Nanosized particles are stabilised by polymers and made mostly of amphiphilic lipids known as cubosomes (CUBs). Encapsulating hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic pharmaceuticals is made effective by their internal bi-continuous cubic phase architecture, which gives a high surface area and partitioned aqueous domains. These self-assembled nanoparticles exhibit thermodynamic stability, biocompatibility, and mucoadhesive properties, making them ideal carriers for diverse multiple administration routes, including oral, transdermal, parenteral, and ocular. Problems with medication solubility, bioavailability, and non-specific toxicity are some of the most important ones that CUBs aim to solve. This review presents a comprehensive overview of CUB structure, types, formulation methods, and characterization techniques. The review emphasizes recent advancements in CUB-based delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel and doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, highlighting their improved pharmacokinetics and reduced systemic toxicity Despite manufacturing challenges, ongoing research into scalable production and novel excipients continues to support their translational promise. CUBs represent a versatile and potent platform in nanomedicine, offering substantial improvements in drug delivery and cancer treatment. Recent advancements in formulation strategies and surface modification is further strengthened their therapeutic potential. Cubosomes as a promising platform in precision oncology and next generation cancer therapeutics.
Electrospun nanofibers have gained increasing attention as an advanced platform for drug delivery due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, tunable porosity, and ability to incorporate a wide range of therapeutic agents. These structural properties enable precise control over drug loading and release kinetics, making electrospun nanofibers a promising alternative to conventional delivery systems such as liposomes, hydrogels, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrospinning fundamentals, polymer–solvent interactions, and key processing parameters influencing nanofiber morphology and performance. Various drug encapsulation strategies, including blend, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning, are discussed together with their advantages and limitations in achieving controlled and stimuli-responsive drug release. A narrative literature search covering the period 2015–2025 identified 214 studies, of which 137 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The findings reveal significant research progress across several Asian countries, particularly China, Japan, South Korea, India, and Malaysia, where electrospun nanofibers are actively explored for applications in cancer therapy, wound healing, topical drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The integration of natural bioactive compounds, implantable nanofiber systems, and stimuli-responsive architectures further highlights the rapid innovation occurring in this region. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain, including high production costs, limitations in large-scale manufacturing, solvent toxicity, environmental concerns, and the lack of standardized regulatory frameworks. Addressing these issues through improved fabrication technologies, modular electrospinning systems, solvent recycling strategies, and harmonized quality standards will be essential for successful commercial translation. Overall, electrospun nanofibers represent a rapidly evolving and highly adaptable platform with strong potential to advance future drug delivery strategies, particularly within Asia’s growing pharmaceutical and biomedical landscape.
Obesity represents a major global public health challenge associated with long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders, largely driven by modern lifestyles and unhealthy dietary patterns. Although conventional treatment strategies, including lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery, offer therapeutic benefits, they are often limited by adverse effects, long-term adherence, and inconsistent efficacy. In recent years, herbal medicines and phytoconstituents have emerged as attractive alternatives due to their natural origin, multitargeted mechanisms of action, and comparatively favorable safety profiles. However, their clinical translation is frequently hampered by poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid systemic clearance. Nanotechnology provides a promising approach to overcome these limitations by improving the pharmacokinetics, stability, and targeted delivery of bioactives. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of herbal nanotherapeutics for obesity management, focusing on the design and application of diverse nanocarrier systems, including polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and micelles. Additionally, current challenges, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives are examined to guide the development of safe, effective, and patient-friendly herbal nanomedicines for obesity treatment.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone used to treat anemia in patients with chronic renal failure in an injection dosage form. Drug delivery systems with nanoparticles technology have a high potential in increasing protein stability, prolonging the duration of the therapeutic effect, and the application without injection. This study aims to optimize the formulation of erythropoietin nanoparticle oral preparation using the D-optimal mixture design. This study is to determine the concentration range of chitosan and pectin as a base for nanoparticles. The D-optimal mixture design optimizes the erythropoietin nanoparticles by selecting the nanoparticle base composition as an independent factor and nanoparticle characterization as a response. Nanoparticles in the optimal formula were characterized, including particles size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA contained in the Design Expert® software to get the optimum formula. The optimization showed that the optimal formula was that using 0,10% chitosan and 0,010% of pectin. Nanoparticle loaded erythropoietin produced with 278,8 nm of particle size, 0,38 of PDI, 27,0 mV of zeta potential, and 87,32% entrapment efficiency. In this study of the D-optimal mixture design, and optimize and prepare the erythropoietin nanoparticles
