Coronaviruses wrapped with the layers of positive-sense RNA viruses specified by the club-like projections from their surface responsible for a variety of diseases in the animal kingdom. After the two historical episodes of coronaviruses i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, this time world strike with its highly pathogenic form which is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral cascade event that starts from Wuhan in December 2019 and becomes a public health emergency of global interest as declared by the World Health Organization. Primarily, bats became an identifiable source of SARS-CoV-2 and their transmission to humans has occured through an unknown intermediate source. Present situation depicts that more than 200+ countries are suffering from the deadly attack of SARS-CoV-2. This virus is dangerous for every age group because of its asymptomatic carrier state that results in acute respiratory diseases. Escalation of this virus occurs very easily through human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact, with an estimated incubation period of 7-14 days. Fever is the ubiquitous symptom of SARS-CoV-2 followed by a dry cough. After completing more than a 1-year journey with SARS-CoV-2, now the countries are able to fight pharmacologically with this virus. Prevention strategies recommended by WHO and AYUSH include isolation of suspected and confirmed cases with personal hygiene and immunity enhancing measures. This review enlightened on the epidemiology, history of coronavirus, pathogenesis, comparative analysis, clinical features, recent possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for COVID-19.
Background and Aim: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a pervasive emergency affecting 1-5% of children, among whom the majority are with preexisting comorbidities. This commentary aim is to highlight two such prominent childhood comorbidities, i.e., asthma and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1-DM), with their pathophysiological link to COVID-19. Method: We searched the Google Scholar and PubMed databases till August 15, 2020, and retrieved the data connected to our aim for reviewing. Results: Asthma and T1-DM in children affect the COVID-19 progression due to their interlinked disease mechanisms with infection. Th-2 (T-helper) low endotype asthma and TI-DM connect by decreased ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) receptor expression, whereas Th-2 high endotype intensifies the COVID-19 via declining the IFNs (interferons) related anti-viral effect. Addressing these comorbidities therapeutically in this pandemic includes continuity in respective disease control treatment plans with the use of pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) with a spacer rather than nebulizers or keeping the low incidence of exacerbations by inhaled/oral corticosteroid and/or Montelukast in children with asthma is recommended. In the case of T1-DM, blood glucose of 70-144mg/dL and <0.6 mmol/L of blood ketone levels to be maintained without stopping Insulin dosing should be followed. Conclusion: Elevating the immunity with regular telemedicine and proper adherence to a prescribed action plan can address the present state of infection in children with asthma or T1-DM, or both.
COVID-19 has been proved to create a pandemic over the world within a few years. All scientists and health workers are trying to develop an effective treatment with collaboration. Various strategies such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs have been employed to treat COVID- 19, but they were found to relieve the symptoms only. The formation of various variants of the virus in various global parts made the treatment of COVID-19 more difficult. Developing an effective vaccine is the main goal of clinicians and scientists, which is under clinical trials, and some vaccines which have been approved for the treatment such as COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, ASTRA Zenaca, and SPUTNIK V vaccines are being used to develop antibodies against COVID-19, but due to spread of variants of virus these vaccines are not supposed to be 100 percent protective against the virus. With the help of nanotechnology, the treatment of SARS- CoV-2 can be made efficient due to its direct target on viral cells and modifying its genetic material functionings. In this review, we summarized the role of nanomedicine in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
Next-generation printing or commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing (3DP), is a fabrication process of construction of a 3D object using a computer-aided design or digital 3D model. The 3D object is created layer by layer by depositing, joining, or solidifying a feedstock material such as thermoplastic polymer under the control of a computer-designed program. It is considered the latest technology that has the potential to address complex medical and pharmaceutical problems, such as prototyping essential medical devices, equipment, and novel drug delivery systems. The ability of 3DP to produce medications with accurate specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes, sizes, and textures, in a limited time period. In spite of many potential medical and economic benefits of 3DP, some technical and regulatory challenges are associated with the widespread application of 3DPin the pharmaceutical sector;those need to be addressed by proper research so that the benefit of this technology can be utilized fully. Along with 3DP, more advanced and sophisticated printing technologies like 4D/5D printing are also introduced and have already been explored in biomedical applications. However, the utility of these technologies in the pharmaceutical drug manufacturing process is still in the early experimental phase and gradually evolving. This review article illustrates the recent trends, challenges, and future prospects of 3D Pin pharmaceutical applications, along with the highlights of the ongoing transition from 3D to 4D/5D printing.
