This research aims to examine the impact of shared words of French origin in Turkish on the French language learning and social integration of post-2016 Turkish immigrants in the Romandie region of Switzerland. The study was conducted using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2011). In the quantitative phase, a six-part survey was administered to 82 participants; in the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 participants to elaborate on the quantitative findings. Quantitative findings revealed that the vast majority of participants recognized the shared words but were unaware that these words were of French origin. The perception of self-confidence was found to be significantly higher than the perception of acquisition speed; a strong correlation was identified between self-confidence and the perception of integration. A significant difference was found regarding the perception of contribution to integration among groups categorized by migration year; this cross-sectional difference was not interpreted as a change at the individual level. Qualitative findings showed that shared words provided familiarity and psychological comfort in the initial stage, but were not sufficient on their own to overcome the grammar barrier. The findings indicate that the shared vocabulary in question can make a limited but noteworthy contribution to the language learning and integration of immigrants, with the support of awareness-raising programs. Keywords: French-speaking Switzerland (Romandy), French, Turkish-French cognates, second language acquisition, integration
Objective: This study examined the independent associations of academic motivation and financial stress with postsecondary GPA and tested whether motivation moderates the financial stress-GPA relationship. Methods: Using Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 data, base-year motivation was linked with third-follow-up financial stress and transcript-based GPA. A baseline regression included 6,568 students; an expanded model added socioeconomic status, parental education, sex, race/ethnicity, prior achievement, and the motivation by financial stress interaction. Results: The baseline model was significant, with motivation positively and financial stress negatively associated with GPA. Both associations held in the weighted expanded model (R² = .174) after adjusting for the covariates above, with prior achievement the strongest continuous predictor. Black participants had lower adjusted GPAs than White non-Hispanic participants. Conclusions: Motivation and financial stress were each independently related to GPA. Contrary to the hypothesized buffering effect, the financial stress-GPA relationship was slightly stronger, not weaker, at higher motivation, though the interaction was small and not robust to sensitivity analysis. Significance: These findings suggest motivation and financial stress are independently associated with GPA and may inform student support efforts. Future research should further examine the racial disparities identified here.
The aim of this systematic review was to examine randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) in the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents and to assess the findings in light of the current literature. A systematic review methodology was employed, and no field research or scale administration was conducted. English-language randomized controlled trials published in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched, and a total of 12 studies meeting the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the review. The selected studies involved children and adolescents who had experienced various traumatic events, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, war, natural disasters, and accidental injuries. The findings demonstrated that TF-CBT is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. In addition, significant improvements were observed in depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, trauma-related emotional difficulties, and parental distress. Several studies also reported that these treatment gains were maintained during follow-up assessments. The results further indicated that TF-CBT was more effective when parents were actively involved in the treatment process, produced positive outcomes across different developmental stages ranging from preschool children to adolescents, and remained effective even when delivered by trained lay counselors in low-resource settings. Studies comparing TF-CBT with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) showed that both interventions were effective in reducing PTSD symptoms, although no significant difference was found between the two treatment approaches. Overall, the findings indicate that TF-CBT is an evidence-based, reliable, and effective psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents. Beyond reducing trauma-related symptoms, TF-CBT contributes to improved psychosocial functioning, enhances emotional well-being, and promotes the long-term maintenance of treatment gains. Based on the available evidence, TF-CBT should be considered a first-line psychological intervention for children and adolescents with PTSD and should be more widely implemented in clinical practice. Keywords: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Children, Adolescents, Systematic Review.
