Journal of coastal life medicine

Description of an eye barotrauma in scuba diving with clinical discussion Pedro Barreiros, Vidal Haddad Jr. , João Pedro Barreiros Internal Medicine Consultant for Portuguese Air Force and Lisbon Civilian Hospitals, R. Almeida e Sousa, 11 – 2o 1250-064 Lisboa, Portugal Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017; 5(3): 126-128

Mohammad Reza Fakoorziba, Mohammad Assareh, Davood Keshavarzi, Aboozar Soltani, Mohammad Djafar Moemenbellah-Fard, Mohammad Zarenezhad Research Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Legal Medicine Research Centre, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017; 5(4): 179-181

Objective: To relate the chemical composition of Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (D. dichotoma) to variation of water characteristics at Hurghada, Egypt.Methods: Sea water and D. dichotoma fronds were collected from Hurghada shores, during autumn of 2014.Water samples were analyzed and fronds of D. dichotoma were biochemically quantified.Results: Sea water was characterized with high levels of salinity, P and heavy metals but with low content of nitrogen.The confined nature and the high evaporation of the Red sea contribute to the high salinity while the mining and transportation of phosphatic ore in the nearby region contribute to the high load of P and heavy metals.With the progress of season from September to November, water temperature was markedly reduced whereas pH and ionic content of water was reduced to a lesser extent, with marked alteration in ionic composition.With the progress of season towards winter, there was marked reduction in mineral composition of the fronds, shift in frond composition in favor of carbohydrates at the expense of proteins, lipids and alginates; and shift in the pigment composition in favor of chlorophylls at the expense of carotenoids and fucoxanthin.Conclusions: These facts point to active growth and photosynthetic activity during the cold period; that is, D. dichotoma is a cold water alga.D. dichotoma had moderate nutritive value, with moderate contents of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and minerals.The mineral accumulation capacity of the fronds was more evident for N, P and K than for Ca, Mg and heavy metals.

Acromegaly, a syndrome characterized by overgrowth of bony and soft tissue, is caused following chronic excessive production of growth hormone (GH)[1]. It is a well-recognized but rare condition in cats caused by a functional somatotroph adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland[2,3]. This disorder is encountered most often in middle-aged and elderly, predominantly male, cats[1]. Catabolic and diabetogenic effects of GH, the anabolic effects of IGF-1 and the space-occupying effect of the pituitary adenoma are responsible for clinical signs[4]. The physical changes in cats tend to be less pronounced than in dogs. Increased body size, especially large head and abdominal enlargement are prominent. Affected cats may have respiratory signs, which is due to soft tissue thickening in the pharyngeal region and consequent extrathoracic upper airway obstruction. Moreover, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is another cause of dyspnea in these cases. Neurological signs resulting from large pituitary adenoma may also manifest[3,5]. In advanced cases, clinical manifestation may include prominent facial features, generalized bone/soft tissue enlargement, and prognathia[5]. An association between pituitary adenoma and diabetes mellitus (DM) was well described in cats[6]. More recently, feline acromegaly has been reported in several cats with concurrent insulin-resistant DM[7,8]. A GH-induced postreceptor defect in insulin action at the level of target tissues is believed to be the cause of concurrent diabetes in most cats with acromegaly[2]. Acromegaly is mainly diagnosed based upon increased serum GH concentration[9]. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the head is also recommended to confirm the presence of a pituitary tumor[10]. Radiation therapy has been reported as the most effective treatment for feline acromegaly. It leads to improved neurologic signs and decreased insulin requirements[3,5]. This study is the first case report of a diabetic cat with acromegaly in Iran, which described historic and clinical signs and laboratory findings associated with the condition.

Objective: To evaluate the toxicity potential of lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (C.citratus)] products against adult rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae.Methods: Lemon grass (C.citratus) leaves were sundried for 7 days, pulverized and sieved using 0.5 mm mesh size to obtain fine powders.About 500 g of the powder were dissolved in 1 000 mL of 90% methanol to produce the extract.The powder and extract were used for the bioassay.The powder was tested at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/10 g rice grains, respectively.The toxic potential of the extract of concentration of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/mL were evaluated using the filter paper method.The experiment was setup on a completely randomized design using three replicates per treatment.Results: The results indicated significant difference (F = 7.450; df = 3.15; P < 0.05) in mean percentage mortality after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure with the powder compared with the control.Significantly (F = 5.519; df = 3.15; P < 0.05) higher percentage adult mortality was also observed in the extract after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure compared with the control.The LC 50 value of the powder was 4.91 g/10 g of rice while the LT 50 was 160.51 h.The LC 50 value of the extract was 2.16 mg/20 mL of methanol with an LT 50 of 75.10 h.The methanol extract of C. citratus showed the highest mortality compared to the powder which was less toxic. Conclusions:The study showed that C. citratus products are promising insecticides and can be used effectively in the management of Sitophilus oryzae in storage.