Covid-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a life-threatening disease that has been declared a global pandemic. Even with the intervention of numerous medical systems to combat Covid-19, an effective remedy is not yet in sight rather than supportive therapies accompanied with anti-viral drugs and vaccines. The usage of these medicines has caused for unexpected side effects, and at present, various mutant forms of this virus have been identified from different countries. Hence, the necessity of an effective treatment regimen is highly expected. The attention direct towards Traditional Medicine (TM) is increasing day by day as it is well known for immune modulation. Therefore, this review was conducted with the aim of systematically reviewing the relevant literature of TM based on clinical studies conducted on Covid-19 patients and provides a summary on the evidence-based potential use of TM in the treatment of Covid-19. This review was conducted by using the databases;Science direct and PubMed for studies published from 1st of December 2019 to 1st of February 2021. In order to obtain further data, a manual search was also carried out. After scrutinizing all the articles, there were 29 total articles included in this present review. The evidence suggested that TM could regulate immunity and gives anti-viral, anti-inflammatory effects along with disease management and prevention. However, if these treatment modalities have any public health implications, further randomized controlled trials in humans will be needed.
A Novel virus, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in 2019 from Wuhan, China which is globally expanded, causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome. Coronavirus is transmitted human to animal or human to human through airborne droplets. Coronavirus causes respiratory infections like pneumonia, cold, sneezing and coughing, while in animals, it causes diarrhoea and upper respiratory diseases. The virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO), Since Covid -19 rapidly spread throughout the world from the Hunan seafood market at Wuhan, South China. The virus enters into the human cell through the membrane ACE-2 exopeptidase receptor. WHO and ECDC guided to stay away from a public place and close contact with contaminated individuals and pets. Coronavirus (2019-CoV), first and foremost, was isolated on 7th January 2020 at Wuhan market China. Here we have encapsulated the current clinical features data to guide budding Covid-19 about the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention. Throughout the world, the disease has caused a range of degrees of sickness. The patient manifests various symptoms, usually Fever, Cough, Sore throat, Breathlessness, Fatigue. We collected the data from various, articles Research Report, and WHO guidelines in this review. It is necessary to give awareness to the readers that new data is updating nearly every hour regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19. The disease is being treated through general treatment, symptomatic treatment, using some antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and altering the immune system. WHO declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus in March 2020 as a global pandemic. It is necessary to identify the major causes and detach the suspected people from the confirmed cases of COVID-19 to prevent the possible transmission of infection to other patients and health care staff. It will be possible to assess this global disaster's full health, social and economic impact only when the pandemic ends. This review represents a picture of the current state of the treatment for Covid-19.
Background: World Health Organization states that antibacterial/antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can threaten the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Objective: This review aims to discuss the plants and their derivatives having anti-corona virus/ viral activity. Methods: For the preparation of this review article, all the relevant information was gathered from accessible and inaccessible resources (Web, Books, Thesis, etc.). Results: It has been accepted worldwide that the uses of herbal products provide stronger immunity which helps to fight against these microbial species. SARSCoV2 virus is now a pandemic, affecting many countries around the globe. This long series of herbal species may interfere with the target-specific proteins named S Protein, S protein- ACE-2 interaction, Helicase protein, N Protein, 3CLpr, PL pro to prevent the viral replication in the host. Traditional herbal medicine not only inhibits the virus attachment to the host body but also prevents replication and boosts up the host immune system. Natural remedies reduce the viral load and, in such conditions, the immunity becomes stronger, and so the patient can recover soon. Conclusion: The herbs-natural compounds with antiviral activity can effectively inhibit/blockade the CoV-host protein. Herbal medicine having immune boost-up property will play a major role as an anti-corona virus drug.
World Health Organization (WHO) designated the COVID-19 or more commonly called Coronavirus disease, a "public health emergency of international concern" on January 30, 2020, and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020, which threatens human wellbeing around the world. With no proven pharmacological treatment, therapy (such as plasma, bacteriophage, virophage) drug approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) against COVID-19 and the frequent transmission of infection resulting in progression of infected person;made the situation more critical. The critical pandemic situation created by COVID-19 realized that nutrition becomes a priority to boost immune function as what we eat can have severe health impacts and medical consequences. The present assessment focused on enhancing awareness among people to maintain a healthy lifestyle through balanced food, nutrition, and eating habits, and AYUSH recommendations to overcome inevitably caused distress due to pandemic situation.
