Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major global health challenge, with significant morbidity and mortality. Beyond its respiratory manifestations, PTB is frequently associated with hematological alterations and elevated inflammatory markers, which may reflect disease severity and systemic inflammation. Data on these parameters among Libyan patients with PTB remain limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate complete blood count (CBC) parameters and inflammatory biomarkers, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), in patients with PTB and to investigate the correlations between these inflammatory markers and CBC parameters. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB between 2023 and 2025 at Al-Daran Hospital. Demographic data and laboratory results, including CBC and inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP), were extracted from medical archives. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests for group comparisons, and Pearson correlation to assess the relationships between inflammatory markers and CBC parameters. Results: Males comprised 71.8% of the study population, indicating a higher burden of PTB in men. CBC analysis demonstrated mild normocytic normochromic anemia, with a mean hemoglobin of 12.6 ± 2.6 g/dl and hematocrit of 38.1% ± 6.8%. Neutrophil percentages were slightly elevated (65.5% ± 15.8%), while lymphocyte counts remained within normal limits (26.9% ± 12.7%). Inflammatory markers were markedly elevated, with an ESR of 44.0 ± 38.4 mm/hour and a CRP level of 31.0 ± 48.1 mg/l, indicating active systemic inflammation. Females showed significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCH compared to males (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed positive associations of CRP and ESR with total WBC count, neutrophils, and platelet count, and negative correlations with lymphocyte percentage and red blood cell indices (MCV and MCH), hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Conclusion: PTB is associated with mild normocytic normochromic anemia, neutrophilia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Although lymphocyte counts remained within normal ranges, they showed significant inverse correlations with inflammatory markers. Complete blood count and inflammatory parameters are strongly interrelated, highlighting their potential utility in assessing disease severity and monitoring patients with PTB.
Background: Invasive pneumococcal infections (IPIs), such as bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis, pose a significant risk to children <2 years and adults >65 years. The prevalence of serotypes causing IPIs varies over time and geographically. The increased use of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV)-23 for >65 years and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)-13 for <2 years has led to the rise in non-vaccine serotypes in the world. The choice of antibiotics to treat IPIs has become a real challenge due to antimicrobial resistance. Aim: This study aimed to check the coverage of the vaccines and the effectiveness of locally recommended antibiotics for IPIs. Methods: This retrospective study was performed in East Sussex Healthcare Trust from January 2006 to December 2018. Results: A total of 523 invasive pneumococcal isolates were recovered from sterile samples from 491 patients. Of these, 498 were from blood cultures, and 16, 5, and 4 each were from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), joint fluid, and pleural fluid, respectively. More than one specimen yielded Streptococcus Pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae): 12 of 491 patients had both CSF and blood culture, 2 had blood culture and joint fluid, and 1 had blood culture and pleural fluid. All 523 isolates were subjected to Quellung serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Forty-nine different serotypes were observed; 68% (357/523) of these serotypes come under pneumococcal vaccine coverage. The prevalent serotypes were 12F (9%), 8 (9%), 19A (7%), 3 (6%), 7F (5%), 9N (5%), and 22F (4%), while 32 isolates were undetermined. Serotype 23B was isolated from 5 patients. The vaccine serotype coverage of PCV13 and PPV23 against serotypes causing IPIs was 34% and 68%, respectively. Among patients aged <2 years, 35% of isolates belonged to serotypes covered by PCV13, while among patients aged >2 years, 68% of isolates belonged to serotypes covered by PPV23. Antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that more than 93% of S. pneumoniae were sensitive to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime, while <1% were resistant to penicillin. Conclusion: Locally recommended antibiotics are effective against IPIs. Inclusion of 15A and 23B in the vaccine would improve the PCV-13 and PPV-23 performance in IPI prevention. Continuous surveillance of serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility is important for appropriate use of antimicrobials to avoid antimicrobial resistance, plus serves as important data for vaccinologists.
Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by complex microbial biofilms. It has a high prevalence rate and represents a major global health concern. Aim: Due to limitations of conventional therapies, phytotherapeutic agents such as Salvia officinalis (sage) are gaining increasing attention because of their antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic extract of S. officinalis was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The extract was tested at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL against five periodontal bacterial (Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus acidominimus, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Gemella morbillorum) and fungal (Candida albicans) isolates. Inhibition zones were measured and statistically compared with tetracycline Augmentin and nystatin. Results: The extract demonstrated a concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect that varied among the tested microbes. Significant activity was observed against R. mucilaginosa at 50 and 75 mg/mL, with no significant difference compared with tetracycline (P = 0.132). Similarly, all concentrations showed comparable efficacy against S. acidominimus. In contrast, significantly lower activity was observed against S. gallolyticus, A. haemolyticum, and G. morbillorum (P<0.001). The antifungal effect against C. albicans was also significantly lower than Nystatin (P<0.001). Conclusion: Salvia officinalis ethanolic extract demonstrates significant concentration-dependent antibacterial properties against specific bacteria associated with periodontitis. These findings indicate the potential antimicrobial function of Salvia officinalis ethanolic extract against selected oral pathogens; however, additional in vivo studies are required.
Background: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are often polymicrobial and require accurate microbiological diagnosis for effective management. Superficial cultures may fail to detect deeper pathogens, leading to inadequate therapy. This study aims to highlight the role of deep tissue culture in identifying uncommon pathogens. Case Description: We report a single case study of an 82-year-old male with long-standing diabetes mellitus presenting with a non-healing left foot ulcer following a thorn prick injury. Initial pus culture yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae, and empirical therapy failed to produce clinical improvement. Deep tissue culture obtained during surgical debridement revealed polymicrobial infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter youngae. Identification was confirmed using the VITEK 2 automated system. Antibiotic therapy was modified based on susceptibility testing, resulting in significant clinical recovery. Conclusion: This case emphasizes that deep tissue sampling is crucial in non-responding DFIs for accurate pathogen identification and targeted therapy. Detection of rare organisms such as C. youngae can significantly alter clinical management and improve outcomes. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(3.000): 145-149]
Background: Infections caused by Candida species, including Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC), have emerged as a significant global health challenge. This trend is driven by the increasing prevalence of immunocompromised populations and the rise of antifungal resistance, which complicates clinical management and increases morbidity. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the distribution of Candida spp. and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility profiles among patients in Misurata, Libya, to provide evidence-based data for optimizing therapeutic strategies. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2024â"2025, analyzing 103 Candida-positive isolates from seven laboratories in Misurata region. Identification was performed using Gram staining, culture on Sabouraudâs Dextrose Agar, Yeast extract peptone dextrose, and Chromogenic Candida Agar. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) was performed according to CLSI M44-A guidelines using the disc diffusion method for Amphotericin B, Miconazole, Fluconazole, and Nystatin. Results: The study population comprised 25% males and 75% females, with the highest prevalence observed in the 21â"40 years age group. NAC species predominated (70%), with Candida glabrata being the most frequent (25%), followed by Candida tropicalis (24%), Candida krusei (11%), and Candida auris (8%). Candida albicans accounted for 32 % of isolates. Mixed infections were noted in 3 cases [C. tropicalis with C. albicans (67%) and C. tropicalis with C. krusei (33%)]. Urine specimens showed the highest prevalence of infection (55%), followed by high vaginal swabs (16%) and sputum (11%). Miconazole and Nystatin demonstrated the highest antifungal activity, while Fluconazole and Amphotericin B were less effective, particularly against NAC spp. Conclusion: Candidiasis represents a significant opportunistic infection in Misurata, with NAC species exhibiting increased resistance. Rapid identification using chromogenic media facilitates timely species detection, and ongoing antifungal susceptibility surveillance is essential for guiding effective therapy and limiting the spread of resistance. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(3.000): 137-144]
