The dried leaves of Merremia emarginata Burm. F were screened for antitubercular, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antimycobacterial activity of compounds was assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA), and the cytotoxic activity was studied on Hela (Human cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (Human breast carcinoma) cell lines. A prenylflavonoid, 8-prenylnaringenin was isolated on silica thin layer chromatography, and the radical scavenging efficiency of the isolated compound was evaluated by DPPH radical assay. The results demonstrated that the isolated compound was found to be greater than that of BHT from lower (0.25 mM) to moderate (2 mM) concentrations and comparable to BHT at higher concentrations, up to 4 mM. The flavonoid was also found to exhibit good antifungal activity when tested against Candida albicans (ATCC 2091) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404).

A reliable spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative analysis of Phycocyanin in capsule formulations by developing a suitable extraction scheme for complete extraction of phycocyanin from its biomass with the help of central composite design and then the phycocyanin thus obtained was treated with diazotised sulphanilic acid as an active coupling species. The red-colored species generated on an ice-cold condition has shown absorption maximum at about 490 nm. The method was validated in that its linearity was excellent within the concentration range of 100-500 mu g/mL with correlation coefficient 0.9998. The intra-day and inter-day precision were found as less than 2.0 % RSD and the recovery studies proved its accuracy as the % recovery is of 99.97-100.36. Commercially available capsule formulation was assayed and the mean % assay was found as 99.87%.

A simple and specific visible spectrophotometry method was developed and validated in order to assay of Efavirenz in pharmaceuticals .The analogy of the method was based on the reactivity of primary aromatic amine which is resulted due to the hydrolysis of Efavirenz and treated with 2 % w/v solution of p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde, a yellow colour chromogen is obtained as a Schiffs base which can be estimated at 406 nm using a spectrophotometer serves the basis for proposed method. The linearity for spectrophotometric methods was established it obey beers law in the concentration range 100-500 mu g/ml and the correlation coefficient was found as 0.9995. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 0.125 and 0.375 for the developed method. The % RSD was found as 0.688 and 0.87 for intra-assay (repeatability) and intermediate precision respectively. The % recovery of the proposed method lies in the range 100.98-101.47. The method is simple and suitable for the determination of Efavirenz in formulation.

A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of levamisole and albendazole in drug substance and in its combinational dosage form. The analysis was carried out using Inertsil ODS C 18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μ m) column, and the separation was carried out using a mobile phase containing a buffer of pH 3.5 and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with variable wavelength UV-detection at 224 nm. Both the drugs were well resolved in the stationary phase and the retention times were 2.350 min and 4.055 for levamisole and albendazole, respectively. The method was validated and shown to be linear in the concentration range of 15-45 μ g/ml and 40-120 μ g/ml for levamisole and albendazole, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined based on standard deviation of the y-intercept and the slope of the calibration curve. LOD and LOQ values were 2.08 μ g/ml and 6.03 μ g/ml for levamisole and 3.15 μ g/ml and 10.40 μ g/ml for albendazole, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by adding known amount of standard solution (75 %, 100 %, and 125% of the sample concentration) to the preanalyzed sample solution of 100% concentration. All the samples were prepared and analyzed in triplicate. The percentage mean recovery by standard addition experiments of levamisole and albendazole is 99.66% and 98.73%, respectively.

The main aim of this research work is to evaluate the Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-fungal activity from the pooled extract (ethyl acetate) of the dried leaves of Merremia emarginata and screening of the extract for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as per the standard methods and found to have the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, glycosides, proteins and amino acids, steroids and triterpinoids, phenolic compounds and tannins, flavanoids, fixed oils and fats, volatile oils, gums and mucilages. These biological evaluations are done by means of standard in vitro assays (agar well (6mm) diffusion or Tube dilution) utilizing a broad spectrum of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the extract against these organisms was studied by agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity was carried out in dose dependent manner at 800 μg and 1000 μg per well. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by extract against E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae at 1000 μg. The anti fungal activity was carried out against Asperillus niger and Candida albicans using Fluconazole as a standard. The invitro antioxidant activity was carried out by using DPPH method. Physicochemical studies were performed to determine alcohol soluble extraction, Water soluble extraction, Total ash value, Acid insoluble ash value (dilute HCl), Sulphated ash value, Water soluble ash value. The foreign matter in one gram of plant powder was found to be 1.1%. The moisture content of the powdered drug was found to be 0.12%. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 6.647 Volume 6, Issue 7, 1509-1525 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357 Article Received on 06 May 2017, Revised on 06 June 2017, Accepted on 26 June 2017, DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20177-9571 *Corresponding Author