The noble coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 results in a devastating, multisystem disease among which COVID-19 pneumonia creates serious complications and most of COVID-19 related deaths. COVID-19 patients develop a systemic inflammatory response through interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factors. In COVID-19 patients, cytokine storm controlling is the key step for treatment because cytokine attacks own body cells instead of fighting with the virus. We reviewed several literatures to summarize the safety and efficacy of LD-RT in COVID-19 patients. Low dose chest radiation may reduce the inflammation in the lungs in severely ill patients. The radiation offset an immune system called AS a cytokine storm. Several randomized/non-randomized, single/multi-centered, open/close clinical trials are underway in U.S, India, Iran and around the globe. Early studies showed LD-RT reduces the inflammatory cytokines, time of hospitalization, duration of ventilation, and a number of deaths. However, some researchers warned for radiation-induced cancer (lung, breast, and esophageal) and cardiovascular diseases. So, further extensive preclinical studies should be conducted to identify the risk-benefit ratio in COVID-19 patients.
Ginger or Zingiber officinale, Roscoe of the Zingiberaceae family is a rhizome that is widely found and most consumed in South east Asian countries;also used as a traditional remedy to treat various ailments like nausea, vomiting, pain, arthritis, indigestion, gastro reflux, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, microbes, cancer, inflammation, oxidation, and wounds to name some of its activity which is based on the various chemical constituents present in ginger as it is found to contain more than 400 different compounds which include sugar, protein, and fats. The major phenolic active constituents of ginger are 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and 6- paradol;which are safe and showing only a few insignificant adversarial effects. Here, this review aims to summarize and discuss the ideas on how ginger is formulated and improve from conventional to novel formulations using novel techniques;to improve the pharmacological, biopharmaceutical and chemical properties of ginger extract and its compounds. Different novel formulations of ginger like a tablet, capsule, powder, cream, gel, transdermal patch, nanoparticles, liposomes and phytosomes along with its therapeutic actions that were developed in recent years. Future aspects in research are suggested for the advances in the novel formulation of ginger using each isolated compound and improving bioavailability, therapeutic effect, and delivery. Also, this article discusses the in silico studies that have been carried out for ginger and its phytochemicals that may be considered as potential agents in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that belongs to the Coronaviridae family These viruses have helical symmetry, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome with nucleocapsid that causes diseases in birds and mammals SARS-CoV 2 complete genome has genome size of 29,903 bp, having nine genes identified as Orf1a Polyprotein, Orf1ab Polyprotein, ORF3a Protein, ORF7a Protein, ORF8 Protein, Envelope proteins, Spike Surface glycoprotein, Membrane glycoprotein, and Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein Based on the ProtParam result, ORF1a has more molecular weight (489989 daltons), and Envelope protein has a less molecular weight (8365 daltons) The pI is lower in Orf1a polyprotein, Orf1ab Polyprotein, ORF3a Protein, ORF8 Protein, and Spike Surface glycoprotein) and high in ORF7a Protein, Envelope proteins, Membrane glycoprotein, and Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein The Orf1a Polyprotein, Orf1ab Polyprotein, ORF3a Protein, Envelope proteins, Spike Surface, and Membrane glycoprotein are stable The higher aliphatic index and more hydrophobicity of membrane glycoprotein suggest an increase in the thermostability of protein might favor an increase in its solubility The vaccines like EIAV vaccine gp45, anti-SARS m396 Antibody, EIAV vaccine gp45, and E protein of the Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccine virus are less effective than Curcumin for SARS-CoV 2 Hence better vaccines are to be developed for respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV 2 in the future
Benzofuranones and nitrogen mustards have reported alkylating properties, this work is aimed to synthesize some benzofuranones fused with nitrogen mustards. Substituted benzofuranones were synthesized by condensation of 2-hydroxy benzaldehydes and substituted 2-hydroxy acetophenones and further fused with nitrogen mustards gave high yields of target compounds 2-(2-(2-(Bis(2chloroethyl)amino)ethoxy)benzylidene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and LCMS spectral studies. Further, the synthesized compounds were subjected to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay on A-549 and MCF-7 cell lines for its in-vitro cytotoxic activity. All the synthesized compounds showed promising cytotoxic activity in which AN-O-04 showed minimum CTC-50 proving its cytotoxic efficacy.