Bone fractures and orthopedic surgical interventions are associated with an increased risk of osteomyelitis, necessitating effective antibiotic therapy. However, systemic antibiotic administration is often limited by poor drug penetration due to tissue devascularization at the fracture site and the formation of bacterial biofilms, which further contribute to antimicrobial resistance and systemic toxicity. Consequently, localized drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. This study aimed to fabricate vancomycin (VAN)-loaded nanofiber implants based on a nano bovine hydroxyapatite (NBHA)–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix with optimized physicochemical properties and a sustained release profile over 28 days. The nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning using an optimized formulation derived from a prior Design of Experiments (DoE) study. The resulting nanofibers exhibited uniform morphology, with an average fiber diameter of 91.42± 0.85 nm and a tensile strength of 2.152±0.289 MPa, indicating suitable mechanical properties. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile with a dissolution efficiency of 67.74% over 28 days. The release kinetics were best described by the Peppas–Sahlin model during the initial phase and transitioned to the Higuchi model at later stages, suggesting a combination of diffusion- and polymer relaxation-controlled mechanisms. Overall, VAN-loaded NBHA–PLGA–PEG nanofiber implants demonstrate significant potential as a localized and controlled drug delivery platform for osteomyelitis therapy while concurrently supporting bone regeneration.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health challenge, with high mortality rates. Conventional anti-TB dosage forms, such as tablets are often unsuitable for patients who struggle with swallowing, leading to poor compliance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop orodispersible film (ODF) containing rifampicin, a widely used anti-TB drug. Rifampicin's low aqueous solubility poses challenges for its incorporation into ODF and affects its therapeutic effectiveness. To address these issues, rifampicin was first prepared as nanosuspension and subsequently dried before being formulated into ODF. Nanosuspension was stabilized using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poloxamer 188 (POX), and the combination at various concentrations. Nanosuspension was prepared using solvent-antisolvent precipitation followed by sonication and spray-drying. Spray-dried nanosuspension was characterized, and the optimal formula was used in ODF formulation through the solvent-casting method. Formulations PV2 (PVA 0.4%)and POX1 (POX 0.2%) showed the smallest particle sizesat 306 +/- 14.01nmand291 +/- 7.55 nm, respectively. After reconstitution, PV2 maintained particlesize comparably to alley Proof POX1. Spray-driedPV2 nanosuspension exhibiteda21.48-fold increase in saturated solubility compared to the pure rifampicin, and showed superior drug release, with 79% release versus 58% for the standard rifampicin suspension. ODF containing PV2 showed improved organoleptic properties and enhanced drug dissolution (82% vs 56%) compared to original rifampicin ODF. The formulation of rifampicin into nanosuspension stabilized by PVA and POX, followed by spray-drying, significantly improved solubility and drug release profile. This method also enhanced the organoleptic properties and dissolution of rifampicin in ODF, providing a promising strategy to boost rifampicin's therapeutic efficacy in TB treatment, particularly for pediatric patients.
Delivering insulin orally requires an appropriate formulation strategy. The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) can be used as an alternative to increase insulin bioavailability and activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of insulin delivered through the SNEDDS. Insulin was loaded in the SNEDDS by first dissolving it in glycerin. The dissolved content in glycerin was determined spectroscopically using the Bradford method. The insulin SNEDDS was administered orally in rats at various doses, namely 43.39, 108,47, and 216.94 IU kg-1 BW. The rats in this study were diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin at 48 mg kg-1 BW. The results showed that the insulin SNEDDS could reduce blood glucose levels, while insulin delivered without the use of the SNEDDS, insulin delivered in PBS at pH 7.4, and the blank SNEDDS could not lower blood glucose levels. The results of this study indicated that administration of insulin in an SNEDDS formulation could increase insulin activity, which would otherwise be ineffective if given orally without SNEDDS formulation. The antihyperglycemic effect of insulin delivered through the SNEDDS increased due to the presence of Tween 80 as an enhancer that could increase intestinal permeability through cell membrane disruption and transportation to the lymph. Miglyol 812 N as oil could also increase trans-epithelial insulin permeability through paracellular transport of the tight junction. Hence, it is concluded that the SNEDDS could increase insulin activity to reduce glucose levels orally.