Background: Public transportation systems are essential components of urban and semi-urban environments, providing daily affordable and efficient mobility to millions of people daily. Aim: This study aimed to examine microorganisms in Wukari’s public transport system, specifically buses and Sienna vehicles. Methods: A total of 18 samples were collected from high-contact surfaces (seats, handrails, and door handles) of each vehicle using sterile cotton swabs moistened with normal saline aseptically. These samples were analysed for microbial presence of public health implications at different times of the day. The total bacterial and fungal counts were determined, and bacterial isolates were characterized using colonial morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, such as the catalase, oxidase, indole, citrate, and triple sugar iron tests, while the fungi were characterized using lactophenol cotton blue stain. Results: The results showed that the total viable bacterial count was high, especially in the evening. In the morning, bacterial counts ranged from 1.4 × 10⁷ cfu/m³ to 5.4 × 10⁷ cfu/m³, with the highest levels recorded on bus handrails. The bacterial isolates include Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Proteus mirabilis (64.8%) was the most prevalent species across all surfaces. Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were more commonly found in morning samples but were absent in the evening. The spore-forming unit ranged from 0.1 x 107 to 1.0 x 107 sfu/m³. Fungal contamination was observed only in the evening, with Penicillium spp. (50%) and Aspergillus flavus (50%). Both fungi were found exclusively in the buses. Conclusion: Public transport vehicles can harbor harmful microorganisms, highlighting the importance of regular cleaning and disinfection. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 72-81]
Background: Crocus sativus L., globally recognized as saffron, transcends its traditional culinary utility to emerge as a cornerstone of contemporary pharmacological research. Recent scientific inquiry has pivoted toward its intricate profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are increasingly scrutinized for their robust therapeutic potential and their role as pivotal agents in neutralizing oxidative stress. Aim: The primary objective of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of saffron stigma extracts while providing a rigorous quantitative assessment of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as a function of diverse solvent polarities. Methods: Crocus sativus L. stigmas were subjected to solid-liquid extraction employing a polarity-based gradient consisting of four solvent systems: aqueous methanol (50% v/v), aqueous propanol (50% v/v), ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The radical scavenging potential of the resulting extracts was evaluated via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Furthermore, the quantitative determination of TPC and TFC was conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric protocols, respectively. Results: The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of bioactive metabolites from C. sativus L. was significantly influenced by solvent polarity. The 50% methanolic extract demonstrated the highest phytochemical recovery, yielding a maximum mean TPC of 4,822.6 ± 145.2a μg GAE/g and a TFC of 2,210.0 ± 88.4a μg QE/g, with an extraction yield of 1.50%. In stark contrast, the chloroform extract exhibited the lowest extraction yields, with 1,411.9 ± 56.5 d μg GAE/g for TPC and 271.1 ± 10.8 μg QE/g for flavonoid content, alongside the minimum overall yield (0.53%). This quantitative superiority was directly reflected in the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Specifically, the 50% methanolic extract displayed the most potent radical scavenging activity, characterized by the minimum IC50 value of 6.98 ± 0.3a μg/ml. Conversely, the chloroform extract demonstrated the weakest antioxidant potential, recording the maximum IC50 value of 10.20 ± 0.6c μg/ml. These findings substantiate a robust linear correlation between the recovery of polar phenolic fractions and the resultant antioxidant potency, indicating that phenolic concentration is a primary determinant of radical scavenging efficiency. Conclusion: These findings validate the intrinsic dependency of antioxidant potency on phenolic density, demonstrating that the scavenging efficiency is a direct function of the successful recovery of polar secondary metabolites during the extraction process. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 107-117]
Background: Sandfly fever viruses (Phleboviruses, family Phenuiviridae) are important but neglected causes of febrile illness in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Their clinical presentation overlaps with malaria and enteric fever, complicating diagnosis. In Sudan, historical studies documented outbreaks in Northern and Khartoum provinces, but targeted seroprevalence data remain limited, and no recent surveys have addressed their broader distribution. Aim: This study aimed to uncover hidden viral etiologies and provide evidence for the endemic circulation of these pathogens Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional serological study of 201 febrile, Malaria-Negative patients from Northern, Khartoum, El-Gadarif, and Red Sea states. Serum samples were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus (SFSV), Sandfly Fever Naples Virus (SFNV), Toscana Virus (TOSV), and Cyprus Virus (CYPV) using a highly specific Indirect Flouresence AntibodyTechnique for detection of IgM and IgG. Statistical analysis assessed prevalence differences between states. Results: IgG antibodies against all four viruses were detected in all states, confirming widespread