This research presents the development, characterization, and application of novel adsorbent materials based on modified agricultural waste biomass and synthetic composites. Three distinct adsorbent types were synthesized: (1) functionalized rice husk biochar (FRHB), (2) magnetic chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposite (MCGN), and (3) hierarchical zeolite-based metal-organic framework (HZMOF). These materials were extensively characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, and zeta potential measurements. Adsorption studies revealed exceptional performance for heavy metal removal (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+), organic dye elimination (methylene blue, Congo red), and pharmaceutical contaminant sequestration (diclofenac, ibuprofen). The maximum adsorption capacities reached 245.8 mg/g for Pb2+ (HZMOF), 198.4 mg/g for methylene blue (MCGN), and 156.7 mg/g for diclofenac (FRHB). Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic investigations confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes. The adsorbents demonstrated remarkable reusability over five cycles with minimal capacity loss. This research contributes significantly to sustainable remediation technologies by developing cost-effective, high-performance adsorbents from renewable resources with multifarious environmental applications.
Asthma is a prevalent chronic illness necessitating frequent clinic appointments and possible hospitalisations. The spectrum of sickness is diverse and may fluctuate over time. In recent decades, it has been increasingly evident that asthma is not a singular disease but rather a syndrome comprising numerous phenotypes and endotypes; therefore, a universal treatment strategy may not be suitable for all people. Every asthma exacerbation should be seen as an acute pulmonary event, necessitating measures to mitigate future occurrences by suitable interventions. After an exacerbation, one can prevent future episodes by evaluating adherence and enhancing asthma management. Thorough inquiry will enable physicians to discern asthma triggers and impediments to effective asthma management, as well as comprehend health beliefs or socioeconomic challenges that may have precipitated the acute episode. Novel therapeutics utilising nanotechnologies for asthma are currently available. Recent advancements in nanoscience and medicine have facilitated the development of inhalable nanomedicines that can improve efficacy, patient adherence, and quality of life for those with asthma. This article examines new study findings in the field of nanotechnology and asthma treatment. Currently, we possess digital technologies that can facilitate an improved precision medicine approach to the management of respiratory diseases and enhance shared decision-making. Additional efforts are required to enhance the adoption of digital devices and incorporate their utilisation into individualised asthma and COPD care. In the contemporary period, these methodologies represent the most convenient and effective future outlook for the care of asthma and other respiratory problems.
Developments in the Synthesis of Certain Novel ligand PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d][3,1]-oxazin-4-one) is prepared from the condensation of anthranilic acid, benzoyl chloride and acetic anhydride. The heterocyclic classes which have drawn attention towards its synthesis because of their innumerable biological activities like antiviral, antitumor activity, A new complexes derived from 2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one with Ni (II), Cu (II), Cr (III), Co (III) ions. They are found to be soluble in organic solvents and characterized by IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, XRD, Elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The spectral data of synthesized complexes strongly support the stereochemistry of complexes and suggest the octahedral geometry for the metal ions. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiment is carried out to explore the thermal stability of the complexes. Thermal behavior of the complexes was checked in the range of temperature from 0 to 900OC in a nitrogen atmosphere. The PHBO ligand and their metal chelates have been tested for their antimicrobial activity using Broth Dilution Method and the results were discussed.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation. The nuclear receptors PPAR-α and PPAR-γ regulate lipid and glucose metabolism and are prominent therapeutic targets. This study investigates Aleglitazar, a known dual PPAR-α/γ agonist, and its structural derivatives for potential multi-target activity, including COX-2 inhibition. A structure-based drug design (SBDD) approach was employed using molecular docking techniques via AutoDock Vina to simulate ligand binding within the active sites of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and COX-2. Five compounds, including the parent Aleglitazar and four functionalized analogues (–COONa, –CH₃, –NH₂, –OH), were computationally optimized and docked against selected target receptors (PDB IDs: 2P54 and 3CS8). Compound 2 (–COONa) exhibited the most favorable binding energy and pose stability for both PPAR isoforms. The study also explored whether COX-2 inhibitory pharmacophores could be integrated without disrupting PPAR binding. Visual analysis using PyMOL confirmed significant receptor interactions, particularly via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The research demonstrates the utility of in silico docking as a cost-effective and predictive tool in the early phases of drug discovery, with implications for the development of dual or triple-target agents with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
Molecular docking has emerged as a cornerstone of modern drug discovery and development. By predicting the binding orientation and affinity of small molecules to their biological targets, docking enables rational design of therapeutics, accelerates lead identification, and reduces the reliance on resource-intensive experimental approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular docking techniques, including fundamental principles, algorithms, scoring functions, and software tools. Emphasis is placed on the applications of docking in hit identification, lead optimization, drug repurposing, and mechanistic studies. Additionally, the limitations of docking methodologies are critically discussed, with special attention to challenges in protein flexibility, solvation models, and scoring accuracy. Finally, future perspectives are explored, highlighting the integration of artificial intelligence, molecular dynamics, and high-throughput screening in advancing the accuracy and predictive power of docking. Collectively, this review underscores the indispensable role of molecular docking in structure-based drug discovery.
