This study delves into the phenomenon of kidnapping for ransom within Nigeria's political economy, exploring how armed non-state actors exploit and victimize Nigerian citizens. Its objectives include identifying the root causes, examining motivations, and assessing the implications of kidnapping on national security. Qualitative research methods, including a survey research design and phenomenological approach, were employed in nine selected Local Government Areas of Taraba State. Through Focus Group Discussions involving victims, eyewitnesses, security personnel, traditional rulers, vigilantes, and journalists, primary data was collected. The study is anchored on the reformulated Organized Crime Theory (OCT) as its theoretical framework. Findings indicate that poverty, unemployment, and the state's weak security capacity are primary causes of kidnapping. Motivating factors for kidnappers include the payment of hefty ransoms, recruitment opportunities, and fulfilling sexual desires. Implications of kidnapping on national security include the proliferation of weapons, violence, damage to the national image, and the emergence of community militias. Recommendations include the establishment of state police, the introduction of new and more poverty alleviation programs, and adopting a bottom-up approach to tackle the menace effectively. Keywords: Commoditizing human beings, kidnapping for ransom, national security DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-1-07 Publication date: April 30th 2024
Road construction raises a number of sustainability concerns. It becomes more complicated when it affects Indigenous people and their traditional livelihoods. This study attempts to examine the impacts of road construction on Indigenous peoples of the Chattogram Hill Tracts. There have been very limited studies to understand how Indigenous people and government road construction experts perceived about road impacts in this area. Given historical grievances among these Indigenous people since the British colonial period, it is important to examine what can be the causes of frictions. This research conducted a thorough examination of available documents, including government reports and past studies. It then conducted two separate surveys among government road construction experts and Indigenous people in the Chattogram Hill Tracts. Through our documentary review on past road construction, we identified that road construction caused deforestation, biodiversity loss, loss of Indigenous peoples’ ancestral lands, land degradation and drainage congestion. The survey among government experts identified agricultural land reduction, soil destabilization, landslide, deforestation, greenhouse gas emission, the emission of dust and particulate matters and substantial noise pollution. The survey among Indigenous people revealed that 95 percent of them did not receive any compensation. They lost land and other properties. Their agricultural production was reduced. A small proportion of them, however, did gain new employment and increased their income. Many recognized better accessibility to schools and health centers due to new roads. Keywords: Indigenous Peoples; Chattogram Hill Tracts; Road Construction; Land Encroachment; Environmental Impacts DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Housing makes up the core component of human existence. It offers warmth, safety, an oasis for seclusion, tranquillity, repose, an avenue for bonding with friends and family, and a sense of community. Beyond just providing a place to stay, individuals' standard of life, interactions with others, and general well-being are all significantly influenced by their housing. Nonetheless, in Ghana, housing is a significant problem impacting urban and rural communities. Providing adequate, affordable, and high-quality housing for the nation's expanding populace is fraught with difficulties. Shortages in housing supply, problems with affordability, and restricted access to home financing are some of these difficulties. Increasing urbanisation and a growing population have created an enormous need for housing, leading to a shortfall of accessible units. The shortfall is especially severe in urban areas, where a surge of individuals seeking more excellent economic prospects stresses the housing supply. As a result, several Ghanaians turn to slums characterised by poor housing conditions, a lack of basic infrastructure, and an unhealthy environment. This paper gives an in-depth examination of Ghana's housing profile, emphasising the present housing situation, housing deficiencies, their causes, and suggested policy measures. It also explores the main issues and offers suggestions for solving the nation's housing needs by thoroughly analysing the existing literature, reports, and other sources. Keywords: Ghana, Housing profile, Housing deficits, Sustainable housing, Policy recommendations DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-7-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2023
The aftermath of September 11, 2001, terror attack on the US opened a global floodgate of discourse, not only for scholars and media but also political actors, statesmen and stateswomen alike. The event left in its wake issues and contestations ranging from, but not limited to, terrorism, human security/insecurity, counter-terrorism, human rights abuse and violation, values, state's power, use of force, torture, violence and threats of violence, etc. At the core of these issues and contestations is the concern for whose security is at stake; the state or the individuals making up the state? Who is responsible for the safety and security of the state and its citizens? How or what is required to safeguard the state and or its citizens? Does state require more power to effectively protect itself and or the citizens? How can or should such power be justified? Addressing these questions require grounding in literature covering the broad intersection of these issues, with attention to the specific socio-historical context of the society concerned. In Nigeria, the reverberation of this global phenomenon is the burgeoning of literature on insurgency, terrorism and counter-terrorism, especially with the spread of radical activities of non-state actors across the country. This paper survey the terrain of insurgency/terrorism, particularly the activities of Boko Haram and how the Nigerian state is discursively responding to it drawing on the just war tradition. Keywords: Counterinsurgency, Critical Discourse Analysis, Language, Just War, Nigeria. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-7-02 Publication date: December 31 st 2023