exposure. Overall IgG prevalence was highest for SFSV (46.7%) and CYPV (45.3%), followed by SFNV (29.9%) and TOSV (29.4%). Significant differences between states were observed for SFSV, SFNV, and CYPV (p < 0.05). IgM antibodies, reflecting recent infection, were less frequent, with overall prevalence ranging from 2.5% (SFNV) to 12.7% (SFSV). SFNV IgM was absent in Northern state but present in the other three states. Notably, antibodies against CYPV and TOSV were detected for the first time in Sudan, expanding the known spectrum of circulating phleboviruses. Conclusion: This study provides new evidence of the endemic circulation of four sandfly fever viruses in Sudan, including the first reports of CYPV and TOSV. High IgG prevalence underscores widespread past exposure, while IgM detection indicates ongoing transmission. These findings highlight the need to consider phleboviruses in the differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses in Malaria-Negative patients and emphasize the importance of further epidemiological, molecular, and virological investigations to assess their distribution, burden, and public health impact. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(3.000): 150-155]
Background: Vitamin D deficiency estimated to affect 50% of worldwide population of different civilizations and age groups. Aim: This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among residents of the Aljabal Algharbi region in Libya. Methods: A total of 657 laboratory test results were analyzed from patients in six cities: Gharian, Alasabaa, Alzintan, Jadu, Nalut, and Yafrin, covering the period from 2021 to 2024. Patient demographic data, including age and gender, were collected. According to clinical records, all tests were conducted using the Elecsys Vitamin D III Total kit for quantifying serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of <30 ng/mL, while levels between 30â"100 ng/mL were considered sufficient. Results: Overall, 506 patients (77%) were found to be vitamin D deficient. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (80%, 366/460) than in males (71%, 140/197) (p < 0.05). Among age groups, the highest deficiency rate (85%) was observed in individuals aged 31â"50 years (p < 0.05), while the lowest was recorded in children aged 0-5 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that females (OR: 1.162, 95% CI: 1.015â"1.330) and individuals aged 31â"50 years (OR: 3.004, 95% CI: 1.197â"7.537) were at significantly higher risk of deficiency. Conclusion: This study highlights a critical need for targeted public health interventions in the region. A coordinated effort involving healthcare providers, policymakers, and communities is essential to improve vitamin D status and mitigate the associated health risks. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 82-87]
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most critical global health challenges, driven by the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics across human, animal, and environmental sectors. The One Health approach recognizes the interconnected nature of these domains and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing AMR. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The findings highlight that excessive antibiotic use in human medicine, livestock production, and aquaculture significantly contributes to the emergence and dissemination of resistant microorganisms. Additionally, environmental contamination through pharmaceutical effluents and wastewater plays a crucial role in sustaining and spreading antimicrobial resistance genes. A strong correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance rates is consistently observed across different regions and ecosystems. The review underscores the urgent need for integrated and coordinated interventions, including improved antimicrobial stewardship, stricter environmental regulations, and global policy alignment. Addressing AMR effectively requires a multidisciplinary effort involving healthcare systems, agricultural practices, and environmental management. The One Health framework remains essential for guiding sustainable strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and protect global public health. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 126-136]
Rubella virus (RV), also known as German measles, is a member of the Togaviridae family and is the causative agent of rubella. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, rubella remains a significant global public health concern, particularly due to its teratogenic effects when contracted during pregnancy. Pregnant women who contract rubella in the first trimester can experience miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome. Understanding the intricacies of the human immune response to rubella is essential for optimizing vaccination strategies and controlling outbreaks. This paper briefly reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the immune response to RV, including the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, immune memory, vaccine-induced immunity, and correlates of protection. Furthermore, the implications of immune evasion mechanisms employed by the virus are explored, and avenues for future research to improve vaccine efficacy and control the transmission of rubella are discussed. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(3.000): 160-164]
Background: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and associated adverse reactions has prompted the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, including medicinal plant extracts, to be developed. Aim: In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) extracts against selected gastrointestinal bacterial isolates. Methods: Fresh scent leaves were collected from the Rivers State University farm, dried for 2 weeks, and ground into powder. Methanolic and acetonic extracts were prepared from dried leaves, whereas aqueous extracts were obtained from fresh leaves. The extracts were tested against E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. (n ≤ 3 isolates per species). The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sterile distilled water were used as negative controls, and ciprofloxacin (10 µg) was used as a positive control. All assays were performed in triplicate, and the results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. MIC values were determined using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukeyâs HSD post hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Results on the antibacterial activity of O. gratissimum methanolic extracts at various concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) revealed the highest zone of inhibition (mm) in Klebsiella species (29 ± 1.00), followed by Enterococcus species (21 ± 0.00), while Escherichia coli was (19 ± 0.00) and Proteus species (19 ± 0.50). O. gratissimum acetonic extracts at different concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) revealed the highest zone of inhibition (mm) in Enterococcus species (22 ± 1.00), followed by Proteus species (20 ± 0.50), Klebsiella species was (18 ± 1.00), and Escherichia coli (15 ± 0.50). In contrast, O. gratissimum aqueous extracts at different concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) showed no zones of inhibition (0 ± 0.00). The MICs of the methanolic and acetonic extracts ranged from 62.5â"187.5 mg/ml, depending on the bacterial species, whereas aqueous extracts showed no inhibition. A significant interaction between extract concentration and bacterial species was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Methanolic and acetonic Ocimum gratissimum extracts exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity against selected gastrointestinal bacteria, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. However, these results are preliminary and are based on crude extracts tested at relatively high concentrations. Further studies are required to isolate active compounds, evaluate their safety, and assess their in vivo efficacy before clinical application. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 93-100]
Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation can rarely involve the central nervous system, leading to meningitis even in otherwise healthy elderly patients. Clinical presentation may be subtle, occasionally mimicking transient ischemic attacks or strokes, which can delay diagnosis. Case Description: We report an 85-year-old man with multiple vascular risk factors who experienced a brief episode of expressive aphasia. Neuroimaging showed no acute ischemia. Examination revealed a healing unilateral vesicular rash in the ophthalmic (V1) dermatome. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein, and polymerase chain reaction testing confirmed VZV DNA. The patient was treated with a 14-day course of intravenous acyclovir, resulting in complete neurologic recovery. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the need to consider VZV meningitis in elderly patients presenting with transient neurological deficits, even without classic meningeal signs. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(3.000): 156-159]
The human mouth is a complex environment, heavily colonized by diverse communities of microorganisms which establish dynamic, biofilm communities on various surfaces within the human oral cavity. Biofilm-related oral diseases are among the most common diseases linked to serious systemic diseases. The effective management of oral diseases remains a global challenge, which demands the discovery of innovative therapeutic approaches for eradicating biofilm-associated infections. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a novel approach for targeting oral biofilms, and this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo and clinical studies, within the last four years (2022-2025). It intends to investigate the potential applications of different types of NPs in disrupting multispecies biofilms related to a range of oral diseases including periodontitis, dental caries, endodontic diseases, peri-implantitis and oral candidiasis. In general, nanoparticles, alone or conjugated with various substances, demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties against oral multispecies biofilms, making them a promising strategy for management of biofilm-related oral diseases. Novel strategies are being highlighted with the use of NPs, such as the application of phototherapy and magnetic fields, aiming for complete eradication of biofilms. While most of these approaches have not been implemented clinically, they hold promise for enhancing the management of oral diseases. Further research and more clinical trials are required to confirm their clinical efficacy and long-term safety. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 44-71]
Background: The aesthetical smile is based on the interaction between teeth, lips, and gingivae. Gingival irregularities, excessive gingival exposure, and gingival hyperplasia may severely impair dental appearance. Case Description: This case report describes the use of a 980 nm diode laser for performing a precise gingivoplasty on the upper central incisors to correct an asymmetric gingival margin and excessive gingival display (“gummy smile”). The patient showed aesthetic issues and slight gingival inflammation. The 980 nm wavelength was chosen because it shows good absorption in hemoglobin and water, so it is good in soft tissue cutting with good hemostasis and reduced thermal damages. The process was done in one visit and did not require the injection of local anesthesia, leading to high patient satisfaction, instant cosmetic enhancement, low intraoperative bleeding, and painless recovery. Conclusion: This report shows the benefits of the 980 nm diode laser as an important instrument in predictable and patient-friendly recontouring of the gingiva. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 88-92]
Background: Antimicrobial resistance, particularly due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative pathogens, poses a major therapeutic challenge in India. Despite several clinical studies on the effectiveness of meropenem in various infections, there is a dearth of studies among clinicians. Aim: To evaluate expert opinion on the clinical use of meropenem in the management of MDR infections in Indian clinical settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed a 23-item, multiple-choice questionnaire to gather expert opinions from clinicians with MDR management experience in Indian settings. The questionnaire covered current practices, clinical observations, and perceived efficacy of meropenem for managing MDR infections. Descriptive statistics summarize the data, with categorical variables shown as percentages. Results: This study included 412 respondents. Approximately 40% of clinicians reported that 21%â"30% of patients with infections preferred meropenem. The majority of participants (72.82%) reported a preference for meropenem in meningitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and bloodstream infections. Nearly 81% of clinicians indicated that meropenem was the preferred drug of choice for treating gram-negative MDR pathogens. More than half of the participants (51.7%) reported that their preferred intravenous dose of meropenem was 1 g administered in two to three divided doses for treating MDR, extensively drug-resistant, or pandrug-resistant infections, while 46% preferred a dose of 2 g in two to three divided doses. Most participants (60.92%) indicated a preference for meropenemâ"sulbactam in complex infections such as complicated intra-abdominal infections, meningitis, and complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs). Conclusion: This study highlights the widespread use of meropenem in the management of severe MDR infections, particularly meningitis, VAP, and bloodstream infections. Meropenem remains the preferred agent for gram-negative MDR pathogens, with most clinicians favoring standard intravenous dosing of 1â"2 g in divided doses. Its frequent use in cUTIs and its preference for meropenemâ"sulbactam in complex infections further underscore its clinical importance. [J Microbiol Infect Dis 2026; 16(2.000): 101-106]
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most critical global health challenges, driven by the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics across human, animal, and environmental sectors. The One Health approach recognizes the interconnected nature of these domains and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing AMR. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The findings highlight that excessive antibiotic use in human medicine, livestock production, and aquaculture significantly contributes to the emergence and dissemination of resistant microorganisms. Additionally, environmental contamination through pharmaceutical effluents and wastewater plays a crucial role in sustaining and spreading antimicrobial resistance genes. A strong correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance rates is consistently observed across different regions and ecosystems. The review underscores the urgent need for integrated and coordinated interventions, including improved antimicrobial stewardship, stricter environmental regulations, and global policy alignment. Addressing AMR effectively requires a multidisciplinary effort involving healthcare systems, agricultural practices, and environmental management. The One Health framework remains essential for guiding sustainable strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and protect global public health.
Background: The aesthetical smile is based on the interaction between teeth, lips, and gingivae. Gingival irregularities, excessive gingival exposure, and gingival hyperplasia may severely impair dental appearance. Case Description: This case report describes the use of a 980 nm diode laser for performing a precise gingivoplasty on the upper central incisors to correct an asymmetric gingival margin and excessive gingival display (“gummy smile”). The patient showed aesthetic issues and slight gingival inflammation. The 980 nm wavelength was chosen because it shows good absorption in hemoglobin and water, so it is good in soft tissue cutting with good hemostasis and reduced thermal damages. The process was done in one visit and did not require the injection of local anesthesia, leading to high patient satisfaction, instant cosmetic enhancement, low intraoperative bleeding, and painless recovery. Conclusion: This report shows the benefits of the 980 nm diode laser as an important instrument in predictable and patient-friendly recontouring of the gingiva.