This study investigates the impact of L1 interference on the English language learning of Afghan EFL learners, with a primary focus on grammatical errors and broader language learning factors. The objective is to identify common grammatical, phonological, and lexical difficulties influenced by Dari and Pashto, and to examine non-learning factors affecting learners’ performance. While teaching Afghan EFL learners, I observed that L1 interference from Dari and Pashto often caused grammatical errors that hindered their English proficiency, motivating this study to investigate its impact on language learning. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including semi-structured interviews and a two-part questionnaire administered to four purposively selected learners. Quantitative analysis measured the frequency of errors, while qualitative analysis explored patterns of L1 interference in spoken English. The findings show that Afghan EFL learners frequently produce subject–verb agreement, article, and preposition errors, alongside pronunciation and lexical challenges, which collectively impact their overall language learning. These results provide practical insights for EFL teachers to address L1 interference and improve learners’ English proficiency in classroom settings. Additionally, these findings are significant for EFL instruction in Afghanistan, as they provide practical guidance for addressing L1-induced grammatical and language learning challenges in classroom settings.
The capital is a political, administrative, cultural, economic, social, and diplomatic element of countries, and all countries in the world have a capital, with geographical factors playing an active role in its selection. As the political-administrative center, the capital plays a significant role in the political and administrative geography of countries, and its location should be chosen based on defined patterns. Capitals serve as symbols of the authority and prosperity of governments. In fact, the capital is the most important element in the political structure of a space, with political-administrative functions as well as economic, commercial, and cultural roles. The geographical factors influencing the selection of a capital can be divided into two main categories: natural and human. Natural factors include climate, topography, water resources, distance from coasts and borders, environmental hazards, physical development capacity, geomorphological conditions of the region, and so on. Human factors include communication centrality, population distribution, infrastructure networks, investment absorption capacity, access to markets, distance from strategic centers, and the role of location in the country’s social, political, and cultural structure. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study and examine the role of geographical factors in the selection of capitals. The importance of this research lies in the fact that through such studies, it is understood that geographical factors and elements play an active role in selecting a country's capital and shape it according to their characteristics. The research method is qualitative and has been presented in an analytical and descriptive manner. The findings of the study show that various geographical factors, namely climate, location, presence of water bodies and seas, strategic regions, topographic structure of the land, human resources, investment capacity, communication routes, central position, and other factors, play a significant role in the selection of a capital.
Beekeeping is a vital and complementary component of the agricultural sector, with the potential to significantly contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction, and the improvement of rural livelihoods—particularly in countries such as Afghanistan. This study addresses the central research question: What role does beekeeping play in the development of the Afghan economy? The primary objective is to investigate the significance of beekeeping and its role in fostering economic development in Afghanistan. This research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, drawing on data collected from library resources, religious texts, national documents, and regional case studies across various provinces of Afghanistan. The findings reveal that beekeeping is a practical and accessible livelihood option for low-income farmers, especially in subtropical regions, due to its simplicity, low capital requirements, and independence from arable land. Furthermore, bee products possess considerable economic value in both domestic and international markets. Bees also play an essential ecological role by pollinating plants and enhancing soil fertility. In addition to its economic and environmental benefits, beekeeping holds spiritual and therapeutic significance, as referenced in the Holy Qur’an (Surah An-Nahl, verses 68 and 69). Therefore, providing scientific, technical, and institutional support to this sector can make a meaningful contribution to sustainable development and the self-sufficiency of Afghan farmers.
The present study aimed to examine the effect of academic incentives on students’ commitment to academic growth. This research is applied in purpose and employs a descriptive–correlational design. The statistical population comprised teachers working in public schools in Kabul city, from whom 80 participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire encompassing the components of encouragement, motivation, and responsibility. Content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, via SPSS software. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between academic incentives and students’ commitment to academic growth. Among the examined components, motivation demonstrated the strongest positive effect on commitment to growth. In contrast, encouragement and responsibility, although statistically significant, exhibited negative regression coefficients. These findings suggest that the controlling or unreflective application of encouragement and responsibility assignment may undermine students’ commitment to growth. Overall, the study highlights the importance of implementing academic incentives in a purposeful, supportive, and learner-centered manner within the teaching–learning process.
