Background: The relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease among Bangladeshis is poorly understood, despite DM being a known systemic risk factor for the condition. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and severity of periodontal disease in diabetic patients at a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis used clinical records of 100 patients where half were diabetic participants and half were non-diabetic participants from a tertiary hospital dental outpatient department. Data were collected on demographic information, diabetes diagnosis, periodontal clinical measurements and the implementation of 2018 American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) standards to classify periodontal diseases. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square and independent t-tests, with significance defined as p <0.05. Results: Periodontal disease was more prevalent and severe among diabetic patients. The diabetic group exhibited significantly higher mean periodontal pocket depth (4.2 ± 1.1 mm vs. 3.1 ± 0.9 mm; p <0.001) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) (3.8 ± 1.0 mm vs. 2.6 ± 0.8 mm; p <0.001) compared to non-diabetics. Severe periodontitis and Stage III–IV disease were more frequent among diabetics (36% and 20%, respectively), with statistically significant differences. Bleeding on probing (BOP), tooth mobility, and poor oral hygiene were also more common in the diabetic group. Conclusion: The presence and the severity of periodontal disease were more common for those with diabetes mellitus. In the healthcare system of Bangladesh, routine screening for periodontal diseases should be stressed in protocols for diabetics so that early aid can be given to help them stay healthy. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 20-24
Background: While both direct pulp capping (DPC) and indirect pulp capping (IPC) are advocated as conservative treatments to preserve pulp vitality in primary teeth, there remains a lack of consensus on their comparative effectiveness in the pediatric population. The purpose of the study was to compare the outcomes of direct versus indirect pulp capping in deciduous teeth. Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted at the Department of Dentistry, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2024. A total of 60 primary molars from 42 children were treated with either direct pulp capping (DPC) or indirect pulp capping (IPC). Procedures were performed under aseptic conditions and completed in a single visit. Follow-up evaluations were carried out at 3, 6, and 12 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, was used, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Among 60 primary molars from 42 children, no significant baseline differences were observed between groups. Clinical and radiographic success rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were slightly higher in the IPC group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). At 12 months, the proportion of teeth demonstrating both clinical and radiographic success was comparable between the IPC (83.3%) and DPC (80.0%) groups. Conclusion: Both direct pulp capping (DPC) and indirect pulp capping (IPC) demonstrate comparable clinical success in deciduous teeth, with a non-significant trend favoring IPC. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 25-29
Background: Dental caries can affects all socioeconomic class and it continues to be of dental public health interest. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with dental caries among adolescents aged 12-15 years in four rural communities in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study among 12-15 years old was carried out in Nkanu–West and Udi local Government Area of Enugu State. Data collection was done in 2024. Socio-demographic data was obtained using semi--structured questionnaire.. Oral examination for the presence of dental caries was done by two examiners using the DMFT index. Tests of association between dependent variable (dental caries) and independent variables (age, sex, socio-economic status, oral hygiene status, tooth-brushing frequency and use of fluoride containing toothpaste) were conducted using Chi square/fisher exact test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 25. p<0.05 were accepted as being statistically significant. Results: A total of 297 adolescents participated in the study and 140 (47.1%) were males. The prevalence of dental caries was 8.4% with mean DMFT of 0.11± 0.42. Dental caries was higher among females, 15 years old and adolescents from low socioeconomic status. There was no statistically significant association between sex (p = 0.143), age (p= 0.115), socio-economic status (p= 0.761), tooth-brushing frequency (p= 0.139), use of fluoride containing toothpaste (p= 0.358), oral hygiene status (p=0.175) and dental caries. . Conclusion: The prevalence of children with dental caries in the study population was low. Interventions for untreated carious teeth are recommended. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(2): 28-31
Introduction: With the expectation of having better clinical outcome in the treatment of class v non-carious cervical lesions, nano filled resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) has been introduced in dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of nano filled RMGIC in the management of class V non-carious cervical lesions. Materials and methods: It was a randomized clinical trial carried out at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The patients had at least two non-carious cervical lesions on the buccal surface with approximal depth of 1-1.5 mm. Total 50 samples were included. Nano filled resin modified glass ionomer restoration was assessed by Modified Ryge’s Criteria by means of retention, color matching, marginal integrity and surface texture. Patients were recalled after 3, 6, and 12 months for follow up observation. Results: At 12 months follow up, the retention of 47(94%) nano filled RMGIC showed Alpha rating. Regarding color matching, nano filled RMGIC were more color stable observed. The marginal integrity of nano filled RMGIC was also better after six months interval. Further more polished enamel surface texture was achieved in 45 (90%) nano filled RMGIC at 12 months observation. Conclusion: The outcomes of using nano filled RMGIC in the restoration of cervical defects of teeth, prior to root coverage measures, were very encouraging regarding both clinical and patient-centered parameters such as retention, surface finish, and marginal integrity. For better understanding of the material, long term follow-ups are necessary. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(2): 7-12