Background: The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and associated adverse reactions has prompted the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, including medicinal plant extracts, to be developed. Aim: In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) extracts against selected gastrointestinal bacterial isolates. Methods: Fresh scent leaves were collected from the Rivers State University farm, dried for 2 weeks, and ground into powder. Methanolic and acetonic extracts were prepared from dried leaves, whereas aqueous extracts were obtained from fresh leaves. The extracts were tested against E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. (n = 3 isolates per species). The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sterile distilled water were used as negative controls, and ciprofloxacin (10 µg) was used as a positive control. All assays were performed in triplicate, and the results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. MIC values were determined using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Results on the antibacterial activity of O. gratissimum methanolic extracts at various concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) revealed the highest zone of inhibition (mm) in Klebsiella species (29 ± 1.00), followed by Enterococcus species (21 ± 0.00), while Escherichia coli was (19 ± 0.00) and Proteus species (19 ± 0.50). O. gratissimum acetonic extracts at different concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) revealed the highest zone of inhibition (mm) in Enterococcus species (22 ± 1.00), followed by Proteus species (20 ± 0.50), Klebsiella species was (18 ± 1.00), and Escherichia coli (15 ± 0.50). In contrast, O. gratissimum aqueous extracts at different concentrations (250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml) showed no zones of inhibition (0 ± 0.00). The MICs of the methanolic and acetonic extracts ranged from 62.5–187.5 mg/ml, depending on the bacterial species, whereas aqueous extracts showed no inhibition. A significant interaction between extract concentration and bacterial species was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Methanolic and acetonic Ocimum gratissimum extracts exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity against selected gastrointestinal bacteria, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. However, these results are preliminary and are based on crude extracts tested at relatively high concentrations. Further studies are required to isolate active compounds, evaluate their safety, and assess their in vivo efficacy before clinical application.
Background: Crocus sativus L., globally recognized as saffron, transcends its traditional culinary utility to emerge as a cornerstone of contemporary pharmacological research. Recent scientific inquiry has pivoted toward its intricate profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are increasingly scrutinized for their robust therapeutic potential and their role as pivotal agents in neutralizing oxidative stress. Aim: The primary objective of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of saffron stigma extracts while providing a rigorous quantitative assessment of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as a function of diverse solvent polarities. Methods: Crocus sativus L. stigmas were subjected to solid-liquid extraction employing a polarity-based gradient consisting of four solvent systems: aqueous methanol (50% v/v), aqueous propanol (50% v/v), ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The radical scavenging potential of the resulting extracts was evaluated via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Furthermore, the quantitative determination of TPC and TFC was conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric protocols, respectively. Results: The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of bioactive metabolites from C. sativus L. was significantly influenced by solvent polarity. The 50% methanolic extract demonstrated the highest phytochemical recovery, yielding a maximum mean TPC of 4,822.6 ± 145.2a μg GAE/g and a TFC of 2,210.0 ± 88.4a μg QE/g, with an extraction yield of 1.50%. In stark contrast, the chloroform extract exhibited the lowest extraction yields, with 1,411.9 ± 56.5 d μg GAE/g for TPC and 271.1 ± 10.8 μg QE/g for flavonoid content, alongside the minimum overall yield (0.53%). This quantitative superiority was directly reflected in the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Specifically, the 50% methanolic extract displayed the most potent radical scavenging activity, characterized by the minimum IC50 value of 6.98 ± 0.3a μg/ml. Conversely, the chloroform extract demonstrated the weakest antioxidant potential, recording the maximum IC50 value of 10.20 ± 0.6c μg/ml. These findings substantiate a robust linear correlation between the recovery of polar phenolic fractions and the resultant antioxidant potency, indicating that phenolic concentration is a primary determinant of radical scavenging efficiency. Conclusion: These findings validate the intrinsic dependency of antioxidant potency on phenolic density, demonstrating that the scavenging efficiency is a direct function of the successful recovery of polar secondary metabolites during the extraction process.