*Corresponding author: Mostafa Sayed Mostafa El-Ansary, Plant Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI),University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Minoufiya, Egypt. Tel: +2 01009058333 E-mail: mosansary71@yahoo.com, mostafa.elansary@gebri.usc.edu.eg The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.

Objective: To investigate the effect of crude methanolic extract of Combretum racemosum (C.racemosum) leaves on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in rats.Methods: Phytochemical and acute toxicity tests were performed.Anti-secretory activity of C. racemosum extract was investigated in pyloric ligated rats administered histamine.Gastric juice was collected from all the animals and the volume, titratable acidity, pH and mucus content were measured.The effect of C. racemosum extract on calcium chloride induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum suspended in high potassium, calcium-deficient depolarizing solution was investigated.The H 2 receptor antagonistic potency was also evaluated using the isolated non-gravid rat uterus.Results: Phytochemistry revealed the presence of abundant amounts of saponins and moderate amounts of glycosides, terpenoids, proteins, reducing sugar, resins, alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates.The oral LD 50 of the extract was greater than 8 000 mg/kg body weight in mice.Pretreatment of pyloric ligated rats with C. racemosum prior to histamine administration significantly reduced (P < 0.001) the volume of gastric juice and titratable acidity, and significantly increased (P < 0.001) gastric pH and gastric mucus when compared to the negative control.Both doses of C. racemosum protected rats significantly (P < 0.001) from histamine-induced ulceration.C. racemosum potently inhibited contractions evoked by calcium chloride in a dose-dependent and reversible manner with an IC 50 of 1 132 µg/mL.It also antagonized the relaxant effect of histamine on the isolated rat uterus in a manner comparable to cimetidine.Conclusions: The leaves of C. racemosum possess gastric anti-secretory and anti-ulcer effects and justify its use in traditional medicine in South-East Nigeria for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the anaesthetic agents 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222, clove oil and metomidate in attenuating acute handling stress in juvenile specimens of Solea senegalensis subjected to two routine stressful events specific to aquaculture and/or fish research.Methods: The stress-preventing effects of four anaesthetic agents (2-phenoxyethanol, 600 mg/L; metomidate, 5 mg/L; clove oil, 30 mg/L and MS-222, 75 mg/L) were evaluated in juvenile specimens of Senegalase sole (Solea senegalensis) subjected to two different types of acute (handling-related) stress: air exposure and net handling (chasing).To assess the stress-preventing effects of the four anaesthetic agents, diverse blood and plasma parameters (haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels) were determined as stress indicators.Fish were treated with the anaesthetic agents before being subjected to the different types of acute stress, and they were sacrificed 30 min, 2 and 24 h later.Control fish were processed in the same way without pretreatment with the anaesthetic agents.Results: The net handling stress was of sufficient intensity to cause a significant increase in the levels of most of the stress indicators considered.By contrast, air exposure stress only induced significant increases in cortisol and haemoglobin levels.Conclusions: The stress-preventing effects of the anaesthetic agents tested were ranked on the basis of their capacity to prevent increases in the haematocrit, haemoglobin, glucose, lactate and cortisol levels, as follows: metomidate (5 mg/L) > clove oil (30 mg/L) > MS-222 (75 mg/L) > 2-phenoxyethanol (600 mg/L).

Objective: To explore the antibacterial activity of Elaeocarpus floribundus fruits aqueous extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates.Methods: The fresh olive fruits were collected, dried and milled in order to prepare aqueous extracts of olive seed and olive mesocarp-epicarp.The extracts were tested against clinical isolates of MRSA by agar well diffusion method, and the diameter of inhibition zone was recorded, and antibacterial capacity of the extracts (AU/mL) was determined. Results:The MRSA isolates were sensitive to aqueous extract of olive mesocarp-epicarp with diameter of inhibition zone ranging from (11.670 ± 0.577) to (15.330 ± 0.577) mm; the olive aqueous seed extract had no anti-MRSA activity.The antibacterial capacity of the extracts against the tested MRSA isolates ranged from 733.33 to 800 AU/mL.Conclusions: The olive fruits can be used as a new source of plant based non-antibiotic biotherapeutic agents for the treatment of MRSA infection.