The present study deals with the PHB made cast film with different plant and algal formulations. Its biocompatibility was tested in-vitro and in-vivo. The anti-inflammatory activity was higher in F4 and F5, close to the standard Diclofenac. The F7 and F8 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, and formulation F2 exhibited low cytotoxicity. The maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited in F5 followed by F4 against skin pathogens. The overall results of antioxidant activity indicated that F4, F5, and F8 have good antioxidant properties. Percentage (%) of wound contraction at the 10th day of control was 16.9% and PHB alone was 21.3%. F5 and F3 showed higher activity with 51.7 and 49.7%, respectively. The self-healing potential was found to be 35.6%, but PHB was able to cure additional 5% (40.5) on 16th day. F5, F3, and F4 showed high activity of 81.5, 80.1, and 79.9, respectively. The in-vitro and in-vivo studies showed that the Centella asiatica and Padina tetrastromatica with PHB has an effective activity towards antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound healing activity. In order to identify the positive correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo study a multiple regression was performed. Data of the experiments were fitted to the model and supported by the multiple correlation coefficients (R-2) and the correlation of determination (adjusted R-2). The model was fit and statistically significant with the p-value (< 0.01) and the indication of positive regression between in-vitro and in-vivo. Thus in-vitro and in-vivo studies using Centella asiatica and Padina tetrastromatica showed positive and significant correlation.
The gradient HPLC method was developed to detect and quantify four related substances (FIP, FHO-2, STG-01, and desfluoro) in ezetimibe drug material. The efficient separation was carried out on Water X-Select CSH C18 column (4.6 mm x 100 mm, 2.5 mu m). The impurities were separated in gradient mode of elution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (mobile phase A) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml /min. The effluents were detected at 254 nm. The method has been validated in compliance with the regulatory standards suggested by the International Conference on Harmonization. The parameters validated included precision, linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, specificity, accuracy, and robustness. The method showed good linearity from 0.03 mu g/ml to 1.5 mu g/ml for FIP, FHO-2, STG-01, and desfluoro. The developed method was applied to determine the studied impurities in three different batches of ezetimibe drug material. The method proposed in this work could be employed in quality control of ezetimibe bulk drug.
The dried leaves of Merremia emarginata Burm. F were screened for antitubercular, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antimycobacterial activity of compounds was assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA), and the cytotoxic activity was studied on Hela (Human cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (Human breast carcinoma) cell lines. A prenylflavonoid, 8-prenylnaringenin was isolated on silica thin layer chromatography, and the radical scavenging efficiency of the isolated compound was evaluated by DPPH radical assay. The results demonstrated that the isolated compound was found to be greater than that of BHT from lower (0.25 mM) to moderate (2 mM) concentrations and comparable to BHT at higher concentrations, up to 4 mM. The flavonoid was also found to exhibit good antifungal activity when tested against Candida albicans (ATCC 2091) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404).
