The study of the purification of the popular IR841 rice variety was carried out at the SPRR/CRA-Sud/INRAB experimentation site in the commune of Cove. The objective of this research is to identify the pure strains of the IR841 variety for seed multiplication. To achieve this goal, 10 strains from INRAB, Toulou1, Toulou2, AfricaRice, Ouesse, Dangbo, Malanville, Glazoue, Togo and Banterice variety IR841 were collected. The experimental setup is a total randomization. This device has three repetitions. Each repetition includes ten (10) treatments. The results reveal that the strain Toulou1 groups together all the characteristics of the variety IR841, namely: height (Toulou l: 98.63 ± 7.47 cm, IR841: 100 cm), duration of the seed-heading cycle (Toulou1: 83 days, IR841: 84 days), length and width of the panicle leaf (Toulou1: 31.56 cm ± 2.58 cm, IR841: 33.72 cm) and (Toulou1: 1.46 cm ± 0.04 cm, IR841: 1.50 cm), number of tillers per tuft (Toulou1: 12.73 ± 1.85, IR841: 12). The strain of Toulou2 includes only a part of the characteristics of the variety IR841 (semis-épiaison cycle (83 jrs), height of the plants (101.63 cm), length of the panicle leaf (29.92 cm)). Then the strain Toulou1 is characterized by extra-vigorous seedlings, an intermediate pubescence of the leaves, a bifid ligule, an erect port and an erect panicle leaf, the absence of the anthocyanin colouration and especially its homogeneity (absence of off-types) which make it a more or less pure strain which can serve as a multiplication of seed.
Strains K. marxianus Y-303, Oenoferm credo, Oenoferm rouge, Sacch. vini Rkaseteli-6, Sacch. cerevisiae XII and Sacch. uvarum 73 were used for fermentation of juice, extracted from Jerusalem artichoke tubers grown in Uzbekistan. The fermentation process was carried out in laboratory conditions. Among these yeasts Oenoferm credo, Oenoferm rouge and Sacch. uvarum 73 showed higher performance than K. marxianus Y-303 and the ethanol yields were 92%, 90% and 88%, respectively. After 72 h fermentation with Sacch. vini Rkaseteli-6 and Sacch. cerevisiae XII the yield of ethanol was 82% and 74% of maximum theoretical yield, respectively.
The eggs of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) are the most consumed, but those of duck, goose, and quail are also consumed, to name a few. An egg is considered as a food rich in proteins, minerals, and lipids. Eggs generally consist of three main components: shell, white, and yolk, these have several functional properties that are used in food and other industries. The functional properties of the egg white and yolk are the ability of foaming, gelling, and emulsifying, which can be dealt with according to storage time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the functional properties of the components of the Japanese quail egg. The functional properties of eggs stored at room temperature for 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after laying were determined. Results are analyzed using a Tukey paired comparison test. The volume of the foam of the quail egg white did not change with storage time, the emulsion capacity was 193.8 mL of oil per gram of protein from the yolk. The coagulation capacity requires a lower temperature to coagulate the quail egg proteins, due to the slower transformation of ovalbumin to its thermo-stable form (S-ovalbumin) as compared to that of chicken.
The aim of this study was to determine some quality properties of fat-reduced ice creams produced using some fat substitutes: 10% fat ice cream was considered as the control group; 6% Simplesse®100 or 2% Maltrin040 was added as fat substitute to 7.5%, 5% and 2.5% fat ice cream. The organoleptic (firmness, melting resistance, structure, gumminess, melting in mouth, feeling in mouth, icy structure, smoothness, flavor, cream taste, milk powder taste, foreign taste, vanilla taste and general acceptability), physical (viscosity, overrun, melting rate and first drip time) and chemical (dry matter, fat, fat in dry matter, protein, pH, titration acidity and ash) properties of ice cream samples were investigated on the 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th days of the storage. According to results of the research, the viscosity of 7.5% fat ice cream Maltrin040 or Simplesse®100 added was higher than the control group. Moreover, decrease in fat adversely affected organoleptic properties of the ice cream. As a result of the findings, 7.5% fat ice creams 6% Simplesse®100 added can be recommended for ice creams to be produced by reducing fat ratio. In the near future, the production of ice-creams with fat substitutes at an industrial level will be of great importance for low-energy and vegetable fat dieters.
