Wild fruits trees have been a valuable source of food for humans since time immemorable. One such wild fruit tree Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (synonym B. latifolia Roxb.), locally known as chironji is an important underutilized fruit crop found in dry tropical forests of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Australia and the Pacific island. In India the species is sparsely distributed from shiwaliks hills to peninsular region of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and then extending to south in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The rural and tribal population of the central India harvests the fruit crop to sustain their livelihood during the hot summer months when other agricultural activities are suspended. The chironji nut fetches about Rs. 600–1500/-per kilogram in the local market depending upon the grade of the kernels. The edible kernels have been reported to contain about 52 percent of oil which is considered an excellent substitute for olive and almond oils. Nuts are also an important ingredient of “chironji ki barfi ” and “chironji ki kheer ” a well known local sweat and dessert. The tree has also been reported for its medicinal properties, as barks and stem extracts are used for curing diarrhea and dysentery. Despite its immense potential for commercialization, chironji still remains a minor fruit crop. The increasing demand for the kernels has lead to unscientific collection from wild as trees are heavily lopped to collect the maximum fruits. This indiscriminate collection is responsible for poor regeneration and threatens its population in wild.
The present experiment was conducted during the 2019–20 Rabi season at Pt. Kishori Lal Shukla College of Horticulture & Research Station Rajnandgaon (C.G.).The experiment was laid out in CRD (Completely Randomized Design) under shade net conditions with three replication, each replication consisted of 10 treatments. { T1 (IBA 500 mg/lit), T2 (IBA 750 mg/lit), T3 (IAA 500 mg/lit), T4 (IAA 750 mg/lit), T5 (NAA 500 mg/lit), T6 (NAA 750 mg/lit), T7 (Moringa leaf extract 30 ml/lit), T8 (IBA 1.5 mg + kinetin 2.0 mg/lit), T9 (IBA 2 mg + Kinetin 3.0 mg/lit), T10 Control (without plant growth enhancer)}. The result indicated that T1 (IBA 500 mg/lit) was superior for most of the characters under study i.e. Days taken for sprouting (12.33 days), Sprouting Percentage (80%), Number of leaves per cutting (13.77), Average shoot length per cutting (38.36cm), Number of primary roots (14.99), Fresh shoot weight (8.97g), Dry shoot weight (3.68g) and Survival percentage (83.33%).
Sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops. It is very useful for nutritional, medicinal and industrial purposes throughout the world. It used in various Indian dishes as a flavoring agent (sesame seed, its powder and its oil). The sesame crop can be cultivated as kharif, summer and also semi-rabi crop in the country. The 75 percent of sesame crop cultivated during the kharif season in India. The major constraint of traditional sesame farming is low productivity due to use local varieties as well as other factors. For replacing this anomaly, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jhalawar conducted frontline demonstration at adopted farmer's field. The results of FLDs shows that high yielding variety of sesame (RT-46) recorded increase yield of 89.58% during Kharif 2010 over farmers' practices. The average B:C ratio and ICBR was 2.95 and 6.44 recorded in the FLDs plots. The technology gap which shows the gap in the demonstration yield over potential yield were 1.40 q/ha. The highest extension gap of 4.30 was recorded and this high extension gap requires urgent attention by the extension and development agencies. The technology index is 14.00 percent which shows the good performance. So, here is aurgent need to adopt multi-pronged strategy that involves attractive sesame production through area expansion and productivity improvements through better adoption of improved technology.
