Abstract Identifying and characterizing Anopheles mosquitoes through spot surveys is critical for malaria control, especially in endemic and receptive areas. In the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, malaria cases have been reported in Kulonprogo, with the latest 10 cases in 2023. This study aimed to identify Anopheles species and their resting behavior as risk factors for local malaria transmission. A cross-sectional entomological survey was conducted in Samigaluh, Kulonprogo. Mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches (indoor and outdoor) and resting collections in animal shelters from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM. Specimens were identified by species, vector density, and parity status. Five Anopheles species were detected, predominantly resting in animal shelters: An. vagus (71.9%), An. annularis (21.9%), An. aconitus (3.95%), An. kochi (1.69%), and An. barbirostris (0.56%). All biting activity occurred outdoors between 6:00 PM and 3:00 AM, with species-specific activity peaks. An. vagus had the highest man biting rate (0.88 bites/person/hour) and was active early in the evening. The overall parity rate was 85.71%, indicating a mature mosquito population with potential for malaria transmission. These findings highlight An. vagus as the dominant species in the area, exhibiting exophagic and zoophilic behavior, and suggest that sustained vector surveillance is essential to support malaria elimination efforts in receptive regions.
Aedes aegypti is a dengue fever vector that can transmit dengue (DEN-V). Pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate synthetic insecticides are often used as dengue control because they are very effective, quick to show results, and have minimal environmental impact. Garlic is commonly used as a seasoning by some people, but this plant has potential as an alternative larvicide. This plant contains the compounds allicin, sulfur ammonia acid, and allin. This study aims to determine the larvicidal effect of garlic extract on the mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae. The study was conducted with a post-test with a control group design of 5 groups. There are two groups: a negative control group (Aquadest) and a positive control (Temefos 1%). The other three groups were treated with garlic extract concentrations of 10% (P1), 20% (P2), and 30% (P3). There were 375 Ae. aegypti larvae with 3 repetitions, and 24 hours of larval mortality were observed. The Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests analyzed larval mortality data. LC50 and LC90 values were subjected to probit analysis. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were differences in the effectiveness of garlic extracts on the mortality of Ae. aegypti larvae (p = 0.007). The LC50 value is 2.346%, while the LC90 value is 2.641%. Garlic extract (Allium sativum) is effective as a larvicide for Ae. aegypti
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a major public health issue in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. Larvicidal insecticides such as temephos (Abate) are commonly used for vector control; however, repeated use may lead to resistance in Aedes aegypti populations.This study aimed to assess the resistance level of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos in dengue-endemic areas of Kendari City.Laboratory tests were conducted at the Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory of Mandala Waluya University. Larvae were collected from three endemic sub-districts: Baruga, Kadia, and Poasia. Resistance was tested using temephos at concentrations of 0.005 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, and 0.03 mg/L. Each treatment was replicated three times with 25 larvae per replicate. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours of exposure. All tested populations demonstrated resistance, with larval mortality rates remaining below 80% across all concentrations. In Baruga, the highest mortality (60%) occurred at 0.03 mg/L with an LC₅₀ of 0.023 mg/L. In Kadia, the highest mortality was 42.66%. In Poasia, 49.33% mortality was observed at 0.03 mg/L with an LC₅₀ of 0.043 mg/L. No mortality was observed in the control group, thus Abbott's correction was not applied. Aedes aegypti larvae from dengue-endemic regions in Kendari City exhibited resistance to temephos at all tested concentrations. These findings highlight the need for reevaluation of larvicide use and implementation of integrated vector control strategies.