The rapid increase in multi-drug resistance (MDR) infections present a challenge in the development of therapies against them. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be the answer to this challenge. AMPs play an important role in host defense mechanisms. Plants are the precious source of natural antimicrobial molecules, including antimicrobial peptides known as Plant Antimicrobial Peptides (PAMPs). The present research work was aimed to isolate antimicrobial proteins or peptides from the leaf and flower extract of Bougainvillea 'Texas King' and Bougainvillea 'Shubra' cultivars. Protein pellets obtained after 50% and 25% ammonium sulfate precipitation of B. 'Shubra' leaf and flower extract showed maximum total protein of 311 mu g/ml and 798 mu g/ml respectively and 25% and 50% protein pellet of B. 'Texas King' leaf and flower extract showed maximum total protein of 529 mu g/ml and 904 mu g/ml respectively. Different protein pellets and supernatant were screened for antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. The protein samples having antimicrobial activity were electrophoresed on 12% Tricine SDS-PAGE to estimate the molecular masses of the antimicrobial protein/peptides. Molecular weight of antimicrobial proteins/ peptides from the leaves of Bougainvillea 'Texas King' and Bougainvillea `Shubra' cultivars ranged between 14.1 to 72.4kDa. However, antimicrobial proteins/ peptides from Bougainvillea 'Texas King' and Bougainvillea 'Shubra' cultivars flowers ranged between 4.6 to 23.4 kDa. Above preliminary studies on B. 'Texas King' and B. `Shubra' cultivars represents strong future prospects of antimicrobial proteins/peptides in therapeutics for the treatment of the diseases caused by C. albicans, S. aureus, and B. licheniformis.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global health crisis posing an unprecedented public health emergency. The number of deaths and people being infected is increasing daily throughout the globe. This situation is much more severe due to possible devastating situations because of several social and economic factors. Effective management to address this infection is still evolving, and attempts are being made to integrate traditional interventions along with standard of care. Ayurveda and yoga can be proved excellent results in cure of Covid-19. It has also been accepted by ICMR in its latest guidelines;they have showcase importance of Ayurveda and yoga in treatment of covid-19. In view of this, an attempt is made to conglomerate a few important herbs whose chemical constituents must be tested for their anti-viral potential against Covid-19 infection. Many of the ayurvedic herbal preparation proved its worth as an immune booster in treatment of Covid-19.
Since 2019-November on world facing whole world is facing an unprecedented health problem. The WHO has said that a pandemic infection are coming with a new virus species of coronavirus is called SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus 2019 is associated with global health and acute coronary respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. COVID-19 is widely spread through drip channels. The virus causes mild symptoms in many who have manifested many symptoms, dry cough, fatigue, muscle aches and bruises;Common symptoms include diarrhea, colds, hemoptysis, sore throat and runny nose. Severe infections, which are the main treatment options for critical care patients, include severe lung burns, sepsis, ARDS and septicemia. Here we present nine key research questions related to virus infection, releasing anonymous, treatment, pre-symptomatic viruses, diagnosis, vaccine growth, origins of the virus and also viral infections, etiology, viral infections, clinical picture, treatment and infection. Effective treatment is not yet available. Every day there is an increase in morbidity and mortality, and adherence to the instructions of infection prevention and infection should control government organizations are the basis to the fight against viruses.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection began in bats and was communicated to people through yet obscure go-between creatures in Wuhan, Hubei territory, China, in December 2019. Its outbreak threatened the lives of many people throughout the world. There is no distinct treatment available yet, and is an urgent need to treat, prevent and eradicate this virus. Recently, numerous new technologies have been explored for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. Among these, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising antiviral treatment, and currently, the development of COVID-19 drug delivery involving nanotechnology is under investigation. This review aimed towards the prospective treatment options integrating the ever-expanding field of nanotechnology against COVID-19. We focused on the current scenario in the developments of nanotechnology-based approaches because of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, the effectiveness of nanomaterials as vaccines, nanosensors as diagnostic or antiviral tools against coronaviruses, and post COVID-19 era has been discussed in this review.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become pandemic in no time in the world. Understanding the pathophysiological similarities with previously known viruses of the class gave opportunities to explore various molecular targets against COVID-19. Vaccines unavailability propose different research approaches of treatment, including various previously known and some new synthetic molecules, which are also associated with many unwanted effects. Phytochemical compounds and formulations also gain interest in this era, and all the traditional medicine systems were analyzed for any probable therapeutic possibilities. Hence author summarize the various approaches of herbal-based medicine against COVID-19 infection. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, and Chinese medicine systems constitute major traditional herbal-based systems known worldwide. Previous literature were studied to recapitulated findings with modern multi-mechanistic approaches and propose the use of herbals against COVID-19. Scientists are identifying all the possible interventions associated with herbal-based systems to have efficacy against various mechanisms against viral infection. Various herbal extracts and formulations are utilized to increase the human body's immune system to counter the pathophysiological changes due to COVID-19 infections. Promotion of these herbal-based medicines having a positive impact on the immune system is essential now. The review discussed the old and novel approaches revealing the efficacy of different phytoconstituents and herbal-based medicines against COVID-19. This review briefly highlighted the use of traditional herbal-based medicine systems against the novel coronavirus utilizing the modern approaches of multi-mechanistic targeting. A thorough investigation of different formulations from these systems is warranted through clinical studies for their global acceptance.