Background: Dentistry being a professional of trust is very much reliant on professional reputation. The phenomenon of social media, online opinions and internet communication has contributed enormously to increased exposure to defamation risks for dental practitioners, institutions and regulation bodies. Despite this increased concern, however, legal research specific to dentistry concerning defamation is still scarce.Objective: This narrative review examines the legal concepts, professional risks, and preventive strategies with a suggestive framework related to defamation in dentistry, providing a comprehensive overview for dental practitioners and organizations.Methods: A comprehensive search of Pubmed and Google Scholar were conducted with the help of the keywords associated with the field of defamation and dentistry. Both the literature of the last 10 years and major legal and ethical sources were taken into consideration. Key Findings: The review distinguishes the main legal aspects of defamation in dentistry, interprofessional communication and institutional processes, as the key sources of risk and patient-generated online content, as the key sources of actionable libel and slander. The permanence and reach of the online platform increases the reputational damage in the digital context. According to these results, a proposal is given to a suggestive legal protocol to regulate early detection, risk prevention and ethical response to defamation in the field of dentistry.Conclusion: Legal awareness among dental professionals is essential in order to reduce the risk of defamation. A concerted effort by individual practitioners, professional organizations and regulatory bodies (with the assistance of specific guidelines in particular regions and interdisciplinary research) can effectively preserve professional reputation and public trust in dentistry. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 30-33
Background: Toothbrushes are essential for oral hygiene yet can harbor microorganisms that affect oral and systemic health, particularly in people with diabetes mellitus. This study compared microbial contamination of used toothbrushes from diabetic adults and age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls and evaluated associated factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 participants (60 diabetics, 60 non-diabetics) provided used toothbrushes. Each brush head was immersed in 10 mL Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, incubated 24 h at 37°C, and streaked on Blood and MacConkey agar. Colonies were identified by Gram stain and biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase, IMViC series, fermentation). Oral hygiene (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index; OHI-s), storage location, and HbA1c (within 1 month of sampling) were recorded. Percent prevalence and mean CFU/mL (95% CI) were compared using chi-square or t-tests, and multivariate regression identified independent predictors of high contamination adjusting for age and hygiene habits. Results: Diabetic toothbrushes showed higher bacterial contamination than controls. Escherichia coli prevalence was 71.7% in diabetics versus 58.3% in controls (x², p =0.002); Pseudomonas spp. 78.3% versus 38.3% (x², p <0.001); Staphylococcus aureus 47% versus 18% (x², p =0.005). Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥9%) and washroom storage independently predicted heavy contamination (both p <0.01). Bathroom/washroom storage yielded higher contamination than non-bathroom storage E. coli: 86.6% vs 46.6%, p =0.002; Pseudomonas: 80.0% vs 53.3%, p=0.005). Diabetics had poorer oral hygiene (Good: 16.7% vs 31.7%; Poor/Very Poor: 63.3% vs 50.0%; x², p=0.046), and HbA1c >9% was associated with higher bacterial counts (ANOVA p <0.001; Tukey ≥9% vs ≤7%; p <0.001). Conclusion: Bathroom storage, poor oral hygiene, and inadequate glycemic control were associated with increased toothbrush contamination. Diabetic patients should be advised to disinfect or replace brushes more frequently than the 3-month standard, store them in dry ventilated areas away from toilets, and maintain good glycemic control to reduce infection risk and integrate oral hygiene guidance into diabetes care. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(2): 1-6
Background: The timing of dental implant placement, whether immediate or delayed following tooth extraction, significantly impacts clinical outcomes, esthetic results, and patient satisfaction. A comprehensive understanding of both protocols is essential for optimizing treatment planning and success rates. Objectives: This review aims to compare immediate and delayed implant placement in terms of clinical outcomes, survival rates, and patient satisfaction. Additionally, it discusses indications, contraindications, and critical factors influencing the choice between these approaches. Methods: Relevant studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials from peer-reviewed journals were analyzed to assess the outcomes associated with both immediate and delayed implant placements. Key parameters evaluated included implant survival, esthetic results, patient-reported satisfaction, and complications. Results: Both immediate and delayed implant placement protocols demonstrate high survival rates, often exceeding 95%. Immediate placement offers advantages such as reduced treatment time, preservation of alveolar bone, and enhanced patient satisfaction. However, it carries risks related to primary stability and esthetic outcomes, particularly in cases with compromised extraction sites. Delayed placement allows for better healing and bone regeneration but may require additional surgical interventions due to alveolar ridge resorption. Conclusion: Immediate and delayed implant placements are both viable and predictable when appropriate patient selection and surgical techniques are applied. Immediate placement is preferable when conditions are ideal, while delayed placement remains the standard when managing infection, bone defects, or poor soft tissue quality. Careful evaluation of patient-specific factors is critical to achieving optimal clinical and esthetic outcomes. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(2): 39-44