Kelurahan Sungai Pinang memiliki kepadatan penduduk tinggi dan endemis dengue. Keberadaan Aedes spp. sebagai vektor virus dengue diperparah dengan kondisi lingkungan yang kurang terkontrol, seperti banjir yang memperbanyak wadah tergenang sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk. Variasi tipe rumah juga mempengaruhi populasi Aedes spp., sehingga penelitian mengenai indeks entomologi dan jenis rumah yang mempengaruhi keberadaan telur Aedes spp. perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati indeks entomologi Aedes spp. di Kelurahan Sungai Pinang (1°59'13.3" S dan 102°02'55.2" E) berupa house index (HI), container index (CI), breteau index (BI), ovitrap index (OI), dan angka bebas jentik (ABJ) di wilayah RT 07 dan RT 18 beserta kaitannya dengan jenis rumah sampling di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan desain cross-sectional. Teknik sampling secara purposive dengan memilih RT dengan kasus dengue tahun 2023 – awal tahun 2024. Data indeks entomologi dianalisis secara univariat, sedangkan analisis korelasi Spearman dilakukan secara bivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan HI sebesar 22,35%, CI 15,22%, dan BI 63,92%. Nilai HI dan CI termasuk dalam kategori densitas sedang, sedangkan BI termasuk kategori tinggi. Angka bebas jentik di RT 07 dan RT 18 adalah 77,65%, masih di bawah target nasional 95%. Ovitrap index mencapai 89,41%, menunjukkan tingkat resiko tinggi. Rumah yang ditemukan telur nyamuk > 10 buah adalah rumah semi-permanen dengan celah di dinding kayu dan atap tanpa plafon. Kelurahan Sungai Pinang masuk dalam kategori berisiko tinggi terjadi penularan dengue.
Aromatherapy candles are a safe and effective insecticide innovation with a long-lasting fragrance. Aromatherapy candles can also act as an adulticide for mosquitoes if made from the essential oil of patchouli leaves that have natural insecticidal properties against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This research aims to determine the adulticidal effect of patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) essential oil aromatherapy candle against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. This research is experimental with a post-test only control group design divided into six groups: one negative control group and five treatment groups (25, 40, 55, 70, and 85%) with four repetitions. Each group consisted of 20 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Before testing, the aromatherapy candle was lit in the test room for three hours and then extinguished. The mosquitoes were exposed to the vapor produced by patchouli essential oil aromatherapy candles for five hours, and the mortality rate was assessed every hour. Afterward, the data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni and probit analyses. The average mosquito mortality rate was 0% in the negative control group and 25; 32.5; 51.25; 70; and 87.5% in the treatment groups of 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85%, respectively. The data analysis indicated a significant difference in the mosquito mortality rate in all treatment groups (p<0.05) with a 95% confidence interval. Meanwhile, the probit analysis showed an LC50 of 63% and LC90 of 96.067%. We conclude that the aromatherapy candle made from patchouli essential oil had an adulticidal effect on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes are insects that play a role in the balance of the ecosystem. However, some species of mosquitoes are detrimental because they act as disease carriers (vectors) for humans and animals. The increasing mosquito population is feared to have the potential to become a vector, prompting various efforts to reduce the population, including the use of biopesticides. This article aims to analyze and visualize the research trends on b biopesticides in mosquito control over the past 19 years and to identify potential research topics related to biopesticides for future studies. The methodology used in this article involves a literature review conducted through Publish or Perish and bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer databases, which collectively encompass 1000 papers. Assessing scientific research progress is crucial for formulating goals and rationalizing future efforts. Based on the results of the bibliometric analysis, biopesticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as bacteria, fungi, and other types of microbes, have the potential to be researched and developed as mosquito vector control biopesticide products. Microbial pesticides obtained from actinomycetes, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), B. sphaericus (Bs), Lysinibacillus sphaericusand, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, Wolbachia and many other microorganisms are reported as environmentally friendly alternatives for mosquito control.
Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the trematode worm Schistosoma japonicum, with the intermediate host snail Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, is a complex issue that requires ongoing investigation. The Bada highlands of Poso Regency, one of Indonesia's endemic areas, was found to be an endemic area for schistosomiasis in 2008 due to the presence of cases in humans and the intermediate host snail O. h. lindoensis. This article discusses the Sulawesidrobia sp snail, a significant finding in the Bada endemic area. Surveys were conducted on the same O. h. lindoensis snail habitat in 2017 and 2019, using the man per minute and crushing methods. In 2019, the Sulawesidrobia sp snail habitat was more dominant, with as many as 22 habitats, and the type of habitat was the same as the type of O. h lindoensis habitat. This led to a decrease in the habitat of O. h lindoensis. Sulawesidrobia sp snails, with their small shells, slightly convex circles, and two red lines, were found to inhabit water channels in gardens, rice fields, and ponds, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
Malaria remains a major global health issue, with challenges in existing control methods like insecticide resistance and artemisinin-based therapy failures. Vaccines offer a promising solution to reduce transmission, build herd immunity, and decrease morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable populations. This study conducts a network meta-analysis of malaria vaccines to compare their immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy. A systematic review following PRISMA-NMA guidelines was performed using four databases—PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar—assessing study quality with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The analysis, which included over 33,000 participants from 57 clinical trials, revealed that RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 significantly increased antibody titers despite heterogeneity. Safety outcomes showed RTS,S/AS02 and FMP1/AS02 were linked to increased injection site pain, and RTS,S vaccines had a higher risk of fever. R21/Matrix-M showed the highest efficacy in preventing clinical malaria episodes, though data on it were limited. Vaccines like PfSPZ and PvCS had fewer side effects but weaker antibody responses. Overall, RTS,S vaccines were highly immunogenic and effective, though safety profiles varied, and the limited data on certain vaccines like R21/Matrix-M underscored the need for further research to validate their long-term effects.
Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection, especially in highly endemic regions. Malaria infection in pregnancy can cause fetal growth restrictions and increase the risk of maternal death. This study aimed to perform malaria screening as well as identify maternal and fetal development and environmental factors that contribute to malaria transmission. This was a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted from January to March 2024 at the Naena Muktipura health center, Mimika. Every pregnant woman who visited the health center for ANC was examined in terms of weight, blood pressure, mid-upper arm circumference, fetal heart rate, malaria screening, and larval mosquito surveillance around the house. Malaria screening was done using RDT (Rapid Diagnostic Test). The types of stagnant water were recorded; larvae and larval genus were identified. A total of 14 pregnant women had ANC (Ante natal care); there were 34 ANC examinations within three months. The results of the ANC examination showed that the mothers and fetuses were in normal condition. The compliance to ANC for the pregnant mothers in the first, second, and third trimester was 100%, 75% and 60%, respectively. In fact, 100% of the pregnant women were not infected with Plasmodium, but 6 out of 21 locations of stagnant water around the houses of these pregnant women were confirmed to contain Anopheles sp. larvae. All pregnant women were not infected with Plasmodium, but the house condition and the presence of stagnant water with confirmed Anopheles larvae caused a risk for malaria transmission.
Cockroaches play a role in the transmission and spread of human pathogens in the hospital environment. Cockroaches are home to pathogenic organisms and are able to move freely in the hospital environment. Biosecurity in hospitals is very important to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and maintain a safe environment for patients and health workers. The implementation of biosecurity is often ignored or inconsistent in several hospitals, both in regional public hospitals and private hospitals, especially in areas such as Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. This study aims to identify and analyze the biodiversity of cockroaches and evaluate the implementation of biosecurity in regional public hospitals and private hospitals in Kendari City. The type of research is analytical descriptive research and has been carried out at the Regional Public Hospital and Private Hospital in Kendari City, from August 13 to September 10, 2023. The types of cockroaches found in the Regional Public Hospital and Private Hospital in Kendari City are Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica. The distribution of cockroaches in the Regional Public Hospital was higher than in Private Hospitals in Kendari City. P. americana and B. germanica cockroaches in both public and private hospitals were mostly found at the wastewater observation point, followed by inpatient and kitchen. P. americana and B. germanica infestations were in the low category in both public and private hospitals. The implementation of personal and workplace biosecurity in private hospitals was better than in public hospitals, while environmental biosecurity in both public and private hospitals had equally good implementation.