The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder based on attachment theory. The study employed a systematic review methodology; no field studies were conducted, no data were collected from participants, and no psychometric assessment tools were used. The literature search was conducted in the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases; full-text studies in English published between January 2010 and December 2025 were evaluated. The search process was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 1,856 studies identified through the literature search, 10 randomized controlled trials that met the criteria were included in the analysis. The findings of the reviewed studies indicate that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective psychotherapy approach for reducing symptoms of major depressive disorder. It was determined that CBT interventions structured on the basis of attachment theory or incorporating attachment assessment not only reduce depressive symptoms but also support increased attachment security, reduced attachment anxiety and avoidance, and improved interpersonal functioning. Furthermore, it has been observed that internet-based CBT interventions are as effective as in-person CBT, and that digital interventions offer an important alternative that can increase access to treatment. Meta-analysis findings reveal that initial insecure attachment patterns do not hinder treatment success and that attachment security can be developed during the therapeutic process. In conclusion, it is assessed that integrating attachment theory into the cognitive-behavioral therapy process enhances clinical outcomes in the treatment of major depressive disorder and contributes to more lasting psychological recovery. Keywords: Major Depressive Disorder, Attachment Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attachment Security, Systematic Review
The aim of this review is to evaluate the current literature on the theoretical foundations and effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in the management of chronic pain. In this review, national and international studies on chronic pain and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy were examined, and the findings obtained were synthesized and presented. Chronic pain is a significant public health problem that persists or recurs for longer than three months beyond the normal tissue healing period and adversely affects individuals physical, psychological, and social functioning. Contemporary research recognizes that chronic pain cannot be explained solely by biological mechanisms; cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes also play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of pain. Consequently, multidisciplinary approaches have become increasingly important in chronic pain management, and psychological interventions have emerged as an integral component of treatment alongside pharmacological therapies. Among these interventions, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has gained considerable attention as an evidence-based approach for individuals with chronic pain. Rather than aiming to eliminate pain completely, ACT seeks to change individuals' relationship with pain by enhancing psychological flexibility and encouraging engagement in meaningful, value-based activities despite the presence of pain. This systematic review examines the definition, epidemiology, and psychosocial dimensions of chronic pain and evaluates current evidence regarding the effectiveness of ACT in chronic pain management. The reviewed studies suggest that ACT is effective in reducing pain-related psychological distress, improving psychological flexibility, and enhancing quality of life. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed to establish the sustained effectiveness of ACT across different chronic pain populations. Keywords: Chronic pain, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT, psychological flexibility, systematic review.
Entrepreneurship plays a key role in the development of the economy and sustainability of all societies. By studying the economic growth trend of developed countries, it is clear that entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurs have played a great role in their economic growth and job creation. This research was conducted to achieve the barriers of sports entrepreneurship in the development of job creation. The method used in this research was quantitative Also, this research was descriptive (descriptive, analytical and inferential), from the perspective of applied results, from the perspective of the nature of the quantitative information and in terms of collecting information from the survey type (questionnaire), the statistical population was purposefully selected, analyzed and analyzed the research data by SPSS program based on the findings and results of the research, among three variables of sport entrepreneurship inhibitors that were considered according to the research model. Structural and cultural dimensions are the most effective in the development of job creation by sports entrepreneurship.
Quality Assurance is considered a fundamental principle in modern educational systems, aiming to standardize institutional practices, enhance the quality of learning, and ensure the credibility of academic institutions. This study seeks to examine the concept, importance, and constructive role of quality assurance in the development of educational institutions. The research follows a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources for comprehensive analysis.The findings indicate that the implementation of quality assurance can lead to better organization of academic processes, more effective student assessment, enhanced teacher capacity, and increased institutional transparency. Furthermore, the study reveals that many educational institutions either lack clear quality assurance policies or apply them ineffectively, which negatively affects both the standard of education and institutional credibility.In conclusion, the study recommends the development of a comprehensive quality assurance mechanism, along with clear standards, monitoring systems, and capacity-building programs, to ensure the sustained growth, credibility, and effectiveness of educational institutions.