: More than 20 countries including Nepal have the right to food enshrined in their constitutions . The article 36 of the constitution of Nepal-2015 broadly enlivens the essence of all the past, present and future policies of Nepal related to food security, food sovereignty, and food rights . The article and the essence of the constitution are in perfect synergy with the United Nations sustainable development goals-2015. Nepal’s policies on food, when implemented, are sufficient to guide the agricultural development to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainability. The challenge has been to learn a lesson from the past and focus on the implementation of the numerous guiding policies to achieve the goals of the constitution.
Pomegranate pomace (PP) is the solid waste produced in bulk by the pomegranate juice industry which is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids that can replace the hazardous chemical antioxidants/antimicrobials currently used in the agro-food and cosmetics sectors. In the present work, the vacuum microwave assisted extraction (VMAE) of natural antioxidants from raw pomegranate pomace was investigated and successfully optimized at an industrial scale. For the optimization of PP VMAE a novel, highly accurate response surface methodology (RSM) based on a comprehensive multi-point historical design was employed. The optimization showed that the maximum recovery of PP total polyphenols as well as total PP flavonoids were obtained at microwave power = 4961.07 W, water to pomace ratio = 29.9, extraction time = 119.53 min and microwave power = 4147.76 W, water to pomace ratio = 19.32, extraction time = 63.32 min respectively. Moreover, the optimal VMAE conditions on economic grounds were determined to be: microwave power = 2048.62 W, water to pomace ratio = 23.11, extraction time = 15.04 min and microwave power = 4008.62 W, water to pomace ratio = 18.08, extraction time = 15.29 min for PP total polyphenols and PP total flavonoids respectively. The main conclusion of this study is that the VMAE extraction can be successfully used at industrial scale to produce, in economic manner, high added value natural extracts from PP pomace.
: The study was conducted aiming at evaluating the status of the physicochemical properties of honey produced in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene District of SNNP, Central Ethiopia in 2016/2017. To evaluate the physicochemical properties of honey, 20 samples of honey having 1 kg each was collected purposely from traditional & frame hive at farm-gate level of three different agro-ecological locations & two rural markets. The results were compared with National, European and International honey quality standard requirement. Additionally the results were compared between different locations, market and farm-gate level as well as between traditional and frame hive honey samples. The physicochemical parameters of honey quality conducted in the analysis were color, moisture content, HMF (hydroxyl methyl furfural), free acidity, pH, ash, electro-conductivity, sugar content, sucrose & maltose. According to the analysis, except HMF which shows significant ( p < 0.05) differences between hive types was observed, all other quality parameters in relation to hive type, locations & level of collections did not show significant ( p > 0.05) differences between them. Generally the results of quality parameters indicated to be within the range of National, European and International quality standard requirement. The mean values of the collected honey samples were: moisture content (18.91%), electro-conductivity (0.65 mS/m), free acid (16.3 meq/kg), HMF (2.63 mg/kg), ash content (0.2 g/100g), sugar content (74.4%), sucrose (1.06%), maltose (0.95%) and the range of honey color was 3.3-3.96 mm p-fund scale. The results obtained therefore indicate that honey produced in the district shows excellent quality and is free of any adulterants in relation to National, European and International limits so that it can be exported.
Baccaurea motleyana (rambai) is underutilized fruits that are native to Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. In this study, a total of 54,779 unigenes identified from rambai transcriptome were used for simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis by MIcroSAtellite (MISA). A total of 20,420 SSRs were found to be distributed within 37.27% of the total number of unigenes. Mononucleotide repeats represented the main type, accounting for 64.04%, followed by trinucleotide repeats (20.28%) and dinucleotide repeats (19.94%). Gene annotation to seven databases has a success ratio of 68.53% (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein sequences), 53.68% (NCBI nucleotide sequences), 27.43% (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome Ortholog), 56.0% (SwissProt), 52.44% (Protein family), 53.99% (Gene Ontology) and 26.44% (Kluster of Orthologous Group). Further rambai SSRs were randomly selected and validated to B. motleyana (rambai), B. macrocarpa (tampoi), B. polyneura (jentik-jentik), B. ramiflora (pupor) and B. scortechinii (setambun).
Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50% of the quantity of the fruits, which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses. Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors. In this work, eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts. A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box & Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The three optimization factors involved were: (a) water/solid ratio; (b) extraction temperature; (c) extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.
