The growing prevalence of lifestyle-related disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension has intensified the need for functional foods that offer both nourishment and therapeutic benefits. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of Nutribite Herbal Biscuits enriched with Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), aimed at providing a nutritious, herbal-based snack alternative. The formulation incorporated Moringa and Ashwagandha powders along with ragi, wheat flour, stevia, milk, ghee, and natural flavoring agents. The prepared biscuits were evaluated for physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics. Results indicated that the biscuits contained significant amounts of protein (8.6%), fiber (4.1%), and minerals, with a low moisture content (3.8%) ensuring good shelf stability. The replacement of refined sugar with stevia substantially reduced calorie content, making the biscuits suitable for diabetic and health-conscious consumers. Sensory evaluation using a 9-point Hedonic scale demonstrated high acceptability, with the overall score averaging 8.3, confirming that the inclusion of herbal ingredients did not compromise flavor or texture. Comparative analysis with market biscuits showed superior nutritional and functional properties. The study concludes that Nutribite Herbal Biscuits successfully integrate traditional Ayurvedic herbs with modern baking techniques to create a healthy, palatable, and sustainable functional food. These biscuits can serve as an accessible means of promoting preventive nutrition, addressing micronutrient deficiencies, and supporting overall well-being. Thus, Nutribite presents an innovative approach toward bridging the gap between natural therapeutics and everyday dietary habits.
Green nanotechnology is an emerging field that combines the principles of sustainability with the advanced potential of nanoscience. In pharmaceutical sciences, this approach offers safer, eco-friendly, and more efficient solutions for drug development and delivery. Instead of relying on toxic chemicals, green nanotechnology uses natural sources like plant extracts, biopolymers, and microorganisms to synthesize nanoparticles. These green nanomaterials are biodegradable, biocompatible, and often enhance the effectiveness of drugs by improving their solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. This review highlights the latest advancements in green synthesis methods, explores various sustainable nanocarriers, and discusses their environmental and therapeutic benefits. It also examines the current challenges, regulatory aspects, and future directions that can make pharmaceutical formulations not only more effective but also environmentally responsible.
Technique has been created by UV Spectrophotometric to decide Glipizide in mass unadulterated and tablet structures. It is a basic, precise, reproducible, quick and less tedious technique. The greatest frequency of the medication was viewed as 232nm. Brew Lamberts' regulation was complied in the fixation scope of 2-20µg/ml. (LOD) The breaking point of location and cutoff of capability (LOQ) was viewed as 0.16µg/ml and 0.50µg/ml from this strategy percent recuperation of the medication was viewed as 99.30% which demonstrates no connection of the excipients. This strategy was found exact, straightforward, exact and quick for assurance of tablet measurement structure.
Self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is a widespread practice that can significantly influence public health outcomes. This survey-based study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and influencing factors of self-medication among 550 individuals using a structured questionnaire, achieving a high response rate of 92%. The data collected included demographics, commonly self-treated ailments, frequently used OTC drugs, sources of information, reasons for self-medication, and awareness of associated risks. The findings revealed that 74.7% of participants had practiced self-medication in the past six months, indicating a strong reliance on unsupervised drug use. Painkillers (72.9%), antibiotics (54.2%), common cold medications (57.9%), and cough syrups (44.1%) were the most frequently used drugs, often without proper medical oversight. The most common symptoms prompting self-treatment included headache (72.4%), cough and cold (71.1%), and fever (65.5%). The main reasons cited were the need for quick relief (49.5%), perception of the illness as non-serious (47%), and the desire to save money (45.1%) and time (43.3%). These findings highlight a potentially hazardous pattern of drug use, particularly concerning the unsupervised use of antibiotics and analgesics, which can lead to issues such as drug resistance, symptom masking, and dependency. The study underscores the need for enhanced public awareness, regulatory interventions, and educational initiatives to promote safer and more responsible self-medication practices.