*Corresponding author: Dr. Dinesh Kumar Patel, Christian School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Deemed-to-be University, Allahabad, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India. Tels: 9634908229 (K Patel); +91 9911069496 (DK Patel) E-mails: kanikapatel1989@gmail.com (K Patel); dkp.itbhu@gmail.com (DK Patel) The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.

Objective: To study the antibacterial screening of corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.)(A.campanulatus).Methods: Antibacterial activities of methanolic, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of corm of A. campanulatus were studied by agar diffusion technique to determine in vitro antibacterial activities.The antibacterial activity was measured with respect to the standard antibacterial drug.In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration was also determined by using serial dilution method to determine and evaluate antibacterial potency of test corm extracts of A. campanulatus. Results:The results showed significant antibacterial activities against four pathogenic bacteria.The minimum inhibitory concentration values against test bacteria were found to be remarkable range in bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at concentration 0.25 mg/ well, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 0.5 mg/well concentration, in Vibrio cholerae was 2 mg/ well, Streptococcus pyogenes at concentration of 0.5 mg/well and Proteus mirabilis was at concentration of 2 mg/well.Conclusions: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts are capable to maximum inhibition of the tested pathogenic bacteria.

Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) (L. calbasu)is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae under the order Cypriniformes. It is the most important carp species next to the three Indian major carps i.e. Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala[1]. It is a popular food fish having good taste, less intramuscular bones and high protein content; it is also admired as a good sport fish[2,3]. The L. calbasu have long been the main aquaculture item in south Asian countries including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan[4]. This fish has enormous aquaculture potential and it could be easily grown in ponds. L. calbasu mainly inhabits freshwater and brackish water ecosystems including rivers, ponds, lakes, streams, beels, haors,canals etc.[5]. Its favorite habitat is the deep pools of rivers, where it largely remains localized during the winter and summer months, and ascend to adjacent shallower region of the river for breeding during monsoon months[1]. Food items that they fed include plants, diatoms, filamentous and blue-green algae [6,7]. The L. calbasu also choice supplementary feed and the administration of supplementary feed is mandatory for maximum growth of fry, fingerlings and adult. Artificial feed not only fulfills the nutrient deficiencies but also helps to exploit the maximum potential of manures added into the pond[8]. In addition, use ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Sahel Motaghi, Ahmad Ahmadi Laji, Gholamreza Sepehri, Mahmood Salehi, Hossein Khodadadi Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017; 5(11): 492-495

Objective: To understand the effect of weaning time on the rearing performance of yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi dorsalis in the experimental condition. Methods:The same weaning protocol started on four different days of post hatching (DPH), including 12 DPH (W12), 15 DPH (W15), 18 DPH (W18), and 21 DPH (W21), respectively.Growth, survival, and jaw malformation were used as the assessment criteria to evaluate the impact of weaning time on the performance of yellowtail amberjack larvae. Results:The highest specific growth rate was observed in W21 treatment, and the lowest specific growth rate was found in W12 treatment.The highest survival was achieved in W21 treatment, and the lowest survival was recorded in W12 treatment.With postponing the weaning started time, jaw malformation rate significantly reduced.At the end of this study, the highest malformation rate was observed in W12 treatment, and the malformation rate was not significantly different in W15, W18, and W21 treatment.Conclusions: Base on the results obtained in this study, we suggest that weaning of yellowtail amberjack larvae should be started from 15 DPH.

Objective: To determine the toxicity of Sapium ellipticum (S. ellipticum) ethanol leaf extract in animal model.Methods: Three groups (I, II and III, n = 10) of Wistar rats were respectively given 0.5 mL corn oil, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW of S. ellipticum extract, twice daily, for a period of 14 days.Lethal dose (LD 50 ) was determined and morbidity was assessed via repeated dose administration of the extract.Results: S. ellipticum at the doses employed did not cause any significant changes in the serum concentrations of ALT, AST and ALP compared to the control group.The level of total serum cholesterol was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced in the extracttreated animals by 13.5% and 16.0% compared to the control animals.Total plasma protein concentration and body weight were respectively increased by 8.7% and 13.7% at 800 mg dosage of the extract.The intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) LD 50 values of S. ellipticum leaf extract were determined as 979.80 and 1 341.60 mg/kg BW respectively while the oral (p.o.) LD 50 was estimated to be greater than 45 000 mg/kg BW. Conclusions:The observations noted in this study apparently validate the use of S. ellipticum ethanol leaf extract in folklore medicine in terms of herbal safety.