Despite its various vital roles in the different body’s metabolisms, iron may have a hazardous impact on health when it exceeds its normal values. Iron overload is triggered by many genetic and behavioral factors. Furthermore, excessive iron levels have also been observed in many pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cardiovascular and some cancerous diseases. This paper describes a set of natural iron chelators as an effective and a safe orthomolecular approach in chelating iron. Orthomolecular medicine is based on providing patients with nutritional supplementation at high doses to treat and prevent diseases. This paper describes the properties of a set of flavonoids and phenolic acids such as curcumin and ferulic acid that can be administered as supplements to patients suffering from iron overload since they are classified as strong chelators. Those natural iron chelators’ supplements are mainly extracted from fruits, vegetables, and plants. As chelators, they are able to bind effectively to iron, inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species, and reduce the levels of oxidative stress. They can also play an effective therapeutic role in the treatment of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, diabetic, and cancerous diseases thanks to their iron chelation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Rice productivity is still low in Mali due to many factors such biotic and abiotic stresses, and the immense rice-growing potential is underutilized. There is a need to enhance rice productivity through a development of new varieties more productive and stable. Under the partnership between the Institute of Rural Economy, AfricaRice and Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) nine new lines selected among 300 fixed lines were evaluated in 8 sites under irrigated and lowland conditions. The plant material included 4 KAFACI lines derived from Anther culture (series K), 2 lines from interspecific crosses (series DKA), one line (DKA-M50) from induced mutation on wild rice (Oryza longistaminata), and other lines from simple crosses. The objective of the study is to identify genotypes adapted to irrigated, or lowland and/or both conditions. Analysis of variance revealed the genotypes differed significantly (p < 000.1) at all environments except Kadiolo, Longorola and Manikoura, which implies that the geno types constitute a pool of germplasm with adequate genetic variability. Heritability was high with 0.76 suggesting high component of heritable portion, therefore selection for the improvement for this trait can be achieved directly based on their phenotypic performance. The combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of environment (p < 000.1), genotype (p < 000.1) and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) (p < 000.1) on grain yield. The significance of genotype and environment interaction suggests that genotypes behaved differently in different environment and demonstrated that GEI had remarkable effect on genotypic performance in different environments. The highest environment mean grain yield was observed in San (5,197 kg/ha), followed by Baguineda (4,960 kg/ha). The genotype SIK 442-2-2 was identified as genotype adapted to wider environments, and hereby recommended for cultivation in Mali. Wild rice derivative genotypes DKA 42, DKA-M50 and DKA 37 exhibited low yield and high stability. These genotypes are more suitable for breeding specific traits. Analysis also revealed that ARS 100-5-1-B, K150849 and K150810 exhibited low yield along with low stability. GGE biplot depicted the presence of three mega environments among the test environments used for evaluation of genotypes and revealed the nature of mega-environment. Based on this, the test environment could be grouped into three diverse mega-environments. The environments of Selingué 2, Selingué 1, Manikoura, Mopti and San grouped into the same mega-environment and the interspecific line SIK 442-2-2 was identified as the best performing and candidate genotype for this mega-environment. Kadiolo and Longorola grouped into the same mega-environment with the check variety as candidate genotype for this mega-environment. In Baguineda mega-environment, K150014 was identified as the best performing genotype.
: Nanotechnology is briefly a science field searching substances having superior properties at nano-scale (different optical, mechanical and thermal properties) and those to be potentially produced in the future from these substances. Accordingly, it is a technology regarding opportunities providing the development during the formation of new products not applicable in advance and the formation of new processes. This technology that has the potential of affecting the world economy is at the development stage just now and it is thought that it will cause high changes in human life in the future 15-20 years. Nanotechnology provides an opportunity bringing new technological developments and applications appeared as impossible before as well as bringing a new perspective for available technological processes. In the context of the report in the light of mentioned information, brief information was given on the place and use of nanotechnology in fields such as systems of drug delivery, diagnosis of diseases, vaccine development, treatment of diseases, improvement of fertility functions of animals, determination of fertility capabilities of animals, store of gametes and embryos by freezing, animal breeding, farm medicine, meat and meat production, food safety, and neutralization of animals as use areas in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, in our country and the world, knowledge regarding the intended use of nano-technology based drugs used in veterinary medicine was presented in Table 1.