Oral hygiene is a critical aspect of overall health, as the oral cavity serves as the gateway to the body. The widespread use of synthetic toothpastes and whitening agents, though effective, is often associated with side effects such as enamel erosion, mucosal irritation, and fluoride toxicity. In response, herbal formulations are gaining popularity as safer, sustainable alternatives. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal tooth powder containing Psidium guajava (guava leaves), Sapindus mukorossi (ritha), Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), and Acacia nilotica (babool). Each component was selected for its specific pharmacological benefits, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent activities. The ingredients were shade-dried, powdered, and blended in suitable proportions to obtain a fine, free-flowing formulation. The product was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, moisture content, abrasiveness, foaming ability, and antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The formulation exhibited neutral pH, acceptable sensory qualities, mild abrasiveness, and significant antibacterial efficacy comparable to conventional mouthwash agents. The results confirm that the herbal tooth powder is safe, stable, and effective for daily oral hygiene, offering plaque control, gum strengthening, and odor reduction without adverse effects. This study demonstrates the potential of herbal oral formulations as eco-friendly, affordable, and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic toothpastes, merging traditional knowledge with modern scientific validation.
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of Cetirizine dihydrochloride fast-disintegrating tablets using chitosan and natural sweetener Stevia leaf powder to enhance patient compliance in allergic conditions. Fast-disintegrating tablets dissolve in the mouth without the need for water, thereby improving bioavailability by facilitating pre-gastric absorption. Chitosan, a natural polymer derived from chitin, was used as a disintegrant due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and swelling properties, while Stevia provided taste masking. Five formulations (F1–F5) were prepared by direct compression using mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, and other excipients. The formulations were evaluated for flow properties, thickness, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time, drug content uniformity, in-vitro dissolution, and accelerated stability. The results demonstrated uniformity in tablet parameters, satisfactory mechanical strength, rapid disintegration, improved taste, and near-complete drug release within 6 minutes. Formulations F4 and F5 showed optimal stability over a 3-month period under accelerated conditions. The study confirms that chitosan and Stevia can be successfully used in fast-disintegrating tablets to enhance patient compliance and drug efficacy.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the severest micro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and it becomes the primary inducement of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the world. Although the pathophysiology of DN has been widely addressed, therapeutic measures are restricted, mainly due to the complexity of genetic, metabolic, and hemodynamic cross-links that may exist in this condition. Here we present an overview of the most recent in vivo and in vitro models adopted for detection of DN, discussing the advantages, limitations, and applications of each model. The paper systematically clusters animal models into surgical, chemical, viral, genetic, and gestational approaches, and covers the advent of state-of-the-art organ-on-chip (OOC) technologies. Surgical models including nephrectomy are more comparable to human renal injury, but are restricted by ethical considerations and species differences. Chemical models that mimic it, such as those produced by streptozotocin (STZ), are reproducible and easy to use, but are limited as more often than not they do not truly recapitulate the situations in human DN. Genetic models allow for specific control of disease pathways, but are expensive and may miss effects of factors in the environment. Furthermore, gestational models provide important insights pertaining to transgenerational risks and maternal-fetal interactions. Recent advances in OOC systems provide one such alternative, by enabling an approach that combines physiological relevance with human cells, thereby reducing animal use and facilitating HTS. In addition, the review highlights the advantages of animal models, including the convenience of studying whole-organism responses, systemic effects, and chronic disease that are challenging to recapitulate in vitro. Yet it also identifies the constraints that require additional methods. Taken together, the review emphasizes the necessity to adopt integrated model systems for more precise and comprehensive interpretation of DN toward the rapid discovery of effective therapeutics.
The Aim of this article is to review CRISPR-based drug delivery systems and their therapeutic applications in gene therapy, focusing on advancements, challenges, and future prospects. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology has emerged as a transformative tool in gene therapy, enabling precise and efficient genome editing with unprecedented ease compared to earlier platforms such as zinc finger nucleases and TALENs. By leveraging the Cas nuclease system, CRISPR enables targeted modification of disease-causing genes, offering promising therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. However, the clinical translation of CRISPR-based therapeutics critically depends on the development of safe, efficient, and tissue-specific delivery systems. Current strategies encompass viral vectors (e.g., adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses) and non-viral carriers (e.g., lipid nanoparticles, polymeric systems, cell-penetrating peptides), each with unique advantages and limitations in terms of delivery efficiency, cargo capacity, immunogenicity, and off-target effects. Advances in nanotechnology and biomaterials have further enabled targeted and stimuli-responsive delivery, enhancing therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, CRISPR-based modalities such as base editing, prime editing, and CRISPR interference/activation expand the therapeutic landscape beyond simple gene knockout or repair. Despite remarkable progress, challenges remain in optimizing delivery to specific tissues, controlling off-target activity, and addressing ethical and regulatory concerns. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CRISPR-based drug delivery systems, recent preclinical and clinical advancements, and future perspectives in gene therapy, emphasizing innovations that bridge the gap between experimental success and clinical application.