An experiment was conducted in poly-house to find out the source of resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in different tomato varieties for feasible and economic management of phytoparasitic nematodes, and to avoid chemical hazards for human health, cost of application etc. Ten varieties of tomato viz., Dev, Kanak, Badshah, Sarathi, Arka-rakshak, Subriyano, Shanshah, Sikandar, Navuday and Emrald were screened for their reactions against root-knot nematode M. incognita under poly house condition.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017–19 at the All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri to assess the effect of temperature and rainfall regimes on growth phases and biological yield components in rabi sorghum genotypes. The experiment consisted of thirteen genotypes evaluated in three rabi season. In the rabi season 2017 and 2018 there is there is sufficient rainfall at the time of sowing. Also maximum and minimum temperature ranges between 24 to 33 0C. At the time of flowering maximum and minimum temperature ranges between 15 to 28 0C. Genotypes come to flowering in between 71 to 89 days after sowing. Phule Anuradha shows very early flowering in rabi 2017 and 2018 season. In rabi 2019 due to change in rainfall and temperature there is significantly reduction in days to days to maturity. Phule Anuradha matures very early (107 days). BJV 362 gave higher biological yield (217 gm) in 2017 and RSV 2541give higher biological yield per plant (215 gm) in 2018. The biological yield reduces significantly in 2019.
Yield of front line demonstration trials and potential yield of the respective variety and year were compared to estimate the yield gap which were further categorized into technology and extension gaps. Technology gaps (1389 kg/ha) was highest in case of RGC 1038 at village Torda in 2020 and lowest (900 kg/ha) of RGC 1033 at village Karanpura in the year 2019. Average technology gap were 1096 kg/ha. Extension gap was highest in variety RGC 1033 (292) at village Bidarkha & Jeetpur in year 2018, and lowest (162) at village Karanpura in variety RGC 1033 in year 2019. The average extension gap was 212 kg/ha. Technology index was highest as 46.53 per cent at village Torda in the year 2020, and lowest 36 per cent at village Karanpura in 2019. The average technology index was found 40.84 per cent. The average of three years of highest cluster bean yield of FLD were found 1750 kg/ha and lowest yield were found 1400 kg/ha. Average yield of front line demonstration were found 1565 kg/ha and in local check/farmers practice it was 1353 kg/ha. The study indicated that average per cent increase in yield was 16.13 (212 kg/ha). Average per cent increase of gross return were found 15.02 per cent and average net return were found 19.74 per cent which shows front line demonstrations can be increasing the living standard of farming community of Dausa District. The average B: C Ratio of the demonstrations were recorded 3.44 where as it was 3.15 in local check.
The experiment was conducted at Sericulture Research Unit, V.N.M.K.V, Parbhani, during 2019–20 laid in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments, replicated thrice. Disease free laying's of silkworm hybrids (CSR2xCSR4),(CSR16xCSR17), (CSR50xCSR51), (S8xCSR16), SHP2, SHR1, DHR4, DHP5 procured from Central Sericulture Research & Training Institute, Mysore was used as test hybrid against mulberry variety V-1, in present investigation. During study it was observed that hatching percentage were significantly highest in hybrid SHR1 (98.00 per cent), Minimum larval duration were observed in DHP5 (21.49 day), weight of ten mature larvae was significantly superior in hybrid SHP2 (38.712 g), In single cocoon weight hybrid SHR1(1.192 g) has shown superior performance followed by The hybrid CSR50 x CSR51 (0.267 g) recorded highest shell weight (g), The shell ratio (%) was higher in hybrid CSR50x CSR51 (22.96 per cent) followed by SHP2 (21.65 per cent). The hybrids DHR4 (978.33 m), SHR1 (970 m), CSR16x CSR17 (966.67 m) superior performance in filament length (m), hybrid CSR16xCSR17 (0.334 g), CSR50x CSR51 (0.306 g) recorded significantly higher filament weight, the denier value and cocoon yield/10,000 larvae brushed, moth emergence were superior in hybrid CSR16xCSR17 (3.12) and (17.517 kg), (95.33 per cent) respectively. Highest ERR was observed in SHR1 (94.33 per cent), CSR16xCSR17 (93.72 per cent).