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly pursuant to General Assembly resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and commenced operations on 1 May 1950. UNRWA was established in response to the Palestine refugee crisis to provide emergency and relief services for Palestine refugees who were displaced to neighboring countries. The mandate of the UNRWA has evolved since its establishment. The Agency role extended to become a quasi-governmental role, providing health, education, socioeconomic development, and other services for its audience. The Agency was subject to many reforms in response to the developments in the political, operational, and financial context. The Agency began a comprehensive reform process that aimed at restructuring the UNRWA management system. The UNRWA identified several areas for reform, with an emphasis on its organizational structure as the main area of intervention. Organizational reform aimed to establish a new system of policies and practices, which aimed to adopt new policies and practices in different areas such as staffing and recruitment, performance management, compensation and rewards, and staff training and development. The new policies were meant to provide the Agency with an integrated system for staff management with an underlying message of implementing new practices. The uniqueness of the organization as a non-political IGO with a developmental and humanitarian service role provides an appropriate setting for this research study that can bring insights on deploying new policies and practices in an IGO context. This paper aims to address the role of the UNRWA, its functions, funding, and the implications of implementing the new practices and investigating their impacts on its operations. Keywords: UNRWA, Reform, Quasi-governmental DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-7-04 Publication date: December 31 st 2023
Fertilizers increase agricultural production and productivity of the country which is important to achieve food security of the rural people. The role of the agricultural sector in terms of its contribution to the economy of Ethiopia is large. To accelerate the sector’s growth and increase its contribution to the overall economic growth, modern agricultural inputs particularly use of chemical fertilizers for crop production plays a significant role in yield increase. That means fertilizers are substances, which are added to the soil to supplement the soil with those elements required in the nutrition of plants. The main objective of the study was to assess smallholder farmer’s fertilizer demand in Haramaya district. In the study both primary and secondary data are used to investigate various factor which affects fertilizer demand of smallholder farmers. Primary data was collected from 155 sample respondents selected by using simple random sampling technique from the total household of the study area. To analyze the study descriptive and econometric data analysis were used like frequency and OLS regression. The study result indicates that variables like education, income, expenditure and farmers perception about farm land significantly affect the demand of fertilizer but the other variable like distance, extension service and didn’t had significance influence on farmers demand to fertilizer. The study recommends creating awareness about type and use of fertilizer, increasing income diversification to enable farmers to cover fertilizer cost, working perception of farmers regarding fertilizer use in the study area. Keywords: Fertilizer, Soil, Haramaya, OLS Regression DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-6-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
This study examined the role of integrity in maintaining peace and social welfare. Integrity as a socio-psychological construct plays an important role in achieving the goals of an organisation as well as those of the nation at large. Integrity emphasizes a person's right actions in accordance with acceptable principles and values. The study used a qualitative research approach. A documentary review was used to examine the role of integrity in maintaining peace and social welfare. The findings show that integrity contributes to building a person's character. It helps people to work honestly, transparently and responsibly. It enhances the person’s commitment in accordance with the principles of the relevant organisations. The findings also show that integrity contributes to building and maintaining peace at the individual, community and national levels. Furthermore, the findings show that there is a remarkable improvement of integrity in the public service. The study recommends training programmes on integrity that aim to emphasize peace and unity for the well-being of society. Training should be provided in both public and private institutions. The training programmes will help to build awareness, to nurture integrity, and to enhance ethical behaviour. Keywords: Integrity, ethical behaviour, social welfare, peace, Tanzania DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-6-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
The HIV epidemic remains a serious concern to society with its multiplication observed among adolescents and young adults who are transiting to adulthood.Zambia, a part of Sub-Saharan Africa had 48,000 of (15-49years) HIV Infetctions in 2018 with 39% of that adolescents and young adults (15-24 years). The need to reduce the HIV infection rates, especially among adolescents and young adults is a common feature in HIV programming interventions. Particularly, these have been interventions through use of media communication. HIV media communication has been necessary because communication is a process to disseminate or make common or share what has been heard.The study investigated the effectiveness of HIV media communication in fighting the HIV epidemic among adolescents and young adults. A descriptive study design was adopted by use of a sample size of 94 respondents from Solwezi Training Institute and two representatives from the Solwezi Youth Alive Zambia, a non-governmental organisation. A semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide were used as data collection tools.The findings of this study indicated that 83% of the respondents accessed HIV information through Radio that is inbuilt in a Mobile Cellphone device. Further, 77% of the respondents had engaged into interpersonal communication to talk to their friends about HIV matters.Conclusively, it has become clear that reducing HIV infection rates is partly predicated on the availability and accessibility of adequate information from all forms of media for both adolescents and young adults. Thus,successes to end HIV transmission among adolescents and young adults will depend on continued interventions of HIV media communication to effect Behavioral change and increased knowledge regarding the HIV epidermic Keywords: HIV media communication, Adolescents and young adults, media communication. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-6-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