Avalanches are among the most dangerous natural phenomena in mountainous regions, causing significant loss of life and property each year, especially in mountainous countries like Afghanistan. Qanagh Pass, as one of the highest and most important connecting routes between Daikundi and Bamyan provinces, is considered a highly avalanche-prone area. The steep slopes, high elevation, lack of vegetation cover, deforestation, and absence of protective infrastructure all increase the likelihood of avalanches in this region. Despite frequent avalanche incidents in Afghanistan, only limited scientific studies using modern methods have been conducted. This study aims to identify and analyze the spatial distribution of avalanche-prone areas in Qanagh Pass by combining two important analytical tools: Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The main factors influencing avalanches—slope, aspect, elevation, land cover, soil type, and snow precipitation—were identified and weighted using the AHP method. Then, through GIS spatial layers and multi-criteria modeling, a hazard zonation map was produced to highlight high-risk areas. The results show that integrating AHP and GIS provides an effective approach for identifying avalanche hazard zones and can support engineering solutions such as retaining walls, protective galleries, and construction restrictions in high-risk zones. This research can serve as a useful reference for scientific planning, natural disaster risk reduction, and sustainable development in Qanagh Pass and similar mountainous regions.
This study examines the sociological factors influencing neglect in observing urban culture in Kabul City. Urban culture, as one of the key components in the development and sustainability of urban communities, refers to a set of norms, behaviors, and principles that maintain social order and cohesion within urban environments. The main objective of this research is to identify the social, economic, and environmental factors affecting citizens’ adherence to or neglect of urban cultural norms. The present study adopts a descriptive-analytical research design. A total of 450 residents of Kabul City were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (P-test), as the research variables did not follow a normal distribution. The findings indicate that the level of adherence to urban culture among residents of Kabul City is relatively satisfactory, and civic education and social awareness are present among citizens. Furthermore, social trust and collective supervision exist within the city and can reinforce positive urban behaviors. However, urban challenges—including environmental issues, population density, traffic congestion, air pollution, as well as economic problems and unemployment—contribute to some degree of neglect toward urban cultural norms (Sig < 0.05). Overall, the study concludes that although the level of awareness and adherence to urban culture is desirable, improving urban conditions and reducing economic and social problems can play a significant role in enhancing civic behavior and urban quality of life.
The purpose of this study was to predict academic achievement based on academic self-efficacy among students at Kabul Education University. The research employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of all students enrolled in the nine faculties of the university in the academic year 1404 (2025). Using simple random sampling, 310 students were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the McIlroy and Bunting Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and students’ grade point averages (GPA). The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test and simple linear regression. The findings showed a positive and significant correlation between academic self-efficacy and academic achievement (r = 0.247, p < .01). Additionally, the results of simple linear regression indicated that academic self-efficacy was a significant predictor of academic achievement (β = 0.269, p < .001). However, the low coefficient of determination (R² = .072) suggests that academic self-efficacy explains only 7.2% of the variance in academic achievement. Overall, the results indicate that academic self-efficacy significantly predicts students’ academic achievement, meaning that higher levels of academic self-efficacy are associated with improved academic outcomes.
The aim of the present research is to understand the relationship between social anxiety and the academic performance of students at the Kabul Polytechnic University Lyceum. This study was conducted using a descriptive correlation method on 294 students of the Kabul Polytechnic University Lyceum. Sampling was done using the cluster method, and data were collected through the Jerabek Social Anxiety Questionnaire and the Fham and Taylor Academic Performance Questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using the software (SPSS-27). The research findings showed that there is a significant positive correlation between social anxiety and academic performance, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of (r = 0.365**) and )P = 0.001). The research findings also indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and the four components of academic performance (emotional effects, planning, lack of outcome control, and motivation). However, a non-significant positive relationship was observed between self-efficacy and students' social anxiety. Consequently, it can be said that social anxiety has a significant positive relationship with students' academic performance and can have a substantial impact on its increase or decrease.