Objective: To study the food habits of a sample of the dolphinfish ( Coryphaena hippurus ) around the Petrobrás PXIV oil platform located off Southern Brazil. Methods: We examined the stomach contents of 28 adult dolphinfish caught around this platform between 2000 and 2001. Results: Results highlighted a diet consisting mainly of pelagic fish, although cephalopods and crustaceans are also present. A large amount of clupeids found in the stomachs could be due to baits used by fishermen that do fish around the platform. Conclusions: In this research we discuss the possibility of this occurrence being related to trophic opportunistic behavior. This could be a reason why adult dolphinfish are attracted by this platform since the whole structure does act as a fish aggregating device

Objective: To investigated the hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima (U. longissima) on CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals.Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl 4 (1 mL/kg body weigt 1:1 CCl 4 i.p.), ethanolic U. longissima extracts at a doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weigt) were administered to and compared with Silymarin (25 mg/kg body weigt) and hematological, antioxidant and enzymatic, non-enzymatic parameters were assessed through the liver functions test.All the observation was also supplemented with histopathological examination of liver sections.Results: Phytochemical investigation showed that ethanolic extract contains poly phenolic compounds tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins and acute toxicity study shows that ethanolic extract was safe up to 2 000 mg/kg body weight.The toxicant induced a rise in the plasma enzyme levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin level.This increased level was significantly decreased by the extract at 400 mg/kg body weight than 200 mg/kg body weight.The animals were prevented (partly or fully) which was showed in the histopathological changes using ethonolic U. longissima extract. Conclusions:The outcome of this study reveals that, there is a powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of U. longissima.It is believed that the present constituents are responsible for courting the hepatic disease and alternative components have the power to act as free radical scavenging properties.

Objective: To study the anti-diabetic activity of marine macroalgae extracts (n = 31), purification and characterization of sulphated galactopyran (SGP) from Gracilaria opuntia (FM4) in diabetic rats.Methods: The animals were separated into groups and STZ (55 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce diabetics.Glucose, HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide levels and in vivo antioxidant levels were estimated and histopathological studies were done in STZ-induced diabetic and marine macroalgae treated rats.Results: Based on glucose and HbA1c levels and in vivo antioxidant levels, among the 31 marine macroalgae extracts, FM4 has showed high anti-diabetic activity.Hence, FM4 was purified and characterized by 1 H-NMR spectra and FT-IR as sulphated galactopyran.During the survival analysis, SGP at dose of 100 mg/kg showed significant (P < 0.05) survival rate and elevations in C-peptide and insulin levels.The histopathological modulations of SGP were observed in diabetic rat tissues such as liver, kidney and brain.Hence obtained results reveal that SGP treated diabetic rats has significant changes in C-peptide and insulin levels which regulates the blood glucose levels and recovered the histopathological changes.Conclusions: Marine macroalgae have significant anti-diabetic activity.Hence, they could be used as nutraceutical supplement or natural green remedy against diabetes mellitus.

Tropical freshwater fishes such as Tilapia zillii (T. zillii) and Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) serve as definitive/transport or intermediate host in the developmental cycle of many species of protozoan, metazoan and crustacean parasites[1]. Parasites are invertebrate organisms; some are free-living and can become opportunistic parasites while the obligate parasites require hosts for their survival and reproduction. Both opportunistic and obligate parasites are found in fish hosts but most parasitic diseases in fish are generally caused by obligate parasites[2]. In fisheries, some parasites may be highly pathogenic and contribute to high fish mortalities and economic losses or threaten the abundance and diversity of indigenous fish species[3,4]. T. zillii and C. gariepinus are the most common sources of protein for humans and other animals in the tropics[5-7]. Fish interacts with the various levels of food chain and influences the structures of rivers, lakes, streams and estuaries, since they are usually restricted to particular modes of life related to their food sources and reproductive requirements[8,9]. Like other animals, fish is also afflicted by endoand ectoparasites, especially protozoans and helminths causing heavy mortality[10]. Fish parasites and diseases constitute one of the most important problems confronting fish farmers today[11]. Pathological conditions resulting from parasites and diseases cause high magnitude of epidemics under crowded and other unnatural conditions[12]. The role of freshwater fish in transmitting parasites ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT