Objectives The subject of this study is to analyse Ukrainian legislation in the field of national security, which defines the basis for the creation and functioning of the critical infrastructure protection system. Material and methods Documents of strategic rank, legislative acts, as well as by-laws were analysed. Criteria for the classification of critical infrastructure objects are presented, as well as the principles of building financial support for the activities carried out in this area. The hermeneutic method of exploring social and legal phenomena, the analytical method and the formal-dogmatic method were used during the research. Results Russia's military aggression against Ukraine provided the impetus for large-scale structural reforms in the field of security and defence of Ukraine and updated the issue of protection of facilities of strategic importance for the economy and state security. Ukraine's experience provides interesting insights into the functioning of the state in a crisis situation. Conclusions Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has become an impetus for large-scale and structural reforms in the field of security and defense of Ukraine, as well as actualized the issue of protection of objects that are strategically important for the economy and security of the state. The regulatory framework for the protection of critical infrastructure in Ukraine includes the Concept of Creating a State System for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure, the Law of Ukraine «On Critical Infrastructure» and a number of other legislative and by-laws that regulate the activities of protection entities and determine the criteria for classifying objects as critical infrastructure.
Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify trends in the application of modern technologies, with particular emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI), in the context of outsourcing practices from 2019 to 2024 and to determine future research directions in this area. Methods: Using bibliometric analysis of keyword co-occurrence, four thematic clusters were identified, suggesting the main areas of research. Subsequently, by analysing the co-occurrence of keywords, the overall strength of keyword connections in the network, abstracts, and article contents, four dominant trends were identified. Results: (1) The growing role of artificial intelligence in the automation and optimization of processes, (2) data security and privacy as a priority in outsourcing, (3) the integration of artificial intelligence with other technologies to support complex outsourcing processes, and (4) the use of advanced data analytics and personalization in outsourcing. Based on the analysis and identified research trends, potential research directions have been proposed. Overview: The work highlights the interdisciplinarity of outsourcing practices in connection with the latest technologies. Moreover, the need for further exploration of the role of artificial intelligence in increasing efficiency, competitive advantage, and security of enterprises in their outsourcing strategies. The research findings include practical guidance for, among others: (1) procurement departments and IT managers, in terms of prioritizing the implementation of AI and blockchain-based supplier selection systems; (2) HR departments, in terms of using AI to automate recruitment processes and manage employee performance; (3) outsourcing service providers, in terms of personalizing AI-based services for clients.
Objectives Meeting the basic needs of people with disabilities is a vital component of inclusive local social policy. The aim of this article is to analyze how local governments can use a local diagnosis of the needs of people with disabilities to design and implement measures that increase the accessibility of public services, autonomy, and quality of life for this group of residents. Good practices in this area are illustrated using the example of initiatives undertaken in Słupsk, a city in northern Poland. Material and methods A total of 158 participants took part, including people with disabilities, their caregivers, and professionals working in the support sector. The survey examined eleven areas of life, including healthcare, education, employment, housing, and autonomy. Results The study found that most areas did not fully meet the needs of residents with disabilities. Based on these results, recommendations were submitted to local authorities. A follow-up analysis six months later showed that some recommended measures had been implemented, others were underway, and further actions were planned by 2030. These initiatives are discussed as examples of efforts to develop a more inclusive local policy. Conclusions The study demonstrated significant gaps in meeting the needs of people with disabilities across key areas of daily functioning. However, the implementation of several recommendations by local authorities shows that evidence-based research can effectively shape inclusive municipal policy. The example of Słupsk illustrates how systematic evaluation and collaboration with stakeholders can contribute to the development of targeted initiatives that improve accessibility, autonomy, and overall quality of life for residents with disabilities.
Objectives This study aimed to assess the levels of meaning in life and self-esteem among mentally disordered offenders hospitalized in forensic psychiatric units. These psychological dimensions are recognized as key predictors of mental well-being and subjective happiness, significantly influencing life satisfaction across various domains, including professional functioning, interpersonal relationships, psychosocial adaptation, and overall health. Material and methods The study involved non-imputable offenders with a history of aggressive behavior. The sense of meaning in life was measured using the Purpose in Life Test (PIL) by Crumbaugh and Maholick, and self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES). Results The findings indicate that the studied forensic psychiatric patients maintained a sense of meaning in life within the normative range. Their level of self-esteem, while slightly below the population average, suggests a retained capacity for goal-setting and belief in personal efficacy. These traits can be considered important motivational resources in the rehabilitation process and may reflect an openness to therapeutic engagement. Conclusions The results suggest that forensic psychiatric patients can maintain a meaningful outlook on life and possess self-esteem levels that support motivation for change. Incorporating the assessment and development of meaning in life and self-esteem into therapeutic programs may enhance rehabilitation outcomes, strengthen the therapeutic alliance, and support the process of reintegration.
Objectives A point of connection between religion and commerce is the existence of religious precepts about food since a consumer which is a believer of a religion that has such demands, as long as the religious precepts respect public order, in addition to what each person should do on his part to meet the demands of his religion, they must have the security of consuming products that meet them. As a guarantee of this, there are specific brands that identify products that meet the Jewish and Muslim religious demands (kosher and halal). Material and methods The right of religious freedom recognized by the Spanish Constitution makes possible the recognition of religious precepts of the religions that have signed a collaboration agreement with Spain, wkhere the issue is regulated in detail. After the study of the Spanish legislation, the work stops in the contents of the religious precepts about food, going, respectively, to the Bible, Book of the Leviticus, and to the suras of Qur’an that treat this matter Results The work ends with a reference to the main problems that the recognition and guarantee of these religious prescriptions in current Spanish society, as the educational and penitentiary areas. Conclusions The religious prescriptions that limit the consumption of certain foods are not a great problem: a believer will be free to adapt their acts to these prescriptions, but there may be a problem in ensuring that religious premises on food can be implemented, even in special centers because the guarantee of this right is not only for the Central Administration of the State, but also for the Autonomous Communities, and these can give, different solutions. The main problem is the possibility of supplying alternative menus for religious reasons in special areas such as hospitals, military barracks, schools and prisons.
The subject of this study is the relationship between environmental protection and the principle of human dignity in the context of the contemporary climate policy of the European Union. The aim of the article is to assess whether the mechanisms of climate transition remain consistent with the principle of the protection of human dignity and social justice. The research hypothesis assumes that climate protection cannot constitute an autonomous objective but should serve to ensure dignified living conditions for present and future generations. The study employs the dogmatic-legal method, institutional analysis, and elements of axiological and comparative analysis. The findings lead to the conclusion that the future of European climate policy should be based on the Human-Centric Climate Policy model, combining environmental protection with the protection of human dignity and social security.
Objectives To present the role of parents in the process of responsible child-rearing in the context of the chastisement of minors as an educational method of upbringing that isn’t legally indeifferent and state policy towards chastisement of upbringing Material and methods The study points out the danger of simplifying reality by equating the disciplining of a child with the use of corporal punishment and the risk of too hasty an encroachment on family autonomy by state authorities interfering with parental authority. Methods typical of the legal sciences – dogmatic-legal, theoretical-legal and axiological methods – were used Results The educational impact includes both rewarding and chastising a child in situations where the child's behaviour needs to be corrected for the child's welfare and social interest. Exceeding the limits of a child's chastisement, bearing the hallmarks of the use of violence or abuse, triggers a response from the state authorities, who have a duty to protect the child from violence, cruelty, exploitation and demoralisation Conclusions Prohibiting corporal punishment of minors does not mean prohibiting the disciplining of minors. It is impossible to raise a child properly without setting tasks and enforcing the fulfilment of those tasks. Any interference by the state in the relationship that exists between parents and children constitutes an interference with parental authority and should therefore be done with great care, in such a way that it does not lead to disorganisation of the family and does not turn against the child
Objectives The aim of this article is to analyze local public fees charged to persons temporarily staying in a tourist or spa municipality as an institution of financial law serving to implement the constitutional principle of financial independence of local government units. The authors adopt a dogmatic and systemic perspective, going beyond the traditional view of these fees as marginal sources of municipalities' own revenues. Material and methods The article was written using traditional methods used in legal studies, linguistic analysis (dogmatic-legal and linguistic-logical methods), and comparative (comparative) and economic analysis of law. The monograph takes the form of an in-depth legal analysis of the principles of real estate taxation in the Polish legal system and the legal systems of European Union countries Results The proposed amendment provides for the abolition of local and tourist taxes and their replacement with a new tourist tax, which may also be introduced in municipalities that are currently not entitled to levy local taxes. The proposed provisions will have a significant social impact in municipalities with high tourist traffic. T Conclusions The current law on local taxes and fees allows municipalities to introduce two fees charged to individuals staying in the municipality for a short period of time, but longer than 24 hours: these are the local fee and the spa fee. The explanatory memorandum to the draft indicates that both fees are subject to criteria and conditions that significantly limit their usefulness in relation to the current needs of local governments.