In recent times, people have forgotten traditional foods with medicinal value, which has led to the emergence of various new diseases that are epidemic to humankind. The most complex ecosystem on earth is the marine ecosystem, which is vast to be explored. In aquatic habitats, marine angiosperms are unique and they occupy the bottom line of the food chain and serve as the main nutrients for the ocean’s higher organisms. Seagrasses are marine angiosperms belonging to the order Alismatales and there are four different families, such as Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae, which have a unique nature that grow and complete their life cycle under the ocean. Syringodium isoetifolium is a herbaceous plant that grows well not only on coral flats but also on sandy to muddy bottoms up to 15 m depth. It is not seen in backwaters and estuaries Phytochemical examinations of seagrass species have shown that they are likely sources of cell reinforcements (Ragupathi et al., 2010; Rengasamy et al., 2011). The main aim of a medicinal chemist is to get active extracts, fractions or compounds against a particular target. In recent times, computational chemistry has become an economically cheaper solution for drug discovery and the identification of lead molecules. This, when coupled with natural products, enables a medicinal chemist to explore more efficiently with less work (Mukhtar et al., 2008). Qualitative and quantitative analysis using chromatographic methods are extensively employed in drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, process and formulation development, metabolic process for research, standardization and quality control (Kazakevich and LoBrutto, 2007; Hostettmann et al., 2001). Only very few studies are available on the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activities of crude solvent extracts of the seagrasses. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium was subjected to phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities.
Tyrosine-protein Kinases are considered primary targets for drug development due to their amplification in several tumorigenesis and uncontrolled proliferation. Their function is to phosphorylate their substrates' tyrosine residues, which are inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), consequently blocking the intracellular signaling currents. Over the last two decades, the development process of TKIs has been successful in introducing various influential and well-tolerated one-target and multiple targets agents such as FGFR, MEK, MET, RET, VEGFR, NTRK, HER2, ROS1, ALK, EGFR. In this article, we summarize the valuable information about tyrosine kinases and their inhibitors to obtain the maximum possible benefit, to get a therapeutic substance with high efficiency and effectiveness, with few side effects, to achieve the maximum benefit for human society, and to gain the most extended possible period of survival for people with malignant tumors In conclusion, cancer patients' survival and quality of life have significantly improved through the discovery and continuous development of TKIs, transforming the treatment guidelines for various cancer diseases.
This study explores the design and computational evaluation of novel acetaminophen derivatives as potential inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), an enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancer. Given the limitations and side effects associated with traditional sulfonamide-based CA inhibitors, there is a pressing need for more selective and safer alternatives. Utilizing molecular docking techniques, the binding affinities and interaction modes of these derivatives within the CA II active site were assessed, with compounds A and B exhibiting promising binding energies (-6.67 and -6.47 kcal/mol, respectively) and favorable interactions with key residues such as Zn262, Asn67, and Trp5. Complementary ADMET profiling via SwissADME predicted satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties, including solubility, permeability, and drug-likeness, aligning with Lipinski’s rule. The integration of docking scores with pharmacokinetic predictions underscores the potential of these derivatives as lead candidates for further experimental validation. This computational framework highlights the feasibility of repurposing acetaminophen scaffolds for CA II inhibition, offering a strategic pathway toward the development of selective, efficacious, and safer CA inhibitors for therapeutic applications. The findings lay the groundwork for subsequent synthesis and in vitro testing, aiming to contribute to the advancement of targeted treatments with minimized adverse effects.