Recent years have seen scientific and technological advancements in the investigation and development of novel drug delivery systems by addressing physiological problems such short stomach residency periods and irregular gastric emptying timings. Some of the techniques being used to increase the stomach residency times include polymeric bioadhesive systems, floating drug delivery systems, swelling and expanding systems, changed-shape systems, high-density systems, and other delayed gastric emptying devices. The most recent developments in FDDS technology, including commercially available goods and patented delivery methods, are discussed in this study along with their advantages and potential applications in oral controlled drug administration in the future. The stomach's ability to absorb medications may be enhanced by prolonged GRT. Some of the techniques currently employed to extend the GRT include modified-shape systems, high-density systems, polymeric bioadhesive systems, swelling and expanding systems, floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), and various delayed gastric emptying devices. In vivo absorption qualities are improved by drugs manufactured in these systems that have a limited absorption window. Furthermore, local medication delivery to the stomach and proximal small intestine would be facilitated by gastroretention. As a result, gastroretention might help expand access to new products, which would improve treatment effectiveness and offer patients major benefits. Examining the most recent studies and technical developments in the development of gastroretentive dosage forms is the goal of this presentation.
In addition to biomarkers with detection tests like ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), diabetes mellitus, gut dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota, cytokines (IL-6), cytokines (TNF-α), cytokines (IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), calprotectin, zonulin, LPS-binding protein, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). By restoring equilibrium through a variety of substances and plants, including aloe vera, fennel, ginger, dandelion, green tea, etc., as well as phytochemicals like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, curcumin, etc., herbal therapies offer promise modulation. Polyphenols from green tea and aloe vera increase beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium, reduce harmful pathogens, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and encourage the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), according to data from animal studies and clinical assessments. This all-encompassing strategy makes it easier for researchers creating novel herbal medications to cure dysbiosis. Ginger and other tried-and-true herbs are summarized in this article. Celosia cristata, or cockscomb, may satisfy the requirements of dysbiosis by removing or otherwise addressing problems related to the dysbiosis and possessing flavonoids, despite the lack of studies on microbiota alterations, SCFAs, or gut barrier models. This study does not test this plant. This author has started a new study (ongoing work) using floral extracts to close the gap.
Experimental pharmacology plays a pivotal role in understanding drug actions, mechanisms, and safety profiles through laboratory-based investigations. Traditionally, it relied on in-vivo, in-vitro, and ex-vivo methods; however, these approaches often face limitations such as ethical concerns, lack of physiological relevance, and low predictive accuracy. Recent advancements have introduced innovative techniques that significantly enhance the precision, efficiency, and translational value of pharmacological studies. This review highlights cutting-edge methods such as in-silico modeling, high-throughput screening (HTS), 3D cell culture systems, and organ-on-a-chip technologies. In-silico techniques like molecular docking and QSAR modeling facilitate rapid prediction of drug-receptor interactions and biological activity, minimizing time and cost. HTS enables large-scale compound screening using automated platforms, accelerating early-stage drug discovery. 3D culture models and spheroid-based systems replicate the architectural and functional complexity of human tissues, offering improved insights into drug efficacy and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, organ-on-chip devices mimic organ-level physiology and allow real-time monitoring of drug effects, reducing dependence on animal models. These advancements not only address the limitations of conventional methods but also contribute to personalized medicine, toxicological screening, and disease modeling. The integration of these technologies into experimental pharmacology marks a transformative shift toward more predictive, ethical, and efficient drug development practices.
The aim of this study was to develop and assess microemulsion-based itch relief sprays containing Black Seed Oil (Nigella sativa) and Calendula Oil (Calendula officinalis) using vegetable oil ethoxylates as green surfactants. Both oils were selected due to their established potential to act as anti-inflammatory and soothing (Calendula Oil) and antimicrobial (Black Seed Oil) complementary agents in pruritus management. Physicochemical characterization was performed to confirm pure oils and stable formulation. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams identified broad microemulsion regions exhibiting potential for stable formulation. Optimized formulations showed desired physicochemical characteristics, including droplet size <215 nm, acceptable pH of 6.4–6.8, and homogeneous appearance showing no phase separation under centrifugation or 30 day accelerated stability testing. Increased sensory properties of the formulations were noted upon the incorporation of humectants and naturally derived additives providing a non-greasy, fast absorbing, and soothing user experience. The developed microemulsion-based spray was stable after 30 days at room temperature and 40ºC conditions with no change to the visual clarity or viscosity. This study provides a biocompatible, natural, and stable microemulsion vehicle delivered two synergistic botanical oils for successful itch relief and further dermocosmetic vehicle utilization.