This paper examines the Effect of Government Regulatory Agencies on National Development: A case study of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency of Nigeria, Edo State as a democratic sustainability. It evaluates how effective the agency policy have been able to restructure the political economy of Nigeria by exterminating illicit drug trafficking and consumption in Nigeria society and utilization for the benefits of the citizenry. The establishment of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) by the promulgation of Decree No. 48 of 1989, now Act of Parliament was aimed solely that any involvement in drugs, especially their importation, sale, transfer, purchase, cultivation, manufacture, extraction and possession is universally unacceptable. Over the last decade however, Public Sector, especially National Drug Law Enforcement Agency of Nigeria (NDLEA) has not been able to convince Nigeria masses of their performance, if they must continue to exist. In the course of this study, the Effect of Government Regulatory Agencies on National Development: A Case Study of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency of Nigeria, Edo State were brought to the fore while the objectives of the study are well spelt out. Hypotheses were postulated and the Structural Functionalism Theory was used to explicate the works. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. From the primary sources, the survey method, that is, the use of questionnaire were designed and adopted. Data obtained from this method were analyzed with the aid of Simple Percentage. Thereafter, the five researchable hypotheses were tested and accepted while the null hypotheses were rejected. The implication is that there was relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Generally, the paper brought to focus that the Effect of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency is a collective effort in reaching a compromise in the management of Public Sector in Nigeria and it has contributed immensely to the growth and development of public sectors elsewhere. Finally, it suggests policy prescription and recommendation which are aimed at repositioning Public Sector like NDLEA not only in Edo State in particular, but also in Nigeria in general. Keywords: State, Drug, Illicit, Nigeria, Law, Agency DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
This study was initiated to assess the determinants of inorganic fertilizer adoption by smallholder farmers in Teka and Shomba sheko kebeles of Ginbo district, Ethiopia. Multi stage sampling procedure was applied to select the appropriate sample size. The primary data were collected from 77 adopters and 58 non-adopters households using semi structured questionnaire. In analyzing the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Importantly, logit econometric model were used to identify determinants of inorganic fertilizer adoption. The finding of the study shows that, the probability of adopting inorganic fertilizer was positively affected by variables such as, access to credit, access to radio, level of education, non-farm income, frequency of extension contact, farm experience and farm size. Therefore, in order to increase the adoption of inorganic fertilizer in the study area, the government bodies who are concerned for adoption of inorganic fertilizer should focus on awareness creation, strategies that can enhance households’ non-farm income and a reduction in the interest rate, bureaucracies and collaterals of banks on loans which will facilitate credit accessibility to smallholder farmers. Keywords: Inorganic fertilizer, Logit, Gimbo District, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Corruption is generally regarded as unethical behavioural practices that inhibits economic growth and development, affects access to infrastructure, quality education and health care delivery. It is a pervasive global phenomenon, which continues to permeate each and every strata of Nigerian society in various forms including misappropriation, nepotism, favouratism, bribery, embezzlement, money laundering and outright looting of the treasury. This study examines the relationship between greed, family and friends influence and corruption in Nigerian higher institutions. The study applies quantitative approach through a cross-sectional survey of 400 respondents selected using stratified random sampling techniques with a close-ended self-completion questionnaire. A five-point Likert scale will be used to test the dimensions of the three independent variables (greed, family and friends) as possible drivers of corrupt practices in Nigerian higher institutions, with each variable containing five different scores arranged in descending order from 5 to 1 respectively. Data collected was analyzed using multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS software The findings reveal that greediness, family and friends influence are real drivers of corruption in tertiary institutions of Nigeria because it establishes a strong and significant relationship between greediness, family and friends and corruption in tertiary institutions of Nigeria. Consequently, it is recommended that people should be less greedy while at the same time government should introduce measures to make punishment against corruption more severe than the proceeds of corruption. In addition, family and friends of top executives in our institutions should not be interfering in their official assignment so as to reduce the probability of corrupt practices and academic malpractices. Keywords : Corruption, Greed, Family, Friends, Higher Institutions, Nigeria` DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2023 NB: This research work was fully sponsored by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (tetfund), Abuja, Nigeria, through its Institution Based Research (IBR) 2022 Intervention.