The aim of the research work is to determine total polyphenolic content present in different available brands of green tea and to evaluate their in-vitro radical scavenging activity by analytical methods using DPPH method and correlation analysis among the different brands of green tea. Three different brands of green tea bags were analyzed and compared and three infusions prepared from traditional dry green tea leaves, by visible spectrophotometric method using pyrogallol as standard. The reduction of Folin Ciocalteu reagent by phenolic ion will change its solution color into blue. The reduction of complex will increase when the extract contain more phenolic compounds. Thus, the color will be darker and the absorbance will be higher. The total phenolic content was found to contain about 23.45 %, 32.45 % and 21.22% for brand I, brand II and brand III respectively. The difference between the amount of phenolic materials present before and after addition of hide-powder represents the amount of tannins present. The percentage of tannins was estimated and found to contain 11.66%, 13.72% and 12.32 % for brand I, brand II and brand III respectively. The reduction capability of the DPPH radical is determined by the decrease in its absorbance at 517 nm induced by antioxidants, highest % scavenging activity was observed for brand II and IC50 values of the selected brands were found to contain not less than 221μg/ml. The total polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the leave extracts had significant correlation. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 6.647 Volume 6, Issue 7, 620-630 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357 Article Received on 27 April 2017, Revised on 17 May l 2017, Accepted on 07 June 2017, DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20177-9136 *Corresponding Author

A simple, specific, accurate, rapid, inexpensive isocratic Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Itopride HCl in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms.RP-HPLC method was developed by using Welchrom C18Column (4.6 X 250mm, 5µm), Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph.The mobile phase composed of 10mM Phosphate buffer (pH-3.0,adjusted with triethylamine): acetonitrile (50:50v/v).The flow rate was set to 1.0 mL.min -1 with the responses measured at 235nm using Shimadzu SPD-20A Prominence UV-Vis detector.The retention time of Itopride HCl was found to be 2.650 min.Linearity was established for Itopride HCl in the range of 2-10 µg.mL -1 with correlation coefficient 0.9999.The validation of the developed method was carried out for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantitation.The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of Itopride HCl in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form.

Berberine is an iso-quinoline alkaloid and is a major constituent of the species Berberis aquifolium (Berberidaceae.). Analytical thin layer chromatography was carried out on silica gel GF254TLC plates and the chromatoplate was developed with n-proponol: Formic acid: water (90:01:09v/v) as mobile phase. In this study isolation of berberine was achieved by preparative TLC and the compound thus isolated was characterised by Ultraviolet, Mass spectral analysis. Mass spectral data shows molecular ion peak of m/z=366. An isocratic RPHPLC method was developed for the estimation of berberine from mother tincture of Berberis aquifolium. The chromatographic separations was achieved by RP-C18 Column (250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5µ), Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence liquid chromatograph and a mobile phase composed of 0.1%tri fluoro acetic acid:acetonitrile (60:40v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the analyses of column effluents were performed using UV-Visible detector at 344 nm. Retention time of berberine was found as 5.133 min. This method has obeyed linearity over the concentration range of 2-12µg/ml and the regression coefficient obtained from linearity plot for berberine was found as 0.997. RP-HPLC method was validated in pursuance of ICH guidelines.

The author selected and developed a new simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrofluorimetric method and validated for the determination of Memantine Hydrochloride in bulk as well as pharmaceutical formulations depending on condensation of Memantine hydrochloride with 1, 2 - Naphthoquinone -4-sulphonate (NQS) in an alkaline medium to become a product with orange color. The spectrofluorimetric method involved reduction of the product with potassium borohydrate and the later measurements of fluorescent formed lessen the NQS product after excitation at 295 nm and emission wavelength at 385 nm for the spectrofluorimetric method under optimum conditions, linear relationship with best correlation coefficient 0.9999 and the linearity was detected in between the range of 0.25-1.25 mu g/mL. The mean accuracy was found to be 99.57 % to 99.66 %. The intraday and interday precision was found to be 0.14-0.16 % and 0.13-0.15% respectively. The limit of detection was found to be 0.0090 mu g/mL and the limit of quantification was 0.0270 mu g/mL. Therefore this newly recommended spectrofluorimetric method is most suitable for estimation of Memantine and observed to be validated for calculation of accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD and LOQ. So this method becomes highly congenial for analyzation of Memantine in tablet form either commercially or in dosage form with reagent of NQS. The results of analysis of this new proposed method can be compared and found to be agreeable with the results achieved through official method. Therefore spectrofluorimetric method is considered as most convenient analytical technical method for pharmaceutical estimation in quality control as well as clinical laboratories.

Objective: To develop a simple, accurate, precise and selective isocratic reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative estimation of Sparfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. Experimental: RP-HPLC method was developed by using Welchrom C 18 Column with 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d and 5µm particle size, SHIMADZU LC-20AT Prominence liquid chromatograph. The mobile phase used is phosphate buffer (pH-3.0): acetonitrile (70:30percent v/v) with a flow rate of 1mL/min. The eluent was monitored by UV detection at 291nm using SHIMADZU SPD-20A prominence UV-Vis detector. Results: The retention time of Sparfloxacin found to be 5.499 min. The method retains linearity in the range of 2-10µg/mL with correlation coefficient 0.9999. The mean recovery of sparfloxacin was 99.702percent to 100.456percent. The LOD and LOQ of the drug were found to be 0.186 µg/mL and 0.558 µg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method can be successfully used for routine determination of sparfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. KEY WORDS : Sparfloxacin, Isocratic RP-HPLC, Correlation coefficient , Method Validation.