Introduction: Significant adjustments in dental practice were required to reduce the risk of transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic since dental clinics are among the high-exposure settings. This study aimed to explore the modifications made in dental practice setups throughout the COVID-19 pandemic by the dental practitioners in Chattogram city of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 dental practitioners in Chattogram city using a structured questionnaire. Data on patient screening and crowd control, infection control measures, hygiene practices, personal protective measures, and aerosol control strategies as well as practitioners’ demographics were collected. Descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis using SPSS. Results: Modal age 37.75±7.64 (27-70) years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.34:1. Two-thirds (66.67%) were dental graduates and majority (91.7%) worked in the private dental clinics. Commonly adopted safety practices included hand hygiene (100%), patient screening (84.4%), surface disinfection (95.8%), and social distancing (78.1%). High-volume suction was used by 61.5% of respondents, while advanced measures like HEPA filters (16.7%) and rubber dams (24.0%) were less frequently implemented. Statistically significant associations were found between age group and the use of face shields and vacuum suction (p <0.05). Conclusion: Dental practitioners in Chattogram city demonstrated commendable efforts in modifying their clinical practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the limited use of advanced aerosol control measures highlights the need for better resource access and institutional support. Continued education and national guidelines are recommended to strengthen pandemic response in dental settings. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(2): 21-26
Background: Management of periodontally compromised adult patients often requires a multidisciplinary approach combining periodontal therapy with orthodontic treatment. However, evidence regarding the clinical outcomes of such combined therapy remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of combined periodontal and orthodontic treatment, including controlled orthodontic intrusion, in periodontally compromised adult patients. Subjects and Methods: This longitudinal clinical study included 30 systemically healthy adult patients presenting with periodontal compromise and pathological tooth migration. All patients received initial periodontal therapy followed by orthodontic treatment using light forces, including selective orthodontic intrusion where indicated. Clinical parameters including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, and tooth mobility were recorded at baseline, post-treatment, and during follow-up. Patients were monitored for 18 months to assess treatment stability. Results: Combined periodontal–orthodontic therapy resulted in significant improvement in periodontal parameters. Reductions in probing pocket depth and tooth mobility were observed, with stabilization of clinical attachment levels during follow-up. Orthodontic intrusion contributed to improved tooth alignment and periodontal stability in selected cases. Most patients demonstrated functional and aesthetic improvement, and outcomes remained stable at the 18-month follow-up period. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this small longitudinal cohort, combined periodontal and orthodontic treatment, including controlled orthodontic intrusion, showed favorable clinical outcomes in systemically healthy periodontally compromised adult patients. This approach ultimately contributes to the restoration of the patient's functional and aesthetic aspects. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 5-13
Introduction: Dental caries is very common in children, and many times leads to inflammation of the pulp. Pulpotomy can be extensively carried out to preserve the function and longevity of these teeth. Formocresol is the traditional pulpotomy material and has been mentioned; however, concerns about its toxicity have prompted the quest for safer substitutes. Biodentine, as a bioactive calcium silicate-based substance, is currently a prospective alternative due of its beneficial biological features. This study compared the clinical and radiographic outcomes of biodentine and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in primary molars during a 12-month period in Bangladeshi children. Materials and Methods: The prospective comparative study was carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from July 2022 to August 2023. Forty-four children aged 4 to 8 years utilizing life-necessary cariously exposed primary molars were incorporated right into the research and placed at random for pulpotomy that consisted of formocresol (Group A) or biodentine (Group B). Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were performed at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months, and obtained parameters included pain, swelling, formation of a dentinal bridge, and root resorption. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: At the 12-month follow-up, pulpotomy using biodentine had significantly greater clinical and radiographic success rates (95.45%) than formocresol (72.73%; p <.05). Biodentine was more effective in progressive and significant dentinal bridge formation and less post-operative pain and swelling. Pathological root resorption was less in the biodentine group but was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Biodentine can be considered as a better pulpotomy medicament than formocresol in primary molars, with better clinical and radiographic results, allowing it to be currently being adopted as a first-line medicament in pediatric dentistry. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 14-19
