unemployment increases across the sub-Saharan countries, it results in a decrease in economic growth that has a detrimental effect on the economy of a country. The regression results show that combinations of economic freedom and good governance, along with fewer unemployed citizens, enhance a country's economic growth. Generating productive jobs is crucial for eliminating poverty. Keywords : Economic Growth, Unemployment, Fixed effect. Sub-Saharan Africa JEL Code : E24, C01, C52 DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/83-04 Publication date: February 28 th 2024
This research examined the effects of environmental factors on management accounting theory in Nigeria (a case study of Bayelsa state). Simple random sampling technique was adopted. 300 respondents were randomly selected from the total population. The data used for this study were obtained from primary sources through the use of questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed with principal component analysis technique (PCA). Based on the empirical analysis, this study found out that market competition has a significant effect on management accounting in Bayelsa State. Also the result shows that score of customer influence have a significant effect on management accounting. Similarly the result shows that regulatory pressure has a significant effect on management practice. On the other hand, the result shows that social and moral responsibility has no significant effect on management accounting practice. This study concludes that customer influence, regulatory pressures and high environmental uncertainty among other are determining factors of management accounting theory are the most determining factors of management accounting theory Keywords: Principal Component, Regulatory Pressures, Customer Influence, Market Competition, Social and Moral Responsibility DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-06 Publication date: September 30 th 2023
This article makes an analysis of the CRPD, illustrating how the Global South has departed from the Global North by introducing legislative provisions that speak to Africa and relate to the African people as peculiar people who have distinct histories and cultures. This paper discusses the extent, if any, to which the approach to disability has been Africanized as opposed to strict adherence to the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter the CRPD). The article concludes by finding that the ACHRPD has provisions that speak directly to the African context and that the UNCRPD is largely a framework that has provided a skeleton framework that was developed to suit the Global North context. Keywords: Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Right of Persons with Disabilities, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), African disability laws. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-08 Publication date: December 31 st 2023
This study examines the impact of the ASYCUDA system on the performance of the Sudanese Customs Authority. A quantitative research design was used, and data were collected through a questionnaire from 24 customs officials. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square and paired samples t-test, were used to analyze the data. The results suggest that the ASYCUDA system has positively influenced the performance of the Sudanese Customs Authority, and customs officials are satisfied with its implementation. The study concludes that the ASYCUDA system can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the Sudanese Customs Authority and has important implications for policymakers and practitioners in the field of customs management. Keywords :ASYCUDA system, Sudanese Customs Authority, evaluation study, gender, chi-square test, paired samples t-test. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
For urban agriculture to make a significant contribution to development, particularly in a city like Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where chronic poverty persists, it must present feasible, sustainable business opportunities in addition to its established social benefits. Ultimately, this research intends to investigate how vegetable production has helped supplement the food and income of dwellers in the urban areas of the Addis Ababa metropolitan area. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used. Household quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results disclosed, people in Addis Ababa use vegetable production as a source of food stability to ensure self-sustainability. Further, the creation of job opportunities in vegetable cultivation in the city allows the unemployed and even employed groups to participate. There is no academic criterion required, which makes it easier for people with low or no education to engage in vegetable production. According to 99.2% of respondents, vegetable production activities provide fresh food for their households. Per production, 41.9% of respondents earned up to 10,000 birr. For farm activities, 30.7% of vegetable producers hire up to ten employees, while seeds and pesticides are more expensive inputs than other necessary items. The multivariate analysis showed that households that earn around 10,000 birr per production were significantly affected by farming in residential areas (p = 0.008). Surveys conducted reveal that households are more concerned about food consumption than