Poultry farming is a viable activity and has got immense scope for growth in India. Poultry is making a significant contribution to improve the economy of rural and urban population. The present study has been aimed to measure knowledge of beneficiaries about Backyard poultry farming practices. The present investigation was conducted in the justification of SKNAU Jobner Jaipur Rajasthan. Jaipur district was purposively selected for the study purpose because maximum number i.e. 120 farmers were benefited from this district.Out of a total 120 beneficiaries from Jaipur district, 80 beneficiaries were selected randomly for the study purpose.The data were collected with the help of personal interview technique through a suitable well-structured interview schedule for measuring knowledge of beneficiaries for measuring the knowledge level of respond deaths, a knowledge Index was developed & score “1” was awarded for “yes” answer & “o” for “No” answer The study concludes that majority of the beneficiaries i.e. 70.00 per cent belonged to middle level of knowledge, followed by high level of knowledge (21.30 per cent) and only 8.80 per cent beneficiaries were having low level of knowledge.Poultry beneficiaries showed a high level of knowledge about poultry farming practices on Housing (68.83 MPS), Feeding and Watering (64.50 MPS), Breeds and Breeding (56.02 MPS),Health care (54.47 MPS) and Marketing (53.29 MPS).
In contemporary times, the agricultural sector crisis has become an area of great concern due to farmers committing suicide because of indebtedness which is directly or indirectly related to the agricultural policies of India not only it is affecting the people but also the Environmental deterioration possessing direct threat to human health, the ecosystem, natural resources, and the overall planetary wellbeing. This article aims to use behavioral approaches and nudge theory to the problems of the agricultural sector and policies related to it, which can help to improve the economic situation of the farmers and lay a consequential role in degrading the environment. An in-depth analysis has been done to understand the effects and limitations of behavioral approaches on the agricultural sector and policies. The research concludes by an observation that inculcation of behavioral approaches can be used to influence farmers for adopting best practices and modern techniques for positive outcomes and to combat the economic status of farmers and degrading environment. The policy recommendations have proved to be effective and successful in achieving the desired goals.
The present study was carried out at farmers field of Jaipur district of Rajasthan during Rabi 2018–19 and Rabi 2019–20 which falls in agro climatic zone III a (Semi-arid eastern plain) of Rajasthan. The soils of experimental field was sandy loam in texture normal in reaction (pH 7.0 -8.5) low in organic matter (0.19–0.46) and available nitrogen (85 kg/ha-220 kg/ha) low to medium available phosphorus (10 kg/ha-21kg/ha) and medium to high in available potassium (125 kg/ha-295kg/ha) the study consist two treatments i.e. T1-Control (Farmers practice 150 kg/ha seed rate) and T2- Recommended practice (100 kg/ha seed) on the basis of two year mean data regarding wheat yield and yield attributes. The result shows higher yield and yield attributes in recommended practice (100kg seed ha−1) than farmers practice i.e.150 kg seed ha−1
Front line demonstration is an effective technology transfer tool that bridges the milk production gaps. The front line demonstration trials on use of mineral mixture in milch animal ration were conducted in eight villages in Dausa Block, four villages in Lalsot Block, seven villages in Lawan Block, two villages in Sikarai Block and one village in Bandikui Block in Dausa District during the year 2013–14 to 2016–17. In this way total 113 FLDs were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dausa in 22 villages of Dausa district. Result indicated that the overall average percent increase in milk production was 10.04% after demonstration than the milk production before the demonstration during the year 2013–14 to 2016–17. Result also revealed that the Average milk production (Liter) per day/animal before demonstration ranged 5.524 to 6.500 liter per day/animal while after demonstration it varied from 6.065 to 7.140 liter per day/animal during consecutive four years. Extension yield gap varied from 0.541 to 0.652 liter/milch animal with an overall average of 0.608 liter/milch animal. It is also inferred that the demonstrated technology on use of mineral mixture in milch animal ration gave higher gross return, net return with higher additional benefit cost ratio as compared to farmer's practices (no use of mineral mixture in animal ration) during four consecutive years. The higher additional BC ratio indicated that the use of mineral mixture in animal ration technology is highly profitable.