Adolescent risky sexual behaviour and its consequences are serious problems affecting Nigeria negatively and require research attention to proffer solution. Many studies have focused on peer influence as a facilitative factor of risky sexual behaviour among adolescents. However, literature on predisposing factors among this age cohort is still evolving. This study explored the role of resilience, attitude towards substance use and gender as protective factors against risky sexual activities among adolescents in Ibadan, Oyo Sate, Nigeria. Two hundred adolescents with age range between 10 and 20 years with mean age of 18 years (SD 12.25) were randomly drawn from schools located in Ibadan Metropolis using simple random sampling technique. Three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Three instruments with satisfactory psychometric properties were used as data source while descriptive statistics and t-test were used as statistical tools. The findings revealed that there was significant difference in risky sexual behaviour between adolescents with high and low resilience (Crit-t 1.987, Cal.t -2.068, df=198, P<0.05). Those with low resilience were more likely to be involved in risky sexual behaviours than their counterpart with high resilience. There was also significance difference in risky sexual behaviour based on either negative or positive attitude towards substance (Crit-t = 1.645, Cal.t = 2.593, df=198, P<0.05 level of significance). Those with positive attitude towards substance use have higher tendency to engage in risky sexual behaviours than their counterpart with negative attitude. Further, there was no significant difference in the risky sexual behaviour of male participants and the female participants. It concluded that resilience and attitude are protective factors against risky sexual behaviours. Preventive interventions may need to focus on gender-informed approaches when targeting risky sexual behaviours. There is also need for training to improve resilience skill of this cohort. Keywords: Risky sexual behaviour , resilience, attitude, substance, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-5-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2023
Increasing agricultural productivity is central to accelerate economic growth and improving the wellbeing of both rural and urban people in Ethiopia. Agriculture, particularly crop production, has a greater effect on both the rural and the urban poor who spend more than a half of their incomes on food. Therefore, generation and transfer of improved technologies are critical prerequisites for agricultural development particularly for an agrarian based economy such as of Ethiopian. Seed, especially that of improved varieties, are among the most important productive inputs which can take the lion`s share from other agricultural inputs in affecting productivity, livelihood and assuring food security in Ethiopia. The direct contribution of quality seed alone to the total production is estimated at 15 –20% depending upon the crop and it can be further raised up to 45% with efficient management of the other inputs. Despite the importance of improved seed in increasing crop productivity, their availability on the required amount, quality and time is still limited in Ethiopia. The unavailability of quality seed at the right place and time coupled with the poor promotion system is one key factor accounting for the limited use of improved seed, which further contributing to low crop productivity. Therefore, in order to access quality seed at the required time and amount to the farmers and increase the adoption of improved seed, there is a need to have a robust seed system which can strictly control seed outlets and a strong seed-related extension program. The present paper reviews about enhancing access and adoption of improved seeds for better food security in Ethiopia. Keywords: Adoption, food security, improved seed, seed access DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-3-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
While smallholder farmers are presented with vulnerabilities that burden production, they present a huge potential for change with proper policy and targeting. In view of this, this study sought to assess the contributory outcomes of METASIP and NRGP on smallholder farmers’ food security in the Upper West Region. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, using the mixed method approach. Both questionnaires and a FGD guide were used to collect data. Kredjcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size determination table was used to select a total of 341 smallholder farmers. SPSS was used to analyse data for this study. Out of all six (6) intervention outcomes, the study found that there has been an improvement in food security among small holder farmers after the intervention of METASIP and NRGP based on Sen’s approaches. The differences in improvement were significant at (ᵡ 2= 114.200, 60.391, 299.707, 182.199, 27.109, 23.580, df = 1, p<0.001) for indicator 1 through to 6 respectively. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-3-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