The increasing cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia demands effective, affordable, and environmentally friendly vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of recycled water-based attractants in improving the Larvae-Free Index (Angka Bebas Jentik/ABJ) compared to conventional water and brown sugar plus yeast attractants. The study was conducted over nine weeks in three hamlets with homogeneous environmental characteristics in Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. Simple ovitraps were used to attract gravid female mosquitoes, while ABJ was measured through the inspection of natural containers. The results showed that recycled water significantly increased ABJ, reaching 96.08% in the eighth week, higher than conventional water (53.03%) and brown sugar plus yeast (37.50%). One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among attractant groups (p = 0.000), and further analysis using the Post-hoc Tukey test confirmed significant differences between recycled water and the other two attractants. In conclusion, recycled water proved to be an effective attractant for diverting mosquito oviposition from natural containers to ovitraps, thereby increasing environmental ABJ. This method has potential as a practical, sustainable, and community-based solution for vector control in dengue-endemic areas.
Indonesia ranks second in Southeast Asia for the highest number of malaria cases. High endemicity areas are primarily in Eastern Indonesia, including Fakfak Regency in West Papua Province. Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, and vector control plays a vital role in prevention, especially with challenges such as drug resistance and the lack of a widely applicable vaccine. Malaria cases in Fakfak Regency remain high, possibly due to inadequate community prevention efforts. These efforts are influenced by knowledge and attitudes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and malaria prevention efforts in Dulanpokpok Village, Pariwari District, Fakfak Regency. The research employed an observational analytic method with a cross-sectional design, involving 100 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires on sociodemographics, malaria knowledge, and attitudes, alongside observations of prevention practices. The Spearman Rho test revealed a significant positive correlation between knowledge and prevention efforts (p < 0.05; r = 0.227). However, no significant relationship was found between attitudes and prevention efforts (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that knowledge and attitudes alone are insufficient without concrete prevention actions. Continuous education and monitoring are needed to enhance community efforts in combating malaria effectively.
Organic waste has significantly increased, especially in Indonesia, reaching 14.73 million tons in 2023. The accumulation of organic waste can serve as a breeding ground for various disease vectors, hence the need for an effective organic waste management system. One economical method that can effectively manage organic waste is the use of decomposer fluids or decomposer organisms such as BSF larvae. This study was conducted to determine whether the addition of Effective Microorganism (EM4), Local Microorganism, and Eco-Enzyme decomposer fluids affects the bioconversion rate of Black Soldier Fly larvae and the quality of the resulting compost. This research is a true experimental study. The variables tested in this study were the type of decomposer fluid substrate as the independent variable and the Waste Reduction Index, Substrate Consumption, and compost residue quality as dependent variables. This study tested the influence and differences in variants between variable X and variables Y1 and Y2 using Exponential Regression Test and ANOVA Test. The highest WRI value (16.11%/day) was obtained from the eco-enzyme group, and the highest SC value was obtained from the eco-enzyme group (96.65%). Based on the results of the Exponential Regression Test, it was found that the administration of decomposer fluid substrates has a very strong positive correlation with WRI and SC values. Based on the results of the ANOVA test, it was found that there were significant differences between the independent variable and the dependent variable. And the quality of the compost residue from the 4 experimental groups met the SNI 19-7030-2004 standard. This study concludes that the administration of decomposer fluid substrates in the BSF larvae decomposition process has a strong influence on WRI, SC, and compost residue quality.