Ocimum sanctum L. (Holy Basil), a sacred medicinal plant in Ayurveda, has emerged as a promising chronotherapeutic agent with multifaceted pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on its potential to modulate circadian rhythms and treat associated disorders. As an adaptogen, O. sanctum demonstrates unique capabilities to enhance stress resilience while potentially influencing the body's internal timing mechanisms through its diverse phytochemical constituents, including eugenol, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, and apigenin. These bioactive compounds interact with key neuroendocrine pathways involved in circadian regulation, particularly by modulating melatonin synthesis, HPA axis function, and clock gene expression. Growing evidence suggests O. sanctum may offer therapeutic benefits for various circadian rhythm disruptions, including sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Its ability to regulate cortisol rhythms, enhance GABAergic activity, and reduce oxidative stress positions it as a holistic intervention for circadian misalignment. The review critically examines preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating its chronobiological effects, while also addressing the herb's traditional use in Ayurveda as a Rasayana (rejuvenator) and nervine tonic. Particular emphasis is placed on the herb's potential in personalized chronotherapy, where its adaptogenic properties may help individuals maintain circadian homeostasis under challenging conditions like shift work or jet lag. The review also discusses current limitations in research, including the need for standardized dosing protocols and larger clinical trials. By integrating traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern chronobiological research, this analysis highlights O. sanctum as a valuable candidate for developing natural, evidence-based circadian therapies that bridge ancient wisdom with contemporary medicine.
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products designed to treat skin conditions and enhance physical appearance, health, and beauty. Cosmeceuticals include medications that regulate acne, have anti-aging properties, prevent sunburn, enhance skin texture, promote complexation, and delay the symptoms of aging. Cosmetics can be classified as natural, synthetic, or hybrid based on their ingredients. These days, herbal cosmeceuticals are becoming very popular because of their extensive availability and low risk of negative effects. A vast array of plants and natural compounds are marketed as cosmeceuticals. Natural sources of herbal cosmetics include plants, the sea, rock salt, etc. Herbal cosmetics are typically thought to be safe to use and free of dangerous synthetic chemicals. Numerous therapeutic plants and herbs have effects similar to those of cosmeceuticals and are widely utilized worldwide for the same reason. Natural herbs used in cosmetics include Neem, Aloe vera, henna, Rose oil, Aloe, Shikakai, Turmeric, Calendula, Carrot, Tamarind, etc. A descriptive review of herbal cosmeceuticals was given in this article.
Due to their characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and extended circulating half-life, erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells or RBCs, are the most prevalent circulating cells in the blood and have found extensive application in drug delivery systems (DDS). In light of this, an erythrocyte-based "camouflage" membranes creates a platform for nanoparticles that combines the benefits of native erythrocyte membranes with nanomaterial-based ones. When administered intraperitoneally to animal models, the coated In order to accomplish long-term circulation, nanoparticles mimic RBCs and interact with their surroundings. The erythrocyte membrane-coated nano-cores biomimetic platform is reviewed in this paper with an emphasis on the coating mechanism, preparation techniques, and verification. techniques, as well as the newest anti-tumor software. Lastly, further erythrocyte functional alterations membranes and efforts to combine the characteristics of several cell membranes on their surface are examined. establishing a framework to encourage in-depth study of multifunctional nano-biomimetic systems
Diabetes mellitus, a long-term metabolic disease characterised by persistently high blood sugar levels, is caused by deficiencies in either the action or secretion of insulin, or both. Banana blossom, a staple in tropical diets, has demonstrated promise in regulating metabolism, especially in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Lemon peel also contains strong antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting chemicals, particularly when powdered. Banana flower tea, which is made by infusing dried banana blossom in hot water, is evaluated for its capacity to lower blood sugar levels in this study. The polyphenolic substances flavonoids, umbelliferone, and lupeol were validated by phytochemical screening. These compounds are known to have inhibitory effect on enzymes that break down carbohydrates, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Banana blossom tea dramatically suppressed these enzymes in in vitro experiments, suggesting that it may be used to regulate postprandial glucose levels, which are an important part of managing type 2 diabetes.