using their products to profit. Keywords: Food security; urban farming; Addis Ababa; urban economy; urban employment; socioeconomic development DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Studies and institutional reports have increasingly demonstrated the significance of electoral integrity as a conceptual framework for measuring the quality of elections in contemporary democracies. Apart from measuring the quality of elections, the phenomenal electoral fraud and manipulations which have characterised the post-third wave of democratisation, had given credence to the general benchmark for evaluating the credibility of elections. I use the Electoral Integrity framework popularised by Pippa Norris and co, to examine the integrity of the 2019 general elections to know whether the polls pass the electoral integrity test. While adopting qualitative research method for collecting and analysing the data, I found that contrary to optimistic remarks in some quarters on the outcome of 2019 general elections, the elections failed the electoral integrity test. I offered a proficient perspective that explored the relevant indicators from the electoral integrity framework to establish the veracity of my claim that the 2019 general election is less credible, and consequently, failed the electoral integrity threshold. The findings of this work contribute to theory and practice on electoral integrity and high quality of elections in Nigeria. Keywords: Electoral Integrity, electoral fraud, elections, operationalisation and theorisation DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
This paper provides an analysis of the Nadowli chieftaincy conundrum using the SPITCEROW model. Using a qualitative case study, the study draws data from the chiefs, elders, community leaders and Tendaaba of Nadowli to understand the conflict and why it has remained unresolved. The analysis reveals that the conflict is non-violent. The conflict which is over twenty years old has changed from an initial struggle over the rightful traditional kingmakers of Nadowli into a succession dispute. The use of the law courts has been the main tactic employed by parties in the conflict. The resort to the law courts as a resolution tactic has rather contributed to prolonging the lifespan of the conflict. It is recommended that rather being stuck in court, stakeholders may wish to revert to the native mechanisms of resolving disputes in Nadowli. Keywords: Spitcerow, Analysis, Nadowli, Chieftaincy, Conundrum, Upper West, Ghana DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
In developing countries, Kenya included, the microenterprise (ME) sector is key in their development process. In Kakamega County, the sector continues to register remarkable growth than other sectors, employing 30% of the labour force and contributing significantly to households’ incomes and livelihoods. The sector is characterized by variations in entrepreneurs’ and MEs’ characteristics, making any stakeholders’ intervention strategies in its development difficult without appropriate data. However, it is not clear the extent to which entrepreneurs’ and MEs’ characteristics vary, which the study sought to investigate. The study established that significant differences exist in entrepreneurs’ and MEs’ characteristics. To improve the sector, the study recommends policies that will: promote education and training of entrepreneurs in critical skills; encourage entrepreneurs to diversify their businesses/products and income sources in order to increase their incomes; provide credit and improve prices and markets for MEs products and services, among others. Keywords: Microenterprises, Entrepreneurs, Characteristics, Credit demand, Credit Utilization Levels and Business Training Needs DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Various scholars, to make sense of either the decline or viability of local institutions of conflict resolution, have put various explanations forward. In this article, I shall discuss the relevance and limits of existing analytical frameworks and explore new explanatory possibilities. Most studies view local institution’s vitality in reference to the relative weakness of state institutions. By the same token, their continuity is considered to be transient, implying that as soon as the state becomes strong it incorporates local institutions with which the viability of the latter is doomed to diminish. Henceforth, This article has explored the issue of the vitality of local institutions of conflict resolutions among the Afar from two perspectives. The first one is internal explanation for the continued relevance of local institutions. The second is external explanations with a special reference to state institutions and their mode of incorporation into the Afar cultural world. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Modern public services in Africa were the creation of European colonialism. They were established at first to assist in the exploitation of the continent’s resources. From this small beginning they later expanded to cover many services catering for the lives of African colonial people. When African nationalists took over governance and the public services, they decided to use them to engineer great political, economic, and social development. At first, the public services recorded some amazing successes, but as a result of many factors, not least poor leadership Africa’s public services since the 1960s have been bedeviled by many problems, including inability to lift many Africans from abject poverty. These problems have led some scholars, commentators and outsiders to hastily conclude that these are indeed congenital and inherent failures of Africans. This is “psychologising” the problems of Africa in its people. Relying on Claude Ake’s theoretical formulation on the state in Africa, this essay debunks this redundant thinking of uninformed analysts by locating the real socio-economic problems of Africa and its public services in the inherited colonial state, which lacks autonomy and is thus the booty of dominant political faction in power at a given time. The resultant battle by other factions with the dominant class in what is truly an intra class conflict leads to over-politicization of the public services. This latter process according to Ake is indeed the de-psychologising of Africa’s problem. Ake does not provide any direct and specific solution to the problems identified; one of the key omissions made by Ake, especially with regards to Africa’s public bureaucracies. As a solution to the conundrum, the state in Africa and its public services have found themselves the essay concludes that the mixed economy system as in the Scandinavian countries should serve as a model for Africa. This will help to reduce if not eradicate poverty and assist in the rebuild of Africa’s public services. Key words: Ake, state, psychologising, depsychologising, public service. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-06 Publication date: April 30 th 2023
The main objective of the study was to assess the employees’ satisfaction practice implication on the performance of Cooperative Bank of Oromia. To do so, the methodology employed was descriptive & explanatory research design. Both qualitative & quantitative research approaches were followed. To conduct this study, primary and secondary data were collected. Majority of the data were collected from 300 employees working in 82 branches and the size was determined by formula of Yamane 1967. To proportionally select employees, Cochran 1963 formula was used and then respondents were randomly selected. The tools used were questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion, observation & document review. To collect the data, the tools were pre-tested and then pilot was taken to check for errors and any ambiguity. Questionnaires were prepared in 5-point likert scale. Analyses were done using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The descriptive statistics include, mean & standard deviation, while the inferential statistics were chi-square, ordinal logistic regression & Spearman’s Rank Correlation. The results of the research were markedly reported & summarized. Accordingly, the total descriptive statistics of the respondents have been described as feeling alright with the mean values 3.37ð > 67.4%ð > 202 for both predicted & predictor variables. Besides, both the primary and secondary data ratified that the bank’s performance is promising. Moreover, the inferential statistics computed indicated the degree of relationship between the variables. The chi-square value of the explanatory variable was significant at P-value < α = 0.05 & Chi-Square at α =.05, df 4 were > the Table value (9.49). This shows there is association between the variable & performance of the bank. Together with this, ordinal logistic regression was applied. Consequently, computed values verified that there was strong links between the employees’ satisfaction practice & performance of the bank. The correlation between performance of the bank & employees’ satisfaction variable was 0.617, which is labeled as strong. Besides the odds ratio of the explanatory variable was >1, which means a unit increase in the variables cause > 1 entity increase on the performance of the bank. The same result was also indicated by the inferential statistics. Accordingly, employees’ satisfaction practice has strong effect on the performance of Cooperative Bank of Oromia. Thus, it was concluded that proper handling & execution of practices of human resource management (employees’ satisfaction) has eloquent value on the performance of the bank. Lastly, the proposed intervention strategies identified were encouraging the employees by making the work environs attractive, conducting fair and transparent promotion systems, making consistent the reward and payment with the work load, and designing other mechanisms of encouraging workers apart from salaries by introducing other incentives so as to enhance the employees’ satisfaction level, which in turn boosts the bank’s performance. Keywords: Cooperative Bank; Effect; Employees’ satisfaction; Performance; Statistics DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