Several studies on human capital development have ignored its effects on activity sectors of the economy in developing countries like Nigeria. This paper examined the effects of human capital development on the Nigerian real sector activity 1981 to 2022 with data from Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin, and National Bureau of Statistics. This paper utilized a macro-econometric model approach anchored on the endogenous growth theory. Results show that a 1% increase in HCD significantly led to diverse effects on the activity sectors through public spending channel - agricultural output dropped (9.9%), industrial output improved (6.6%) and services sector increased (15%). This implies that human capital development is a significant determinant of agricultural output in Nigeria; however, human capital development does not have significant effect on industrial output, though its relationship with the sector is positive and human capital development is a significant determinant of output in the services sector. This paper recommended among others that the ministry of agriculture should incentivize through that availability of credit facilities and technological innovation so as to make agricultural activities attractive. Keywords: Agriculture, industry, macro econometric modeling, human capital development, Nigeria JEL codes: J43, O25, F14, J24 DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-3-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
Modern family planning methods are widely believed to influence fertility reduction worldwide. Family planning had a clear effect on the health of women, children, and families worldwide especially those in developing countries. It has been shown that there are many instances in which women might discontinue contraception or switch methods that put women at risk of unwanted pregnancies. In addition, studies showed that in countries with moderate to high contraceptive prevalence, the majority of unintended pregnancies are the result of contraceptive discontinuation or failure. This study intends to assess and identify determinants of reversible modern hormonal contraceptive method utilization among women of reproductive age group in Dire Dawa city, Dire Dawa Administration, Eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 811 women one year history of modern hormonal contraceptive method usage was studied. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the study subjects. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and to analyze the data descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression was employed. Result . This study showed that 574 (70.8%) of them continue using the method that they used before one year without changing. However, 237 (29.2%) of women discontinued using the method within a year. Switching account 97 (40.9%) of the discontinuation. Factors such as: age, number of children, who made the decision on choice of the used method, the type of contraceptive method used and taking training/ counseling before using the method were found to be significant at 5% level of significance. Women who are young, have no or small number of children and not the decision maker on the choice of the method are more likely to discontinue. Whereas women who didn’t took training/counseling are less likely to discontinue. And compared to women who used implant those, women who used pills and injectables are more likely to discontinue. This study showed the factors that contribute to utilization of modern contraception methods. Keywords: modern hormonal contraceptive method; binary logistic regression DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-3-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
The United Nations (UN) is the second model of the Collective Security concept after the League of Nations. Its original mandate as captured under the UN Charter is the restoration and maintenance of international peace and security. In spite of the fact that the world body’s operations in its seventy-seven years of existence have shown a slight shift from its original focus, international conflict containment remains the UN’s primary role. To this end, the begging question that is often asked is how far has this mandate been fulfilled. Whilst the cynics have insisted it has been one failure after another, results on the ground regarding the UN’s performance in terms of its original mandate and other areas, show remarkable phenomenal achievements notwithstanding the challenges. This paper in explicating the concept of collective security, also evaluates the impact of the UN’s operations regarding the broader term of global conflict containment, as the embodiment of the notion over time. Further, the thrust of this modest study not only assesses the challenges but also examines reforms within the UN system in respect of the world body’s performance in other respects. The paper is a content analysis exploration that mainly draws from secondary and tertiary sources in the form of books, journals, working documents of the UN, magazines, and international legal documents, inter alia . The study discovered that reforms within the new order have not only enhanced international conflict resolution and management but also brought about positive changes in the well-being of world citizens through encompassing policies such as the Millennium Challenge Goals. To that extent, the author calls for consensus building within the UN Security Council and member-states for that matter, as well as, their fullest commitment and contributions towards the realization of the UN’s aims and objectives. Finally, several scholarly arguments are highlighted in this paper that aim at informing practitioners in particular, on lessons and concerns that are inimical to the realization of the set goals of the collective security architecture of which, the UN is the main vehicle. Key words and expressions : Collective security architecture, conflict containment, evolving, impact, reforms, and the United Nations. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-2-05 Publication date: February 28 th 2023