Experiment was conducted in nursery condition of Department of Forestry, CCSHAU, Hisar. Pots were filled with different soils media containing field soil (FS), farm yard manure (FYM) and pond silt (PS) inoculated with two mycorrhizal fungi i.e. Glomus intraradices (G.I) sand Acaulospora scrobiculata (A.S). Seeds of Ailanthus excelsa were sown in pots for studied growth parameters i.e shoot and root length, collar diameter, number of leaves, root and shoot biomass and root colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and seedling quality index after six months of seed sown in the pots and found that potting media containing FS + FYM with individual mycorrhiza performed better than other treatments.
A survey was conducted in major chilli growing areas of different tehsilsviz., Tiwari, Bilara, Bhopalgarh, Osian and Bawari of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan during kharif 2019 to assess the incidence of anthracnose diseases. At each tehsil level five villages situated in different geographical directions and five farmers' fields per village were randomly selected.The highest incidence of anthracnose of chilliwas observed in Tiwari tehsil (22.02%) Whereas, the minimum anthracnose incidence was observed (12.94%) in Bilara tehsil. The overall average disease incidence of the Jodhpur district was (17.31%) based on total 125 fields surveyed in kharif 2019.
A field experiment on Standardization of potash levels and apportioning time in summer groundnut under drip irrigation was carried out at All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Summer Groundnut, M.P.K.V., Rahuri. The pod and hualm yield were significantly increased under groundnut crop grown with potash level 30 kg K2O ha−1 as compared to other potash levels. Pod weight plant−1 and hualm weight plant−1 is higher in 30 kg K2O ha−1 potash level compared to 10 and 20 kg K2O ha−1potash level. The potash level 20 kg K2O ha−1 was at par with 30 kg K2O ha−1 for dry pod weight plant−1. The number of pods plant−1, dry pod yield kg ha−1, kernel yield kg ha−1 and dry haulm yield kg ha−1 were significantly increased in potash apportioning time at 75 DAS with 10 splits. The combination of 30 kg K2O ha−1 and fertigation at 75 DAS (10 splits) produced significantly higher pod yield than other combinations.
India is the second largest producers of vegetables in the world and also exports many vegetables, but share is only 1% percent of worldwide. India can increase its export share if cost-effective and efficient supply chain is developed. Present supply chain of fresh vegetables has the higher number of intermediaries and at each stage there is no proper supply chain exists between the stakeholders, causes loss of vegetables. The prevailing supply chain of vegetables is lack of packaging techniques, infrastructure, unavailability of cooled packaging houses and transportation. Refrigeration is well established technology for supply of high valued products, but the same cannot be use for vegetables. The reasons are many but most is uncertainty in return. The supply chain of vegetable is characteristically complex and complicated due to its characteristics. In the chain the number of intermediaries is high, thus the wastage and transaction cost is also high. Vegetables supply chain can be made efficient by improving cold chain facilities using evaporative cooling type low-cost technology. Creation of proper vegetable supply chain system will benefit farmers, vegetable vendors with assured of quality products at a competitive price to consumers. In this paper an effort has been made to highlight the importance, hindrance, need and available of cooling technologies in development of cool chain of vegetables.
Total 325 Cluster Front line demonstrations on Chickpea variety GNG-1581 (Gangaur) were conducted by KVK at farmers' fields in district Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) during rabi 2016–17, 2017–18 and 2018–19. On an average, 18.1% higher grain yield was recorded under demonstrations than the farmer's traditional practices. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 231.3 kg/ha, 826.6 kg/ha and 35.1%, respectively. An additional investments of Rs.1508.3/ha coupled with scientific monitoring of demonstrations and non-monetary factors resulted in additional return of Rs. 9992.6/ha. Fluctuating minimum support price of chickpea during different years influenced the economic returns per unit area. On four years average basis incremental benefit: cost ratio was found as 6.6.
The underutilized foods can be defined as “the foods which are less available, less utilized or rarely used or region specific” (William and Haq, 2002). Underexploited vegetable Crops are those crops which are neither grown commercially on large scale nor traded widely.Vegetables are the important components among horticultural crops in the diversification of agriculture to provide food and nutritional security. The underutilized crops are plant species that are traditionally used for their food, fiber, fodder, oil or medicinal properties.