Objectives: To explore the algal floral diversity and its role in determining water quality. Methods: In 2024, algae and water samples were collected every month. Formalin at 2 to 3% was used to keep unicellular algae, whereas formalin at 4% was used to keep macroalgae. The Canon advanced digital camera was used to capture microphotographs of algae. We utilised the Palmer pollution index to find out how clean the water was. Results: The research found 201 algae species spread throughout 57 genera, 42 families, 25 orders, 10 classes, and 7 divisions. The overall score for the Lake's Algal Genus Pollution Index. It was determined that Lake has a possible absence of organic pollutants. Conclusion: We firmly promote for the protection and management of algae species to ensure a sustainable stock of algal-derived products in the future. It was shown that the water quality of Lake was influenced by human activity and must be regulated.
New series of macrocyclic iron complexes, Fe(C30H20N8O2) and Fe(C30H18Cl2N8O2), were successfully prepared using a template synthesis method in a methanolic solution. The synthesis of these complexes involved a [2+2] cyclocondensation reaction, where diamines, specifically 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide and 2-aminobenzhydrazide, were reacted with α-diketones, namely isatin and 5-chloroisatin, in the presence of iron sulphate as a template ion. The physicochemical properties of these complexes were investigated through various methods, including determining their decomposition temperature, conducting conductivity measurements, conducting elemental analyses, and measuring their magnetic moments. It was observed that these complexes exhibited solubility in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). A variety of techniques were employed to analyze the spectra of the synthesized complexes, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and UV/Visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of all the synthesized complexes was evaluated against bacterial strains such as E. coli and S. aureus, as well as fungal strains like Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani. This assessment was conducted using the Agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant properties of these complexes were assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results were compared with the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid, and demonstrated satisfactory antioxidant activity.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is making substantial advances in a wide range of scientific areas, with microbiology being one of the most heavily influenced. AI's capacity to scan massive information, identify complicated patterns, and automate procedures is revolutionizing microbial research, diagnostics, drug discovery, and illness prediction. This paper investigates the existing applications of AI in microbiology, highlighting major breakthroughs, addressing field problems, and discussing future perspectives for incorporating AI technologies into microbial studies. With continuing study and innovation, AI has the potential to transform how we understand, diagnose, and treat microbial infections.
Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, significantly affecting individuals' daily activities, work productivity, and overall quality of life. Electrical stimulation therapies, including Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation (LFES) and Medium-Frequency Electrical Stimulation (MFES), are widely used for pain management and functional rehabilitation. However, limited research has directly compared the efficacy of these two modalities. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of LFES and MFES in reducing pain intensity, improving functional outcomes, and enhancing patient satisfaction in individuals with chronic LBP. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed with chronic LBP. Participants were randomly assigned to either the LFES or MFES group. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), functional impairment was measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and patient satisfaction was recorded through a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests and effect size calculations. Results: Both LFES and MFES led to significant improvements in pain intensity and functional capacity. However, the MFES group demonstrated greater pain reduction (p < 0.0001) and superior functional improvement (p = 0.00179) compared to the LFES group. Patient satisfaction scores were similar between both groups, indicating that both treatments were well-tolerated. Conclusion: MFES was found to be more effective than LFES in reducing pain and improving physical function among individuals with chronic LBP. These findings suggest that MFES could be considered a preferred electrical stimulation modality for LBP management. Future studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are recommended to validate these results.