Objectives This article analyzes the growing importance of cybersecurity in mobile banking amid rapid digitalization, particularly after the Covid-19 pandemic. It identifies key cyber threats related to mobile banking development and examines the role of artificial intelligence in detecting and mitigating cyber risks in the financial sector. Material and methods The study applies literature analysis, desk research, and comparative methods based on scientific publications, industry reports, and financial studies. A qualitative and interdisciplinary approach was adopted, integrating economic, technological, and organizational perspectives. Results The findings indicate that the expansion of mobile banking and digital transactions has increased cyber threats, further accelerated by the pandemic. Traditional protection methods are increasingly insufficient, while AI-based tools, including machine learning and big data analytics, significantly improve fraud detection, anomaly identification, and predictive threat analysis. Conclusions Cybersecurity has become a critical challenge for mobile banking development. Integrating AI with cybersecurity systems enhances resilience against evolving threats and supports more effective risk management. Continuous advancement of security technologies is essential for maintaining trust and long-term stability in financial systems.
Objectives This article aims to analyse documents and case studies of fire brigade activities in the context of smart city functioning. Material and methods For the purpose of this study, the authors adopted a qualitative research approach that included document analysis and analysis of exceptional cases meeting the criterion of technology use during operational activities. Results The study has shown that the digitalisation process in the State Fire Service (PSP) represents not only technological modernisation but also a complex social phenomenon inherent in the logic of smart city development. The analysis of institutional documents and practices has revealed that digital tools are changing operational procedures, redefining relationships between services and communities, becoming a means of building trust and institutional legitimacy. Simultaneously, an ‘implementation gap’ has been revealed – a discrepancy between normative assumptions and the daily practice of rescue operations – indicating the need for flexible adaptation. Conclusions The effectiveness of innovative solutions depends not only on the systems themselves but also on adaptability, collaboration, and the joint development of safety standards. The smart city thus emerges as a dynamic socio-technical system in which security arises from a constant negotiation between the promise of technological control and the real experience of risk and uncertainty.
Objectives The paper aims to explore the relationship between banks’ innovative capacity and their sustainability performance, which is referred to in this research as ESG performance. Material and methods The relationship between banks' innovative capacity and ESG performance was analysed using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM), where the bank’s innovative capacity is an independent latent variable and the variables contributing to innovative capacity are those observed and measured using a questionnaire. The bank’s ESG performance is a dependent variable measured by the ESG indexes available at Refinitiv Eikon and Sustainalytics databases. Results The paper presents the results of exploratory research on banks’ innovability, defined as the ability to use innovative capacity to gain a competitive advantage through sustainable practices carried out among banks operating in Poland. The analysed constructs were defined based on the in-depth literature review. Bank innovative capacity was defined as the ability to create, adapt, and implement innovations resulting from the bank’s organisational culture, relationships with customers, and organisational characteristics and helping to achieve the bank’s strategic goals. Banks' ESG performance is reflected in banks’ environmental, social, and governance practices measured by SDG indexes. The results proved the correlation between ESG performance and some variables contributing to research constructs such as bank size, market position, centralisation, formalisation, and managing customer knowledge. Conclusions To the best of the Author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to use the model approach to empirically analyse the relationships between the two constructs—banks’ innovative capacity and ESG performance.
Objectives The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underly-ing agrammatism and paragrammatism in aphasia patients and to present effective therapeutic approaches aimed at minimizing grammatical deficits. Special attention was paid to analyzing the communication barriers in two female patients (motor aphasia and sensory aphasia) and to developing and implementing a set of speech-therapy exercises designed to restore proper mor-phological and syntactic function. Material and methods This investigation employed a descriptive case-study design, characterizing two patients: P1 (56 years old, kinetic-motor aphasia) and P2 (72 years old, acoustic-gnostic aphasia). Samples of spontaneous speech, repetition tasks, and object-naming were collected both before and after a series of therapy sessions. The therapeutic program included exercises in automatic word se-quences, sentence-completion tasks (with and without visual prompts), training in collocations and syntactic constructions, and text-based tasks targeting morphological gaps. Results Following the therapy cycle, both patients demonstrated increased speech fluency and more frequent use of correct grammatical forms. In P1, there was a marked reduction in omitted prep-ositions and inflectional endings, along with improved sentence organization. In P2, accuracy in using numerals and pronouns improved, and both semantic and phonemic paraphasias de-creased. Objective analyses of the recordings and the therapist’s subjective ratings both indicat-ed significant progress in morphology and syntax. Conclusions Decades of studies link agrammatism to Broca-area damage; severity ramps up with lesion size. Therapy requires intensive, tailored grammar drills; e-learning offers remote personalized practice but can’t replace work with a specialist.