The study was carried out to understand the food security situation and coping mechanisms due to an effect of climate change on food security of Badimalika Municipality of Bajura district in the far-western region; an acute food deficit district of Nepal. Literature review, household questionnaire survey to document primary data, stakeholders’ consultation with field observations were the principle methods applied to explore the possible adaptation measures for securing food and livelihood of people. The research revealed that the district is food insecure for at least six to nine months of a year which is worsened by climate induced natural disasters: flood, landslides and drought. Sudden and unpredictable precipitation both in winter and monsoon has distorted the productions over the years. Considerable proportions of grazing land and forested area have been converted into farmland especially in the highlands. Migrating working class manpower to India to seek livelihoods is a menace to development in the place while seasonal migration in and outside the country is an interesting adaptive mechanism in the district. Drought resistant crop varieties such as Finger Millet (Elusine coracana), Foxtail Millet (Setaria italic L.), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) are highly potential cereal crops that need to be promoted. Some humanitarian agencies with the support of GoN have been playing an important role in reducing the impact of food deficiency in the region. National Food Corporation District Office supplies the deficit quantity of food to the people. The government needs to make agriculture the highest priority with increased investment schemes to avert the looming food crisis with emphasis on further research based activities through understanding the impact of climate change on specific crops and respective technological interventions, incorporating local adaptation mechanisms for disasters and climate change. Slow-forming terraces, conservation tillage, crop diversification, selection and promotion of drought-resistant varieties of crops, ecological pest management, seed and grain storages etc. are some technological innovations to be considered for enhancing food security.
Honey is a natural food/product that can be used for various purposes. High-quality honey can be distinguished by flavor and consistency. The composition, appearance, sensory perception and biological effects of honey depend on the floral source used to collect nectar by honeybee, seasonal and climatic factors. Honey flavor is an important factor for the consumer’s choice. About 95% of the honey dry matter is composed of carbohydrates. The main sugars are the monosaccharides fructose and glucose and 5-10% of the total carbohydrates are oligosaccharides. Honey contains proteins, minerals, vitamins, polyphenols, vitamins, enzymes, organic acids and volatiles. The three main honey enzymes are diastase, invertase and glucoseoxidase. The average pH of honey is 3.9, but can range from 3.4 to 6.1. The viscosity of honey is affected by both temperature and water content. The glycemic index of honey varies from 32 to 87. Honey has been shown to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitory, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer effects. The low water activity of honey inhibits microbial growth. The antibacterial effect of honey, is mostly against gram-positive bacteria. Honey is a source of natural antioxidants, which are effective in reducing the risk of many diseases. Most of the health promoting properties of honey are only achieved by application of rather high doses of honey such as 50 to 80 g per intake. This information shows that honey has a wide range of positive effects on nutrition and health.
Bangladesh enjoys food self-sufficiency or deficiency depending on crop damages by drought, floods, cyclones, storm/tidal surges and other natural hazards.Data on climate extremes were collected from literatures.Landsat images were analyzed for water availability.Arithmetic, geometric and weighted means were calculated for community vulnerability delineation using IDRISI3.2.About 12.64% populations live in disaster prone areas and their sensitivity to exposed hazards depends on financial capabilities.Crop area damages by natural hazards were the highest in Dhaka division followed by Rajshahi division during 2009-2014.The highest economic loss ($613 million) was found in Barisal division followed by Dhaka ($198.7 million) division.Flooding was the most damaging climate extreme followed by drought and hailstorm.Rice crops are frequently exposed to climate extremes and caused economic loss of $228 million during 2009-2014.Economic losses were < $110 to 1,000 ha -1 because of wheat/maize areas damaged by natural hazards.The most vulnerable areas are situated in the south-west and north-west part of the country.The most affected areas (35.4% of the country) had economic losses of $940-1,170 ha -1 .About 2-4.7 million households (HH) were affected by different natural hazards in different regions of the country.Flood affected HHs were predominant in northern and north-east regions of the country.Common adaptations to natural hazard exposures are crop switching and migration.The other adaptation options could be improvement of post disaster recovery efficiency through financial support, supplying seeds and other inputs based on seasonal suitability.
The Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the south Caucasus having continental influenced climate with warm summer and mild cold, dry winters. Relating to its climate this region has a rich and very interesting vegetation cover. In presented article the vegetation communities with the presence of Juniperus communis L. species and subspecies have been described.