Oral drug delivery remains the most widely accepted route of administration due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, patient compliance, and flexibility in dosage forms. However, it is often limited by rapid gastrointestinal transit, short gastric residence time, and poor bioavailability of certain drugs. To address these challenges, Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) have emerged as a promising gastro-retentive approach. FDDS, first introduced by Davis in 1968, are designed to remain buoyant in gastric fluids, thereby prolonging gastric residence time and ensuring controlled release of drugs at the site of absorption. These systems are particularly advantageous for drugs with a narrow absorption window in the upper gastrointestinal tract, high solubility in acidic pH, or instability in alkaline or colonic environments. The formulations employ excipients such as hydrocolloids, polymers, effervescent agents, fatty materials, and release modifiers to maintain buoyancy and regulate drug release. Depending on the design, FDDS may be classified as effervescent, non-effervescent, raft-forming, hydrodynamically balanced, or multi-unit systems. Numerous drugs, including anti-ulcer agents, antibiotics, antihypertensives, and antidiabetics, have been successfully formulated into floating systems. While FDDS provide sustained release, improved bioavailability, and reduced dosing frequency, limitations include dependence on gastric motility, fluid level, and patient variability. Recent advances such as floating microspheres, super-porous hydrogels, and 3D-printed personalized systems highlight the potential of FDDS in modern therapeutics. Future perspectives focus on integrating nanotechnology and smart polymers to further enhance site-specific drug delivery and patient outcomes.
Pharmaceutical packaging is crucial for maintaining the safety, stability, and effectiveness of medications throughout their lifespan. Recent years have seen significant advancements in packaging technology, driven by innovations in smart packaging, sustainability, tamper-evident designs, and patient adherence. This review explores the latest developments in pharmaceutical packaging, including the use of digital technologies like RFID, QR codes, and IoT systems, as well as eco-friendly materials that support global sustainability initiatives. We also examine advanced evaluation methods, such as accelerated stability testing, compatibility studies, and regulatory compliance assessments, which help ensure packaging performance. These advancements aim to improve product tracking, user experience, and regulatory compliance, ultimately enhancing patient safety and satisfaction. By integrating technology, safety, and environmental considerations, the pharmaceutical industry can develop innovative packaging solutions that meet evolving needs and expectations.
The pharmaceutical sector is currently experiencing significant changes with the adoption of Process Analytical Technology (PAT), an initiative introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to enhance manufacturing efficiency and ensure product quality. Traditional batch processing methods, which rely on post-production quality testing, are being replaced by real-time monitoring and control systems. PAT integrates advanced analytical tools, multivariate data analysis, and real-time feedback mechanisms to optimize pharmaceutical manufacturing. This approach enables proactive quality management, reducing production variability, minimizing waste, and expediting time-to-market. Despite challenges such as regulatory compliance, technological integration, and industry reluctance, PAT has proven to be an essential framework for achieving "Quality by Design (QbD)" principles. By embracing innovations such as spectroscopic techniques, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), the pharmaceutical sector can advance towards continuous manufacturing, ensuring safer, more effective, and cost-efficient drug production. The future of PAT lies in harmonizing regulatory policies, improving cross-industry collaboration, and leveraging emerging Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve a more robust and reliable pharmaceutical manufacturing ecosystem.
Limonia acidissima L. is one of the medicinal plant, which belong to Rutaceae family. The indigenous system of medicine suggests the use of all parts to treat various ailments. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of secondary metabolites and to investigate anticancer and thrombolytic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Limonia acidissima. Leaf samples of Limonia acidissima were gathered from the local communities in Akluj, Solapur, Maharashtra, India. The leaf were dried, powdered, and extracted with hydroalcoholic using a cold maceration method. Standard chemical tests were performed to determine the presence of secondary metabolites in the Limonia acidissima leaf extract. The Lethality Assay for Brine Shrimp was used to determine the cytotoxic potential of leaf extracts. Thrombolytic activity was evaluated by clot lysis. The results obtained revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract and the standard of 5 fluorouracil LC50 values for anti-cancer activity were 40 and 32.21µg/ml, respectively. The thrombolytic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract and aspirin standard had IC50 values of 202.9 and 67.7721µg/ml, respectively. Plant’s leaf might be used for the production of new anticancer and thrombolytic drugs.