Objectives To analyse the role of motherhood as a factor supporting desistance from crime among incarcerated women staying with children in Mother and Child Homes in Poland, and to identify factors influencing rehabilitation and social reintegration. Material and methods The study used a qualitative research approach based on individual in-depth interviews with 10 incarcerated mothers staying in Mother and Child Homes in Polish prisons. The collected narratives were analysed using thematic analysis. Results The findings indicate that motherhood may support desistance from crime by increasing responsibility, strengthening emotional bonds with children and motivating women to change their lifestyles. At the same time, emotional difficulties, social stigma and lack of support remain important barriers to reintegration. Conclusions Motherhood in penitentiary conditions may support rehabilitation and desistance from crime among incarcerated women. However, long-term change requires comprehensive psychological, educational and social support during imprisonment and after release.
Objectives The objective of this article is to explain the sources of the EU’s AI competitiveness gap. The article tests whether structural and investment constraints, rather than regulation per se, limit scaling and commercialisation, and identifies the enabling conditions under which the EU’s normative-regulatory capacity becomes competitiveness enhancing Material and methods The material and methods used in the article comprise a qualitative analytical approach grounded in institutional and political economics and endogenous growth theory. The analysis synthesises EU legal and policy documents with secondary indicators (AI investment, R&D spending, adoption, publications, patents) and peer-reviewed research and analytical reports, using the United States and China as comparative reference points Results The results show that the EU’s AI competitiveness gap is driven mainly by structural and investment constraints: fragmented capital and data markets, insufficient compute infrastructure, weak scale-up finance and commercialisation pathways, and uneven firm adoption. These factors raise scaling costs and uncertainty, depressing private investment and slowing diffusion. As a result, the EU converts scientific strength into market outcomes more slowly than its global competitors Conclusions The conclusions indicate that regulation is not the binding constraint per se: the EU’s normative-regulatory model can be an asset (trust, legal certainty, standards), but its payoff depends on complementary scaling conditions. Strengthening EU AI competitiveness requires coordinated investment mobilisation, stronger coordination, and EU wide scaling mechanisms (capital market integration, interoperable data/compute infrastructures), enabling the EU to leverage the Brussels effect without sacrificing rights-based governance
Objectives Climate is a fundamental tourism resource that shapes the environmental conditions where tourism services are provided. It is therefore an important determinant of its development and is the subject of cyclical assessments. The relationship between climate and tourism can be bi-directional, i.e. both climate influences tourism and tourism influences climate. This means that tourism operators contribute to environmental degradation. The research undertaken should be attributed to the first group. The following research hypothesis was formulated: climate change materialising in the form of extreme events causes economic losses that negatively affect tourism development. The objective of this article is to analyse the impact of the economic effects of climate change on tourism development. Material and methods Statistical and econometric methods were used to answer this research question. The research was carried out for selected European countries for the period 2014-2023. The results were compiled using Statistica and Gretl software. Results The research conducted confirms the negative impact of climate change on the development of tourism in the European countries studied. However, the results obtained are not homogeneous. The group of countries studied is internally diverse both in terms of the value of climate change damage and in terms of the strength of the impact of climate change on the tourism sector. Switzerland is the least threatened by climate change impacts on tourism. The UK and Italy are the most. Conclusions The research adds to the knowledge base on the impact of the economic effects of climate change on tourism development in selected European countries.
Objectives This study explores the concept of "permanent temporality" within the project management frameworks of non-profit organizations dedicated to addressing Society 5.0 challenges through recurring project cycles. Material and methods By analyzing survey data from the Polish non-profit sector, the research identifies a high degree of projectification and highlights unique tensions arising from the "triple constraint" of time, budget, and scope. Results The paper utilizes a theoretical framework grounded in paradox theory, proposing "permanent temporality" as a specific contextual adaptation of existing temporality paradoxes. This approach allows for a nuanced distinction between project-oriented and non-project-oriented entities, revealing how managers must navigate the contradiction between short-term funding cycles and the long-term, sustainable implementation of an organization's mission. Conclusions The study concludes that "permanent temporality" is a pervasive phenomenon where transient project forms are multiplied into a permanent mode of activity. To manage these paradoxes, the author proposes corrective strategies such as mission-alignment audits, diversification of funding, and the implementation of "project exit" strategies. Future research should focus on international comparative analyses and exploring deprojectification as a conscious organizational choice.