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition in postmenopausal women, resulting in decreased bone density and increased fragility, which often leads to reduced functional ability and increased risk of fractures. Physiotherapy interventions, particularly strengthening exercises, have shown promise in improving muscle strength, mobility, and overall physical function. However, the effectiveness of physiotherapy combined with strengthening exercises on functional ability in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis has not been extensively studied. This study aims to assess the impact of physiotherapy management with strengthening exercises on functional capacity in this demographic. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to: 1. Determine if strengthening exercises improve the functional capacity of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. 2. Assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy management, including strengthening exercises, on the quality of life of these women. 3. Compare functional outcomes between an experimental group receiving physiotherapy management with strengthening exercises and a control group receiving standard care. Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 40 postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteoporosis. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=20), which received an 8-week physiotherapy program with strengthening exercises, or the control group (n=20), which received standard care. Functional ability was assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, 30-Second Chair Stand Test, and quality of life was measured using the EQ-5D index and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. Data were collected before and after the intervention. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in functional ability as evidenced by reductions in TUG time and improvements in the chair stand test. Additionally, the EQ-5D index scores indicated a significant enhancement in quality of life for the experimental group. The control group exhibited minimal changes in both functional ability and quality of life. Statistical analyses revealed that the experimental group demonstrated better outcomes compared to the control group. Conclusion: Physiotherapy management with strengthening exercises significantly improves functional ability and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. These findings underscore the importance of including physiotherapy, particularly strengthening exercises, in the treatment plans for managing osteoporosis and enhancing the physical well- being of postmenopausal women.
Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of disability, significantly affecting upper limb and trunk function. Conventional rehabilitation methods have limited effectiveness in restoring motor function. The Bobath approach, a neurodevelopmental treatment, emphasizes postural control, movement coordination, and functional activity, making it a widely used rehabilitation method. Aim and Objectives:This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Bobath approach in improving upper limb and trunk function in post-stroke patients. The objectives include assessing its impact on motor recovery and comparing its efficacy with conventional therapy. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 36 post-stroke patients divided into two groups: one receiving Bobath therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation and the other undergoing only conventional therapy. The intervention lasted four weeks, with assessments conducted using the Motor Activity Log (MAL) and Fugl- Meyer Assessment (FMA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Patients receiving Bobath therapy showed greater functional improvement compared to the control group. The Bobath group’s FMA scores improved from 38.51 to 50.57, while the conventional therapy group improved from 33.78 to 43.78. Similarly, MAL scores demonstrated a significant increase in functional use of the affected limb in the Bobath group. Discussion: Findings suggest that the Bobath approach effectively enhances upper limb function and trunk stability post-stroke. However, other modern rehabilitation techniques, such as task-specific training and robotics, may provide superior outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the integration of multiple rehabilitation strategies. Conclusion: The study concludes that the Bobath approach is more effective than conventional rehabilitation in improving motor function in post-stroke patients. Future studies should investigate combining Bobath therapy with advanced rehabilitation methods for optimal recovery
Background: Lumbar is a common and debilitating condition characterized by radiating pain, numbness, and functional disability due to nerve root compression or irritation. Maitland Spinal Mobilization (MSM) and Butler’s Neural Mobilization (BNM) are widely used manual therapy techniques to relive symptoms due to nerve compression.. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of MSM and BNM in managing lumbar radiculopathy. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 30 participants diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy, randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (MSM) and Group B (BNM). Both groups received their respective manual therapy techniques combined with conventional physiotherapy (hot pack and ultrasound therapy) over ten sessions in two weeks. Pain intensity and functional disability were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Statistical analysis included paired and independent t-tests, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in NPRS and ODI scores post-intervention (p < 0.001). However, Group A demonstrated greater improvements in pain intensity and functional disability compared to Group B. Maitland Spinal Mobilization was more effective in reducing joint-related dysfunction, whereas Butler’s Neural Mobilization was effective but less impactful in addressing the symptoms of lumbar radiculopathy. Conclusion: This study shows that Maitland Spinal Mobilization showed superior outcomes, suggesting its prioritization in cases with lumbar radiculopathy.