The study assessed the nutrients, anti-nutrients and phytochemical properties of noni concentrate, pulp, and seed. Noni plant is a small evergreen tree, used for both medicinal purposes and for food. Six kilograms (6 kg) of matured, ripe noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia), was harvested by hand picking, from Green Health Farm, Imo State, Nigeria. It was divided into three equal parts, for the purposes of sample preparation and analysis. Noni pulp: One portion of the noni fruit sample was cleaned, washed and drained to remove debris and thereafter, was spread on a clean tray and allowed to air dry, at room temperature. This practice encouraged further ripening and softening of the fruit. The seeds were then removed and the fruit crushed, to extract the pulp. The pulp was packaged in an air tight container and kept in the fridge for further analysis. Noni concentrate: The second portion of the noni fruit samples was cleaned, washed and allowed to air dry on a raised table, under room temperature. With the aid of a juice collection box, the juice was extracted and stored in a clean dry container for further analysis. Noni seed: The third portion of the noni fruit samples was cleaned, washed, to remove debris and thereafter, was crushed by hand to select the seed. The seeds were separated from the pulp by a strong spray of water, and then washed to further remove pulp on the seed. The seeds were dried for 2 days in open air and further oven dried and then grounded to a fine powder and packaged for analysis. The results of the proximate composition of noni seed, pulp and concentrate showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the protein content of the seed, pulp and concentrate. The crude protein increased from 0.02% to 4.53%. The seed had the highest protein content (4.53%). There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the moisture content of the seed, pulp and concentrate. The moisture content of the seed (8.27%) was lower than that of pulp (92.55%) and concentrate (88.38%). The crude fiber contents of the seed, pulp and concentrate were all significantly different (p < 0.05). The seed had 28.7% crude fiber value while pulp and concentrate had 0.03% and 1.95% respectively. The ash content of noni seed was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (3.07%), in respect to pulp (1.06%) and concentrate (0.79%). The crude fat values of the pulp (3.98%) and concentrate (2.99%) were higher than the seed (2.00%) and all were significantly different (p < 0.05). Noni seed had the highest nutrient, anti-nutrient and Vitamin B2 content. The high fiber content and phenolic compound found in noni seed make it a functional food.
The proximate, micronutrient and amino acid profile of roasted and germinated breadnut seed flour were evaluated.Fresh mature fruits (1.5 kg) of breadnut were purchased from Relief market in Imo State, Nigeria.The breadnut seeds were divided into three portions for different unit operations, namely raw, roasted and germinated.Samples were analyzed for proximate, minerals and amino acids compositions.Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Protein (13.80%) and fat (7.90%) content were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in germinated breadnut seeds; fibre (2.20%) and ash (7.20%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in roasted breadnut seed while carbohydrate (75.85%) and moisture (11.05%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in raw breadnut.Micronutrient composition shows that iron (74.35 mg/100g) was higher in roasted breadnut seed, phosphorous (12.95 mg/100g) and zinc (30.4 mg/100g) were higher in germinated breadnut seed flour while calcium (0.04%), magnesium (0.05%), vitamin A (0.27%) and vitamin C (0.85%) were higher in raw breadnut.All the essential amino acids except norleucine were present in the breadnut in varying quantities.Between roasting and germination, essential acids; valine < histidine < isoleucine < thronine < tryptophan were more in germinated breadnut seeds while leucine < lysine < phenylalanine < methionine were higher in roasted breadnut seed flour.The use of roasting and germination should be used in processing breadnut seeds.The use of breadnut seed flours as composite flour in food production may help to provide protein and micronutrient among the vulnerable groups.
The fertilizer industry faces a continuing challenge to improve its products to increase the fertilizer use efficiency and to minimize any possible adverse environmental impact. For this purpose, studies on the development of coated fertilizers have been done all over the world. In this paper, we are to introduce our coated urea “MEISTER” as the sophisticated fertilizer, with explaining the features and applications in actual fields. “MEISTER” is the coated urea with a mixture of polyolefin and silicate mineral. “MEISTER” has two releasing types. One is the linear type. Another is the sigmoidal type. Release of nitrogen from “MEISTER” mainly depends on temperature which allows precise prediction of nutrient release. Application experiments for rice, Chinese cabbage and long onion are introduced in this paper. Every experiment shows single basal application is possible by using “MEISTER” with keeping yield and high nitrogen recovery. Coated fertilizers show accurate release control of nutrients. The use of coated fertilizers brings: (a) efficient use of fertilizer resources, (b) reduction of environmental load by fertilizer, (c) labor saving. Thus applying coated fertilizers is definitely smart fertilization technology in agriculture. Coated fertilizers seem to closely meet the requirements of an ideal fertilizer. The problem is its high price compared to the normal rapid soluble fertilizer. Unit price of coated fertilizer is expensive on the surface, though total application cost of coated fertilizers is often cheaper than the cost of rapid soluble fertilizers. This sometime disturbs the spread of coated fertilizers. So, we have been trying to make an effort to reduce production cost and doing application enlargement trials of coated fertilizers for becoming more widespread. Through those studies and development, we believe coated fertilizers will contribute to agriculture more in the world.