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is one of the vectors of disease because there are bacteria and parasites in its body. One way to control them is by using synthetic insecticides. However, synthetic insecticides have active ingredients that are harmful to humans. Bioinsecticides can be used as an alternative, one of which is from cigarette butt waste which has active substances. Cigarette butts are a relatively large waste in Indonesia with 200,000 butts per year. This study aims to find the effectiveness of cigarette butts extract by maceration and drying methods and compare the two methods. This research is experimental using a non-factorial completely randomized design. The research was conducted with 2 methods, maceration and drying with dose of 100, 150, and 200 g/Lwith positive (synthetic insecticide) and negative controls. The treatment was repeated 4 times with a total of 32 experimental units. Each container measuring 26 x 26 x 10 cm3 contained 10 cockroaches totaling 320. Data were analyzed using One Way Anova and Kruskal Wallis with Games Howell and Mann Whitney U tests with a significant level of 5%. The highest average results from each method, maceration and drying, have the same results at a dose of 200 g/L with a mortality percentage of 70% and 55%, respectively. In the comparison of the two methods, the maceration method with a dose of 200 g/L is the most effective dose. These results indicate that cigarette butt waste can be used as an alternative bioinsecticide in controlling American cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana)
Malaria is a vector-borne disease problem in several parts of Indonesia, including the Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. One way to break the chain of malaria transmission is by using insecticide-treated mosquito nets. The effectiveness of using insecticide-treated mosquito nets in the community needs to be studied. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticide-treated mosquito nets against Anopheles maculatus based on the duration of use by the community. A fully randomized design study was used to compare the effectiveness of mosquito nets used for six months, six months to two years, and more than two years from 3 different sub-districts. The method used was the WHO bioassay cone test with an untreated polyester mosquito net as a control. Female Anopheles maculatus was tested in a cone bioassay and transferred to paper cups to observe for knockdown or death after 10, 30, and 60 minutes to 24 hours. The results showed that the mosquito nets used for <1 year resulted in 92% knockdown and 80% death. Meanwhile, the use of mosquito nets for 1-2 and >2 years resulted in 92.6% and 75.2% knockdown mosquitoes and 78% and 67.8% dead mosquitos. We concluded that insecticide-treated mosquito nets used for less than one year were still effective for use in controlling malaria.Routine monitoring and evaluation should be carried out to assess the effectiveness of the mosquito nets used.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an acute febrile disease that can cause death and is transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes. Understanding the level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the community is an important aspect that needs to be known to design effective disease control programs. This study aims to evaluate community knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding controlling dengue fever in the Kalumata community health center working area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in April – August 2024 in dengue endemic urban-village, namely Kalumata, Tanah Tinggi and Bastiong Talangame, Ternate City, North Maluku Province. Data was obtained through an interview method using a structured questionnaire on 100 respondents in each urbanvillage. Description of the characteristics of respondents consisting of women (74.5%), men (25.5%) with the age group 20-40 years (35.3%), 41-60 years (57.7%), >60 years (7.0%). Respondents with education levels were elementary school (14.3%), middle school (28.0%), high school (53.7%), and college (4%). The results of the analysis show that there is no relationship between knowledge and community practice in controlling dengue fever. This can be seen in the results of statistical tests with a p value = 0.187 (p value > 0.05). In contrast to attitudes, there is a significant relationship between attitudes and community practices in controlling dengue fever with a p value = 0.012 (p value < 0.05). The factor that has the most influence on dengue prevention behavior is attitude. People with a good attitude have the potential to be 2 times better in terms of dengue control practices than those who had a poor attitude.
Riphicephalus sanguineus is a species of tick from the family Ixodidae (hard tick), consisting of two families, namely Ixodidae and Argasidae. Rhipicephalus is an ectoparasite of the class Acari, and acts as a vector of viruses, bacterial infections, and parasitic diseases. The R. sanguineus tick is an important vector that plays a role in health problems that arise in humans and animals. Research on Riphicephalus in Indonesia is still rare, especially related to its morphology and genetics. This study aims to identify the morphological character of the R. sanguineus tick. Total of 150 tick specimens were collected from three locations in Bitung City over three months, collected by hand collecting method on local dogs and identified to the species level based on their morphological characteristics. The specimen belongs to a single species of the genus Rhipicephalus. This study provides detailed description of the results of measurements body areas such as gnatosome, idiosoma, capitation base, stactum, and spiracle obtained to provide details related to morphological variation. There were variations in the measurement of the body area of the R. sanguineus tick at the three research locations.