RESEARCH DESIGN: A methodological study OBJECTIVE: To Develop And Validate A Booklet For Post Operative Rehabilitation Of Lumbar Spine Decompression And Fixation Surgery Individuals. BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Individuals often have numerous questions regarding spine surgeries, including inquiries like: What actions should be taken? What actions should be avoided? Is undergoing surgery a safe option? What precautions are necessary after surgery? After examining a large number of studies to address these concerns, researchers discovered that there isn't a definitive physiotherapy program for LSDF patients that can ease their fears and dispel their misconceptions. Consequently, the researcher proposed the creation of an informational booklet. Educating patients has proven to be advantageous in numerous surgical procedures, leading to improved surgery outcomes related to pain, disability, and overall quality of life. METHODOLOGY : The booklet was developed using the following 5 step-by-step techniques. 1)The domains of the training booklet were identified by a literature study, informal interviews, and questionnaires completed by 5 neurosurgeons and 5 physiotherapists were used to determine the domains of educational booklet. 2) Literature review to create a preliminary copy of the booklet and develop the content for the various disciplines. 3)The booklet should be modified in accordance with the suggestions made by physiotherapists and surgeons in order to create the final version. 4) Evaluation of the booklet by Suitability Assessment and Material Questionnaire (SAM) filled by physiotherapists and surgeons. 5) Pilot study on patients to gather feedback on the created booklet. RESULTS : According to the reliability given by 10 panelists i.e. 5 physiotherapists & 5 spine surgeons in a SAM Questionnaire and validity given by all 15 panelists i.e. 5 physiotherapists, 5 spine surgeons and 5 patients in a CVI value. After filling the SAM scale, 8 of 10 panelists gave the score between 38 and 42 SAM score, which translates to a % score between 70-100% SAM %. calculated by a specific formula. The data analysis of SAM for this study represents superior quality content (70-100%). Thus, this confirms the reliability of the booklet. Lastly, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated. The CVR value achieved for all the 10 items is in a positive integer. Thus, this confirms the validity of the booklet. CONCLUSION: According to the Suitability Assessment and Material Questionnaire, the developed patient educational booklet entitled "Treat Your Back By Yourself" was fairly easy to understand, therefore it should be included in patient education.
Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) represent a growing concern in occupational health, particularly among individuals engaged in manual labor. Among street sweepers, the prevalence of shoulder and neck pain is especially high. Studies indicate that up to 70% of street sweepers report experiencing musculoskeletal pain, with the shoulder and neck areas being the most frequently affected. Materials and methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted at the Institute of Applied Medicines & Research, Duhai, Ghaziabad. The study will involve a total sample size of 30 participants, with 15 participants in the experimental group receiving PRRT along with ergonomic education and conventional exercises and 15 participants in the control group receiving ergonomic education along with conventional exercises. Results: The data analysis reveals clear and significant differences between Group A (PRRT + Ergonomics) and Group B (Ergonomics + Exercise), with Group A consistently showing superior outcomes across all measured variables, including pain reduction, posture improvement, range of motion (ROM), quality of life, and work performance. Pain score (NPRS):In Group A, the mean pre-intervention pain score, measured using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), was 8, among the sweepers. The combined Primal Reflex Release Technique (PRRT) with ergonomic education and exercise, the mean pain score dropped significantly to a range of 2 to 4. This represents an average reduction of 5.5 points, highlighting a highly significant alleviation of musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder and neck regions (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the effect size (Cohen’s d > 1.2) indicates that the magnitude of the change in pain levels was not only statistically significant but also clinically meaningful. In contrast, Group B, which received only ergonomic education and exercise, exhibited a less pronounced reduction in pain scores. The pre-intervention pain scores in this group ranged from 7 to 8, and the post-intervention scores decreased to 5 to 6, showing a modest average reduction of 1.5 points. The change, although positive, was not statistically significant (p = 0.08), indicating that while ergonomic interventions provided some relief, they were insufficient in addressing the chronic musculoskeletal pain faced by sweepers. Discussion: The findings from this study clearly demonstrate that the Primal Reflex Release Technique (PRRT) combined with ergonomic education and exercise (Group A) yielded significantly better outcomes compared to ergonomic education and exercise alone (Group B) in addressing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), particularly in the shoulder and neck regions of sweepers. This discussion will explore the implications of these results, comparing them with previous studies and theoretical frameworks, and will examine the broader context of these findings in occupational healtIn conclusion, the study highlights the superior effectiveness of the Primal Reflex Release Technique (PRRT) combined with ergonomic education and exercise in significantly reducing pain, improving posture, enhancing range of motion, and boosting quality of life and work performance among street sweepers suffering from work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