The visible history of our past is best preserved in museums. In addition to this, the museum represents a place of study; a resort of the learned, an institution or repository for the collection of exhibition and study of objects or artistic, scientific, historic or educational interest. In contemporary Nigeria, Museums serve as a repository for preserving and conserving objects that were hitherto kept in shrines, homes and palaces. The paper recasts this discontinuity for its contemporary utility. It locates the genealogy of museums in their relation to secular and immaterial expressions of power. This is shown in the symbiotic relationship between the palaces as representations of power and history and museums as expressions of the image history of the people in some parts of Nigeria. It also reviews the problems involved in the contemporary management of these museums. Suggestions, recommendations and ways of improvement are also expressed in the discourse. This is done with particular reference to the Museum of National Unity located in Akure, Ondo State of Nigeria, which has under its auspices, the petroglyph at Igbara-Oke and the Deji’s palace at Akure declared national monuments in 1963 and 1990 respectively. Keywords: African architectural conservation; historic building; intangible and tangible cultural heritage; Nigeria; palace-museum; petroglyphs. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2023
This study was carried out in order to identify low-cost and efficient sealant materials for water harvesting ponds. An extensive cost comparison study of sealant materials was conducted, taking into account seepage reduction and farm income loss. Four seepage control materials were evaluated in terms of their financial cost. The cost analysis was conducted in terms of farm income loss when three crops' water productivity (kg/m 3 ) were considered potato, onion, and wheat; 1.13, 10.57 and 5.27 kg/m 3 of wheat, potato and onion, respectively. The cost of sealant materials includes the capital cost of material and labor for purchase and application in water harvesting ponds. The cost-benefit analysis result of sealant materials (compaction, mortar, ash, and bentonite) were compared for the next ten years and gave a significant farm income. For this study a water harvesting pond having a volume of 4,792 m 3 was considered to cultivate (wheat, potato, or onion) for one cropping season under irrigated conditions. A farm pond managed by; bentonite and Ash can save 23 % and 43 % than control treatment respectively. The saved irrigation water used to cultivate wheat, potato, and onion crops in 1 ha of land for one cropping season can bring an additional farm income of about 317,632 ETB with Bentonite and 226,798 ETB with Ash when compared to the compaction alone treatment (control). Analysis of cost and income over ten years productivity period showed that, the maximum cost of sealant materials to cover a volume of 4,709.69 m 3 requires at least four years investment period to achieve the breakeven point (189,600 ETB), that corresponds to the point at which the cost of sealant materials equals the resulting farm benefits. Therefore, investing in sealant materials for control seepage lose from water harvesting ponds will give a profit of their investment after four and above project years. Keywords: Cost Effective, Sealant Material, Water harvesting, Water loss DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/82-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
The Indo-Pacific region has been considered of utmost importance by India, to safeguard its strategic interests in order to achieve its current economic growth and power ambitions. India has implemented a strong focus towards improving India's business interests, investment and economic development in the Indo-Pacific region. China’s increasing activism has been a major threat to world politics for both strong and weak nations. Quad was formed constituting of America, Japan, India and Australia, with an aim of joint action against the growing terrorism in the Indian Pacific, open avenues free trade, promotion of rules-based system while maintaining a protective attitude toward each other with harmony. These further expanded in the avenues of maritime security, technology, infrastructure, counter-terrorism, human assistance and connectivity, health security and Mekong regional cooperation. The relation between India and Seychelles has been considered very important in the present government. India's maritime strategy has shown a vast change and India is being considered as an important power among the coastal nations of the Indo-Pacific region. India's diplomatic initiative has been a continuous renewal of maritime security proposals. This review entails the formation and function of Quad and India’s major steps towards becoming a strong nation in the Indo-Pacific region. Keywords - Indo-Pacific, India, Quad, Seychelles, Maritime DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/81-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Peter Ekeh’s ‘Two Public’ – primordial and civic – is a novel invention to understanding the socio-political and economic life of African society. The two public espouses the existence of dual moralities resulting from colonialism while highlighting the divisive role of this colonial legacy in contemporary African politics and how it continues to undermine the possibility of unified praxis in post-colonies against the hydra-head manifestations of imperialism cum neo-colonialism. This paper examines why the moralities of both publics differ? Why does the two public and its dual moralities matter in contemporary African politics? We evoke decolonial epistemic lens to explore the aetiology of (Westphalian) state and how uncritical subscription to it constricts understanding of the character and functioning of post-colonial enclaves masquerading as states. The study utilises secondary data and concludes that uncritical quest for stability in post-colonial states is tautological as the state never was.
The main intent of this study is ‘to examine the level of managers’ professional efficiency in cooperative union to enhance Agricultural cooperative unions’ business performances’. The study covers 228 respondents of sampled agricultural cooperative union. The study were employed both quantitative and qualitative research approach to answer the research question. The pertinent data related to the study was collected with the help of survey questionnaire, key informant interview and focus group discussion from the study participants. The pertinent data collected were analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics. Accordingly, the study result reveals that there were managers professional efficiency gap among managers of the sampled cooperative unions in the study. Therefore, the government, specifically the Cooperative promotion agency, concerned committees of the union must give due attention to the hiring of managers in respective of their technical and political professional efficiency and other human resource development like continuous trainings for cooperative managers on cooperative concepts, principles, values and business activities. Consequently, these actions will make sure the business competence of the cooperatives unions in the regional and national wise. Keywords: Manager, Professional Efficiency, Cooperative, Business Performance DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/77-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2022
In Ethiopia, agriculture contributes over 35.8 percent to the national gross domestic product (GDP), almost 90 percent of export and 72.7percent of employment. Wheat production in 2020 for Ethiopia was 5,100 thousand tons. Ethiopia is the second largest wheat producers in Sub Saharan Africa next to South Africa, with a potential expansion to 1.3 million hectare. The objective of this review is to identify wheat value chain the key actors and their roles in wheat value chain and challenges and opportunities of wheat value chain in Ethiopia. The main actors in the chain include producers, processor, assembler, wholesaler, retailers, and consumers whereas the indirect actors are financial institutions, governments, NGOs). Marketing channel is a business structure of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making the product or service available for consumption starting from product origin. In terms of regional production potential Oromia contributes (57%), Amhara (28%), SNNP (8.7%) and Tigray (6.2%). These show that there is a weak linkage among the wheat value chain actors in Ethiopia. One of the indicators for this weak linkage is the absence (very low level) of linkage between producers and millers few of the wheat produced is directly sold to millers. Keywords: Value Chain, Wheat, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/77-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2022
Technology has impacted taxation and the manner in which tax is imposed. The geographical foundations of existing taxing systems and non-territorial character of e-commerce is at heart of the challenge that e-commerce poses to taxation. The problems of buyer’s identification, difficulty of establishing location/residence and status of party to e-commerce transactions, the inadequacy of the Ethiopian VAT proclamation to define Permanent establishment for e-commerce purpose, the absence of guidelines on acceptable records where goods are delivered, invoices issued and payments made by electronic means, lack of proper and adequate resources within the Tax Authority to monitor e-commerce transactions are identified as the major challenges of applying Ethiopian VAT on e-commerce transaction. The article argues that a clear provision as to what constitute Permanent establishment for e-commerce purposes should be established, a special scheme which would require foreign vendors involved in supplying electronic services to Ethiopian consumer to register should be established. What is more, for the sake of effective administration and collection of VAT revenue from e-commerce transactions the cooperation of the Tax Authority with various stakeholders is advised. Keywords : E-commerce, Taxation, Permanent Establishment, Transaction, VAT. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/80-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2022
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world loses 18 million acres through deforestation each year. Africa is the only continent in the world where deforestation is on the increase threatening the continent’s scarce water resources, efforts by the region to combat climate change, and exacerbating the vulnerability of rural communities to poverty and effects of climate change. Deforestation over the decades has been blamed on poverty and burgeoning population increase. Demand for wood in Africa which is a source of energy could triple by 2050, straining the continents dwindling forest resources according to UN report. The study based on library research examines the extents to which poor governance and corruption which have been pervasive in Africa and have significantly contributed to the loss of the continent’s forest cover. Thirty published research papers were reviewed with the following objectives; i) analyse the extent of corruption in the forest sector, ii) to examine the extent to which corruption contributes to deforestation in Africa, iii) examine ways in which poor governance and weak institutional arrangements exacerbate corruption in the forest sector, iv) explore the extent to which corruption undermines the effectiveness of Community Forest Associations in combating deforestation in Africa, and v) explore opportunities and challenges of community forest association in combating corruption in the forest sector. The study further evaluated policy documents and frameworks previous researchers have employed to examine forest governance, compared to the emerging recent models of forest governance. From the previous research, it is apparent that corruption has the potential to decimate a nation’s forests. Few studies in Africa have however examined the extent of this phenomenon. There is an urgent need for such studies that provide further explanation on the extent to which corruption plays in the continuing loss of forest cover against the backdrop of all the reforms to improve the performance of the forestry sector. Keywords: community forest associations, deforestation, drivers, governance, corruption, institutions DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/80-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2022