Objectives Measuring complex multidimensional phenomena such as the community well-being over time provides several challenges. The main difficulties are due to changes of well-being – at both group/community level and at the individual/household level. To deal with it a ’diachronic’ approach is employed through transforming time-related data into Functional Data. Material and methods The complexity of the intertwining methodological and substantive issues involved in analyzing the relationship between individual and community well-being, is addressed in two steps: (i) at the measurement level, the Functional Data measurement approach is employed; (ii) having constructed a classification of both local communities and their inhabitants the spatial effects of community development on the cross-categorizized units are assessed in terms of spatial patterns (autocorrelation and clustering tendency). Results Following the conceptualization of the interdependence of data, measurement, and model, it seems worthwhile to note that in light of the above presented empirical results, Functional Data approach to multidimensional measurement of community well-being, as well as to selected measures of subjective well-being, allows clarifying the between individual (micro) and commune (macro) level relationships. Conclusions In conclusion, by taking into account the dynamic aspect of the local development process (by applying the Functional Data approach) in the analysis of its impact on the personal well-being of residents, both planning and resource allocation policies become better informed and, one might expect, more effective (for example, a given level of individual well-being can be achieved by using a more accurate policy-relevant information than otherwise, even at a higher cost, while neglecting it)
Objectives To redefine vulnerability as a foundational category of education, moving beyond its association with deficit or marginality, and to develop an integrated theoretical framework connecting general and special pedagogy within an inclusive perspective. Material and methods An interdisciplinary theoretical-critical analysis drawing on moral philosophy (Nussbaum, Levinas, Ricoeur), pedagogy of care (Mortari), the transformative inclusion paradigm (Booth and Ainscow; Florian), and Universal Design for Learning, including engagement with Butler and Fineman. Results Vulnerability emerges as a universal anthropological condition, an ethical criterion, and a regulatory principle for designing flexible, cooperative, and justice-oriented educational contexts, thus overcoming the deficit paradigm. Conclusions Adopting vulnerability as a pedagogical principle enables a shift from compensatory interventions to universal inclusive design, transforming fragility into a relational resource and the foundation of equitable education.
Objectives The main objective of the article is to identify the factors shaping hotel employees' choice of a good workplace (SDG 8) in the context of Sustainability. Material and methods The study involved six hotels located in Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw, and Opole (Poland), encompassing a total of 193 employees. Quantitative research was conducted using the diagnostic survey method and a questionnaire technique, with a random-time sampling approach. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics such as absolute frequency of respondents (n), respondent proportions (p ̂_1), response proportions (p ̂_2), and 95% confidence intervals for p ̂_1 (95% CI). Additionally, Cochran’s Q and Dunn tests with Bonferroni correction for simple comparisons were performed. Results Only 1.6% of hotel employees identified personal ecological beliefs as a factor in their workplace selection. For hotels, efforts should focus on providing employees with adequate professional development opportunities and increasing the importance of environmental considerations in the workplace selection process. Conclusions The analysis of the study results allows the following answers to the research questions posed in the introduction: 1. The most important factors influencing workplace selection among the surveyed hotel employees were salary level, workplace atmosphere, and opportunities for professional development. 2. Workplace selection factors were not limited to economic considerations but also included social aspects. Environmental factors were cited very rarely. 3. Among the surveyed hotel employees, correlations were observed between workplace selection factors and socio-economic status elements such as gender, education level, and place of residence.
Objectives The purpose of this publication is to characterize the early onset of criminal careers of the members of organized criminal groups and the future criminal career of offenders in the context of the Polish experience. The main questions the present study strives to answer are: Which crimes are typical for the early onset of the Polish members of organized criminal groups? Material and methods The basic method of the research was statistical analysis and legal methods. The study was based on the own research. The research sample was to allow both: qualitative and quantitative research. Results Only the selected group of respondents with the early-onset of criminal careers is presented in the article below. The research sample was divided into 2 parts: the examined offenders with the childhood-onset of criminal careers and the examined offenders with the adolescence-onset of criminal careers. According to the conducted research, a characteristic feature of the respondents was a criminal path that started with some minor acts against property. In contrast to the group of persons with the childhood-onset of criminal careers, the pace of the career of the respondents with the adolescence-onset of criminal activities was faster than of the younger offenders. The perpetrators represented the older group paid more attention to the material values of criminal activities. They did not commit crimes driven by the desire to experience an adventure. Conclusions The offenders with the childhood-onset of criminal careers, often under the influence of criminal subcultures, from a relatively young age, were provided with some criminal models, and being influenced by such patterns, they were involved in organized criminal groups. The early onset of criminal activities up to the age of 12 often forecasts a long criminal career.