A simple, specific, sensitive, accurate and reliable isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of Pirfenidone in tablet dosage form. Method development was carried out on Welchrom C18 isocratic column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid chromatograph. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile: water 50:50 v/v, with apparent pH of 3.3, the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min and UV detection was made at 315 nm by using UV- spectro photometric detection. Linearity was established for Pirfenidone in the range of 2-10 μg/mL with correlation coefficient 0.999. The retention time of Pirfenidone peak was found at 3.863 minutes. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.60 % to 99.80 % and the % RSD was less than 2%. The developed method was successfully applied for the quantification of bulk and active pharmaceutical ingredient present in Pirfenidone tablet dosage form and the assay content of the drug was found to be 199.821±0.20 mg/tablet. All the results were satisfactory. The proposed method is highly sensitive, precise and accurate and can be successfully applied for the quantitative determination of Pirfenidone in tablet dosage form.

A convenient, simple, specific, accurate, precise, rapid, inexpensive isocratic Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Efavirenz in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. RP-HPLC method was developed by using Welchrom C18 Column (4.6 X 250 mm, 5µm), Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph. The mobile phase composed of 10 mM Phosphate buffer (pH-3.0, adjusted with triethylamine): acetonitrile (50:50 v/v). The flow rate was set to 1.2 mL.min-1 with the responses measured at 246 nm using Shimadzu SPD-20A Prominence UV-Vis detector. The retention time of Efavirenz was found to be 9.563 minutes. Linearity was established for Efavirenz in the range of 2-10 µg.mL-1 with correlation coefficient 0.9999. The LOD and the LOQ were found to be 0.0183 μg.mL-1 and 0.0555 μg.mL-1 respectively. The amount of Efavirenz present in the formulation was found to be 99.82%. The validation of the developed method was carried out for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantitation. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of Efavirenz in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form.

A simple, accurate, precise, specific isocratic reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of balofloxacin pharmaceutical formulations. RP-HPLC method was developed by using Welchrom C18 Column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 μm), Shimadzu LC-20AT prominence liquid chromatograph. The mobile phase used is phosphate buffer (pH-3.2): acetonitrile (60 : 40% v/v) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The responses are measured at 295 nm using Shimadzu SPD-20A prominence UV-Vis detector. The retention times of balofloxacin found to be 5.713 min. The method posses linearity in the range of 2-10 μg/mL and correlation coefficient is 0.9999. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity, precision and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method provides an accurate and precise quality control tool for routine analysis of balofloxacin in tablet dosage forms.

Two simple, accurate, sensitive, precise and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of amisulpride (AMS) in tablet formulation. The developed methods were based on the formation of a yellow coloured chromogen due to the reaction of amisulpride with methyl orange (method-I) and formation of a blood-red coloured complex resulted from the reaction of amisulpride with 2, 5-dihydroxy, 3, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (method-II). The proposed methods showed the absorption maxima at 420 nm, 545 nm and have good linearity in the concentration range of 5- 25 μg/mL and 50-250 μg/mL for method-I and method-II respectively. The results of analysis for the proposed methods were validated statistically by recovery studies.

A simple, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of prulifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. Prulifloxacin is a prodrug, and is metabolized in the body to the active compound ulifloxacin. Prulifloxacin appeared as effective as ciprofloxacin, coamoxiclav or pefloxacin in the treatment of bronchitis exacerbations or lower urinary tract infections. A RP-HPLC method was developed by using a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter and 5?m particle size) and a 60 : 40 v/v mixture of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0 after addition of 2.5 mL of triethyl amine) and acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. The analyte was monitored with UV detector at 275 nm. Typical retention time for prulifloxacin was found to be 6.8 min. The method was statistically validated for its linearity, accuracy and precision. Due to its simplicity and accuracy, the method can be used for routine quality control of prulifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations.

Three simple, accurate, sensitive, precise and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of prulifloxacin in tablet formulation. The developed methods were based on the formation of a blue coloured chromogen due to the reaction of prulifloxacin with Folin-ciocalteu reagent in presence of sodium carbonate (Method-I), formation of a blood-red coloured complex resulting from the reaction of prulifloxacin in acetonitrile with ortho-phenanthroline (Method-II) and formation of blood-red coloured complex resulting from the reaction of prulifloxacin in acetonitrile with 2, 2’- bipyridyl (Method-III). The proposed methods showed the absorption maxima at 650 nm, 510 nm and 520nm and have good linearity in the concentration range of 50-250 µg/mL, 5-25 µg/mL and 4-20 µg/mL for method-I, method-II and method-III, respectively. The results of analysis for the proposed methods were validated statistically by recovery studies.