Full-mouth rehabilitation with implant-supported prosthesis is not only the most sophisticated technique but also one of the most challenging topics in contemporary implant dentistry. Clinicians encounter challenges when providing oral rehabilitation to a patient who suffered considerable loss of alveolar bone and soft tissue as a result of severe periodontitis. A bone graft or gingival surgery is often needed when replacing loose natural teeth with a fixed prosthesis supported by dental implants. Here in this case report, a patient underwent full-mouth rehabilitation with an implant-supported fixed prosthesis. In this case, a 41-year-old male patient came with mobility in all teeth, and comprehensive periodontal treatment was performed as the first line of management; however, the patient showed no positive clinical response, indicating periodontal treatment failure. Poor oral hygiene care, smoking, alcoholism and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus worsened this case. There was persistent 3rd degree mobility, with 70% radiographic bone loss, and his HbA1c was 10%. So, based on the 2018 classification of periodontitis, the patient’s condition was in Stage IV & Grade C. Following attainment of adequate glycemic control (HbA1c 5.5%), the treatment plan included cessation of tobacco and alcohol use and extraction of all teeth in both arches with immediate fixture placement from Osstem Implant System (Osstem Implant Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea), (13 implants; 6 implants on maxilla and 7 on mandible) followed by allograft bone (SureOss chip, Osstem Implant Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) placement and successfully carried out to restore oral function and aesthetics. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 34-39
Background: Oral health problems are common during pregnancy and can adversely affect overall health and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and types of oral health issues among pregnant women in Bangladesh and to explore their association with demographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 206 pregnant women attending ante-natal checkup at two tertiary level hospitals. Data were collected through dental examinations and structured interviews. Demographic characteristics, oral health status and dental care-seeking behavior were analyzed. Associations between oral health problems and demographic variables were assessed using chi-square tests. Results: The mean age of participants was 25.5 ± 5.3 years. Most women were housewives (86.9%) and had education up to higher secondary level (74.3%). Overall, 69.3% had at least one oral health problem. The most common issues were tooth sensitivity (65%), tooth decay (53.4%), swollen gums (41.3%), painful or reddish gums (37.4%), gum bleeding (33.4%) and dental caries (26.7%). Gum bleeding was significantly associated with education level (p =0.016) and occupation (p =0.03) but not with age. Only 17.9% of participants visited professional dentists during pregnancy, while 21.7% reported that oral health issues affected their overall health or eating habits. Conclusions: A high proportion of pregnant women in Bangladesh experiences oral health problems, although the majority do not seek professional dental care during their pregnancies. Educational interventions and the integration of oral health services into antenatal care are essential to improve maternal oral health and preventing oral health complications. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2026; 16(1): 1-4
Introduction: Developmental disabilities includes Down’s syndrome, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, hearing and visual impairments. They present with compromised oral hygiene. Hence, this study was aimed to study oral hygiene status of physically and mentally challenged individuals. Materials and Method: This is a cross-sectional type of survey conducted amongst mentally and physically challenged individuals visiting a camp in Indore. The oral health status was examined using plaque, gingival index and DMFT index. Results: The majority of children brushed once a day with toothbrush and toothpaste (78%). Only 23% of total children had no caries experience. Conclusion: This study exhibited poor oral hygiene amongst children which was statistically significant. (mean plaque score=2.2) between mentally disabled and physically handicapped individuals among oral hygiene and 23% of children had no caries experience. Due to lack of cooperation other risk factors related to oral health status could not be recorded. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 6-8
Introduction: Thalassemia is a haematologic disorder impairing craniofacial development in inadequately treated patients. Research on craniofacial parameters in Bangladeshi thalassemic population comparing to non-thalassemics is scarce. This study aimed to determine the differences in craniofacial parameters if any between thalassemic patients and non-thalassemic individuals in Chattogram, Bangladesh across both sexes. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out among 100 respondents (50 transfusion dependent thalassemia patients and 50 non-thalassemic healthy individuals) of 5-30 years during 2020 in Chittagong Medical College, Bangladesh. To measure 10 key craniofacial parameters (head circumference, 6 horizontal and 3 vertical) in cranial, facial, nasal and orbital zones, digital slide caliper and tape were used. To test statistical significance Mann-Whitney U test and unpaired student’s t-test were done as appropriate. Results: The face height of non-thalassemic males was higher than that of thalassemia patients and this was significant (p = 0.027), the intercanthal distance in male with thalassemia showed high significant difference (p= 0.024). When compared to their non-thalassemic peers, thalassemic females patients were observed with significantly larger head circumference (p = 0.025) and head width (p = 0.031). There were differences between the groups in other craniofacial parameters but statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Distinct differences in craniofacial parameters between thalassemic and non-thalassemic individuals are highlighted which emphasize the impact of thalassemia on craniofacial development, with potential implications for clinical management in thalassemic patients in Bangladesh. Further research is recommended to explore these differences' underlying mechanisms and broader inferences. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 9-14
Background: Oral health is essential for physical well-being and has a significant influence on an individual's quality of life. All age groups, including children, are prone to develop oral conditions due to a lack of information and awareness about oral health. Objectives: To explore the oral health practices and conditions of school-going children in the rural Sylhet. Materials and Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study with a purposively selected group of 290 children attending Dhupagul Government Primary School in Sylhet, Bangladesh. From October 2023 to March 2024, we used a semi-structured questionnaire to interview the participants and performed oral examinations. Results: Most students brushed their teeth twice a day (56.6%), with 49.0% brushing before breakfast and 75.2% using toothpaste and brushes for cleaning. The mean DMFT score was 2.55±2.90. A statistically significant association was found between the total DMFT scores and the mean number of decayed teeth (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study identified that, while oral hygiene practices were good, and the overall oral health status was poor. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 1-5
Introduction: Treating maxillofacial injury, either minor or severe, in polytrauma patients, relies on initial resuscitation of the patient. Managing such cases requires prior knowledge of the pattern and severity of traumas. As there is inadequate baseline data for Bangladeshi population, the present study aimed to analyze the pattern and management of maxillofacial injuries in polytrauma patients attending a tertiary healthcare center in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study, conducted for six-month period from May 2021, in Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram. For this study 102 patients were selected purposively. Data were collected using a structured case record form. Results: Participants’ ages ranged from 4 to 68 years. Among the patients, 47.06% had concomitant injuries in the upper and lower extremities, followed by ‘head and extremity injury’ (25.49%). Mandible was the most common site for maxillofacial injuries. Mandibular fractures were the most common type of fractures (84.31% of multiple response cases). Among all facial fractures, single maxillofacial-region-fracture (62.75%) was more common than multiple such fractures (37.25%) in the polytrauma cases. Majority of maxillofacial-region-fractures (66.67%) were treated with closed reduction. Conclusion: Considering the site and pattern of maxillofacial injuries are needed for effective management to restore function and to minimize complications. For better patient support, emphasize should be given for multidisciplinary approach for development and allocation at tertiary care setting. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 15-19
Background: The health care utilization of a rural or urban population is dependent on their health seeking behaviour, which are activities carried out to maintain good health, to prevent poor health or any departure from a good state of health. Objective: To determine the self-reported dental clinic visits of adolescents in south eastern Nigerian rural areas. Methodology: A secondary data analysis was done. The primary data was obtained from a cross-sectional study that recruited 272 children from a rural public technical college and three public secondary schools selected in Nkanu–West and Udi local Government Area of Enugu State respectively. Socio-demographic data (age, sex, socio-economic status) was obtained using semi-structured questionnaire. Information on dental clinic visit was obtained by self- administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 25 .P values < 0.05 were accepted as being statistically significant. Frequency distribution and standard deviation were calculated. Test of association between gender, age and socio-economic status with dental clinic visits were conducted using Fisher exact test. Results: A total of 129 (47.4%) males and 143 (52.6%) females participated in this study. The prevalence of dental clinic visits was 1.8%. Dental clinic visit was higher among females than males. There was no statistically significant association between sex (P = 0.37), age (P= 0.40) and dental clinic visit. The association between socio-economic status and dental clinic visit was statistically significant. P<0.001 Conclusion: The self-reported dental clinic visits of adolescents in this study were low. Regular visit to dental clinic is recommended Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 25-27
Introduction: E-cigarettes are gaining wide acceptance globally and are also posing a serious threat to people's health, especially oral health. Methods: This literature review was performed to review the existing literature using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Result: Regarding the effect of e-cigarettes on oral health and potential prevention approaches for all levels of prevention. Conclusion: The review will shed light on the knowledge gaps and the need for further research. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2025; 15(1): 52-55