Music as a tool for campaign or mobilization is not a new thing in the public sphere, it has been used by propagandists, especially for political parties to create awareness and as a platform for enhancing political communication. This research seeks to examine the impact of music on the participation of the youths in politics in Nigeria. It employed the theoretical construct of music as capital to explain how music confers special status on music artistes and the capacity of music to influence young voters. Using the research instrument of closed ended Likert Scale Questionnaires for the gathering of data for analysis, and the cross tabulation and chi-square, the research found that music during elections is a good way to disseminate political information and increase youth-targeted awareness. The research concludes that music when used during elections plays the role of political communication and information dissemination if directed at the politically conscious group of spectators and gladiators. Finally, the research recommends that political music should not be restricted to election periods alone, and should do more of sensitization about the benefit of participation in politics rather than being used for the traditional role of endorsement of political parties and party candidates. And if properly utilized in the right direction, music will improve the voting behavior of the youths with positive impact on the overall political culture. Keywords: Music, Politics, Campaign, Elections, Political Participation, The Youths DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-2-02 Publication date: February 28 th 2023
The paper is a qualitative analysis of the dynamics of political vigilantism in the fourth republic of Ghana. The goal is to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of political vigilantism and the behaviors and interactions of actors in the political processes of Ghana. The paper deployed the SPITCEROW model as the framework of analysis of political vigilantism in Ghana. Political vigilante violence increases during general elections in Ghana. In 2024, Ghana will hold general elections. Some Ghanaians are concerned that the country may witness a recurrence of increase vigilante violence and activities in the 2024 general elections. We take the view that understanding the dynamics and complexities in political vigilantism is essential in combating it. The paper draws data from secondary sources including research reports, articles, and online news reports. The analysis demonstrates that the dynamics of political vigilantism in Ghana are complex, multidimensional, and fluid. The analysis further indicates that unaddressed structural deficiencies in the Ghanaian society create fertile grounds for the birth, growth and thriving of vigilante groups and activities. Vigilante tactics range from physical to emotional, psychological, and verbal. There are multiple actors with varied behaviors, positions, interests, identities, and needs in political vigilantism. Therefore, we argued that multilevel interventions are necessary for confronting the multilayered conditions that are responsible for the emergence and thriving of political vigilante groups. We concluded that any effort that is aimed at dealing with political vigilantism in Ghana without addressing the structural sources may not produce sustainable outcomes. Keywords: Political, Vigilantism, Analysis, Ghana, SPITCEROW DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-2-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2023
In-service training has provided to civil servants through Civil Service Training Institutes (CSTIs) established for this purpose. Such practice is widely accepted and implemented the world over. However, the absence of the required policy environment has forced these institutes to ‘ride a blind horse'. This study, aimed to examine the policy environment established to facilitate the training provisions of CSTIs in Ethiopia. To this end, a document analysis method was employed, and data obtained from government documents were analyzed to determine the extent of the facilitation of the existing civil servants' training policy environment and to see the prospects of having favorable civil service training policy in Ethiopia. As the research findings revealed, Ethiopia is a pioneer country in introducing a civil service and civil servants training system in Africa and developing countries of the world. Despite this, currently, Ethiopia deprives of a facilitative civil service training policy environment. The Federal Civil Service Commission is mandated to coordinate, formulate civil service training-related policy environments, supervise, and monitor policy implementation. However, by now, Ethiopia does not have the required federal-level policy framework to regulate civil service training programs either in the form of embedded or independent document. Ethiopia also lacks most of the indicators that are directly related to the policy foundations of the civil service training. The prospect of having a CST policy seems far from reach unless especial attention is provided to the sector. Keywords: Civil Servant, In-service Training, Civil Service Training Institute, Training Policy, Ethiopia. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/13-2-04 Publication date: February 28 th 2023