Mosquitoe vectors of filariasis must have a long life so that the parasite can complete its life cycle in the mosquito’s body. Mosquitoes with high parity are generally more at risk of transmitting pathogens, as they have made more bites on hosts that have the potential to carry the infection. This study aims to detect the potential of mosquito vectors by calculating the parity number and examining the causative agent in the mosquito’s body. Mosquito parity examination was based on the results of mosquito ovary dissecting during a capture period. Detection of the causative agent was carried out by dissecting tecnique and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that the parity rate of mosquitoes caught in Tamansari Village and Cimanggis Village was very high (>80%). Detectionof the causative agent using surgical and PCR methods did not find any L3 larvae and microfilariae in the examined mosquitoes.
Malaria is a re-emerging disease. According to the Ministry of Health, malaria cases in Indonesia are second only after India in Southeast Asia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the cities with the most malaria endemic, precisely in Kulon Progo Regency. Malaria cases in Kulon Progo Regency are experiencing fluency. Kulon Progo Regency itself received a malaria elimination certificate in 2022. Maintenance of malaria elimination can be done by knowing the mapping of malaria vector receptive areas. This study aims to determine the type of Anopheles mosquito larval habitat, determine the coordinates of Anopheles mosquito larval habitat, determine the Anopheles mosquito larval habitat index, and determine the mapping of malaria vector receptive areas in Kulon Progo Regency. The quantitative descriptive research method used spatial analysis with malaria vector receptive areas mapping in Kulon Progo Regency. Inclusion criteria were villages surveyed for malaria mosquito larvae in the mosquito vector survey activities carried out by the Kulon Progo Regency Health Office and Puskesmas in Kulon Progo Regency in 2023. The habitats found in Kulon Progo Regency are rivers, neighborhoods around houses, irrigation, ponds, rice fields, and lagoons, with the most positive habitats in rivers at 35%. Coordinate points are drawn according to the type of habitat found. The highest Anopheles mosquito larval habitat index in Kulon Progo Regency is Kalirejo Village, with a habitat index of 74%, and there are 19 malaria vector receptive villages based on the Anopheles mosquito larval habitat index. The mapping of receptive areas can be used as a reference formalaria prevention and control efforts in the Kulon Progo Regency.
Malaria control in Indonesia has been facing various challenges and obstacles, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Several strategies have been carried out to achieve national elimination by 2030. This study aims to explore innovative strategies for controlling malaria in Fakfak Regency, West Papua Province which is one of the malaria endemic areas in eastern Indonesia. This type of research is a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with malaria program managers (n=6). The interview process was recorded through the zoom-meeting application and then transcription of the interview results was used to conduct content analysis. The results showed that the Bela Kaca Innovation (Bebas Malaria Kampung Bercahaya), which was initiated by the Fakfak Regency Health Office, hassucceeded significantly in reducing malaria cases in the last 5 years. This program fights malaria from village to village by involving all parties in the Malaria Center. The innovation of Bela Kaca is carried out by attacking and defending strategies. The attacks are carried out intensively in villages that had 5 or more malaria cases within two months by mass screening, indoor residual spraying (IRS), surveys of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and vector control until cases become zero. The survival strategy is carried out if there are no malaria cases, then surveillance is carried out strictly, if cases are found, then the 1-2-5 method is used. In conclusion, Bela Kaca control innovation can be one of the efforts to accelerate malaria elimination that is supported by the community and stakeholders