This research aims to explore Carl Gustav Jung's approach to the human psyche through his book, Modern Man in Search of a Soul. Jung's thought, departing from classical approaches that view the human mind merely as a repository of repressed memories, considers it a living and multi-layered structure in constant interaction between consciousness and the unconscious. Within this framework, consciousness represents the field of awareness that the individual establishes with themselves and their environment, while the unconscious functions as a deep, invisible but felt background. The study emphasizes that complexes are powerful psychological structures that unconsciously guide an individual's behavior, and that association experiments offer an important but limited tool in revealing the traces of these structures. The most striking element in Jung's approach is the meaning he assigns to dreams. Dreams are not merely images carrying traces of the past; they are considered unique narratives that attempt to balance the individual's inner world, sometimes containing cautionary and sometimes complementary messages. Keywords: Modern Man in Search of a Soul, consciousness, unconscious, complex, dreams
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of digitalization on educational management and to identify effective leadership strategies in this transformation process. Educational institutions have been required to restructure their management processes due to rapid technological advancements. In this context, digital leadership skills of school administrators have become prominent. The study employs a literature review method. The findings indicate that digitalization accelerates decision-making processes in educational management, strengthens data-driven management, and transforms leadership approaches. As a result, it is emphasized that educational leaders should possess digital literacy, innovativeness, and strategic thinking skills. Keywords: Educational management, digitalization, leadership, educational technologies, digital leadership
The aim of this study is to examine the psychotherapy process of a client presenting symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder within the framework of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy under supervision. A case study design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. Within the scope of the research, eight therapy sessions were conducted weekly with a 23-year-old female client. Each session lasted approximately 50 minutes and the process was structured with regular supervision support. Psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, relaxation exercises, behavioral interventions, and emotion regulation techniques were applied during therapy. The findings indicated a decrease in excessive anxiety, catastrophizing tendencies, rumination, and avoidance behaviors. In addition, improvements were observed in sleep patterns, emotional expression skills, and daily functioning. As a result, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy appears to be an effective intervention method in reducing symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Furthermore, supervision support contributed significantly to the development of case formulation, structuring the therapeutic process, and increasing the effectiveness of interventions. Accordingly, it is recommended that when working with individuals experiencing anxiety disorders, not only current symptoms but also early life experiences, core beliefs, and interpersonal relationship patterns should be evaluated. Keywords: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Anxiety, Case Formulation
The aim of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this study, a systematic review method was used, and no field research or measurement tools were applied. Only studies published in English between 2016 and 2025 were included. These studies consist of randomized controlled trials. This systematic review was conducted in two phases, in February 2026 and April 2026. As a result of the literature search, a total of six studies were included. Overall, findings from these six studies indicate that EMDR therapy is a safe and effective psychotherapeutic method in reducing PTSD symptoms. Positive effects were particularly observed in areas such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and daily functioning. However, in some studies, EMDR therapy did not demonstrate additional superiority over other psychotherapeutic approaches, especially in early interventions or short-term applications. In light of these findings, future research is recommended to examine different EMDR protocols and their long-term effects in greater detail. Keywords: trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, EMDR.
In the digital age, capitalism has constructed a human model that is consuming, non-thinking, non-questioning, docile, and conformist, in line with the expectations of the capitalist production approach through the media. The lifestyle and body perception imposed on humans by capitalism via media cause modern individuals to feel inadequate and worthless, leading to a lack of self-confidence. Constantly exposed to information through the media, humans feel the need for validation by presenting themselves differently than they actually are, due to the lifestyles and body perceptions imposed by the media. To meet and comply with the impositions of capitalism, individuals are either marketed as a product or market themselves. Thus, by losing their sense of self-perception, they become alienated from themselves; by losing their social ties, they transform into a commodity of capitalism as a result of lack of communication, isolation, alienation from self and society, desensitization, and anomie (deregulation).