This work describes the development, optimization, and characterization of liposomal carriers loaded with an ethanolic leaf extract and a flavonoid-rich fraction of Albizia lebbeck (A. lebbeck) to improve hepatoprotective activity. Liposomes were prepared by the thin film hydration method, followed by probe sonication, and optimized for vesicle size, zeta potential, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency. The ethanolic extract-loaded liposomes exhibited a smaller vesicle size of 152.4 +/- 3.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.212 +/- 0.01, a zeta potential of-32.6 +/- 2.3 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 67.8 +/- 2.4%. On the other hand, the liposomes encapsulating the flavonoid-rich fraction resulted in a smaller vesicle size (138.2 +/- 4.1 nm), a lower PDI (0.198 +/- 0.02), a more negative zeta potential (-36.2 +/- 1.9 mV), and a significantly higher encapsulation efficiency (82.5 +/- 1.7%). Morphological characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed consistently spherical vesicles. In vitro release studies revealed a more controlled release profile over 24h, with flavonoid-loaded liposomes releasing 82.3% compared to 30.1% from crude extract-loaded liposomes. The physical stability of the liposomal formulations was improved, as evidenced by stability studies at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C for 30 days. Thus, these results suggest that the bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic effects of A. lebbeck components, particularly the flavonoid-rich fraction, can be significantly improved by liposomal encapsulation, thus supporting its potential application as an advanced hepatoprotective delivery system. Interestingly, this is the first comparative analysis showing that the flavonoid-rich fraction in liposomal delivery systems had better encapsulation efficiency and controlled-release behavior than the crude extract.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a therapeutic glycoprotein widely used in the management of anemia; however, its clinical application is limited by the need for parenteral administration, short biological half-life, and potential systemic adverse effects. Oral delivery of EPO remains challenging due to enzymatic degradation and poor intestinal permeability. This study aimed to optimize and characterize chitosan-pectin-based erythropoietin nanoparticles for oral drug delivery using a D-optimal mixture design approach. Nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation, with chitosan and pectin concentrations as independent variables, while particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency served as response parameters. Eight formulations were generated and statistically evaluated using Design-Expert (R) software. The optimized formulation consisted of 0.097% (w/v) chitosan and 0.013% (w/v) pectin, achieving a desirability value of 0.855, particle size of 360.3 +/- 2.80 nm, PDI of 0.307 +/- 0.01, zeta potential of 30.83 +/- 1.31 mV, and entrapment efficiency of approximately 79.45%. Morphological analysis confirmed the presence of spherical nanoparticles with porous surfaces. In vitro release studies demonstrated an initial burst release followed by sustained release behavior. Release kinetics were best described by the Gomperzl model in acidic medium (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), indicating a non-linear, sigmoid release profile. Overall, chitosan-pectin nanoparticles optimized through D-optimal mixture design show significant potential as an oral delivery system for erythropoietin.
Photothermal and photodynamic therapy (PTPDT) in the medical field continues to evolve due to their relatively low adverse effects and high efficiency for therapeutic applications. Photosensitiser compounds have shown an excellent ability to induce mild hyperthermia and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is beneficial for thrombolysis. However, the utilisation of natural-based photosensitisers and their incorporation in nanoparticle-based formulations for thrombolytic activity remains limited. Herein, this study explored plant-based sources rich in pigments such as beetroot (BR), butterfly pea flower (BPF), red cabbage (RC), purple sweet potato (PSP), and phycocyanin (PHY) as natural photosensitisers (NPS) candidates for the treatment of thrombosis. This study was able to produce extracts with strong absorption within the 400-800 nm wavelength range, the eal window for photosensitisation. The photosensitising ability of the NPS was confirmed after a significant photothermal increase was achieved after 5 minutes of low-intensity exposure with 450 nm and 550 nm lasers. Extracts from BPF, RC. BR. and PHY were the most promising and were further formulated into liposomes. Through in vitro thrombolytic activity on human blood clots, this study confirmed the thrombolytic capability of NPS comparable to that of nattokinase. Liposomal formulations of the best NPS (Lip-PHY and Lip-BPF) produced particles with diameters of similar to 168.3 and 215.9 nm, respectively, exhibiting good encapsulation efficiency and stability. Ultimately, this study has demonstrated the liposomal formulation of NPs and their strong potential as a thrombolytic agent.
This study aimed to develop and characterize phosphatidylcholinebased nanoparticles encapsulating proanthocyanidin and glabridin, two natural polyphenolic antioxidants. Nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent-displacement method and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, and physical and chemical stability was assessed during storage at 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C for four weeks. The prepared glabridin and proanthocyanidin nanoparticles exhibited mean sizes of 85.42 +/- 3.29 nm and 159.47 +/- 4.47 nm, with encapsulation efficiencies of 49.73 +/- 0.72% and 89.48 +/- 4.57%, respectively. Both formulations demonstrated a biphasic release profile and improved antioxidant activity compared to their free forms. Notably, a mixture of glabridin and proanthocyanidin nanoparticles at a ratio of 2:1 exhibited the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), suggesting enhanced reducing activity and potential interaction between the two alley Proof antioxidants. Stability studies revealed that 4 degrees C storage effectively preserved particle integrity, antioxidant activity, and compound content, whereas 30 degrees C accelerated degradation and reduced scavenging capacity. These findings suggest that nanoencapsulation may improve the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble antioxidants, thereby enhancing antioxidant performance. This combined nanoparticle system may have potential for applications related to oxidative stress mitigation.
Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is widely used in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging due to its favorable physical properties, including a short half-life (6 hours), optimal gamma emission (140 keV), and generator availability. Radiolabeling nanoparticles with Tc-99m offers a promising strategy to enhance targeted imaging and enable theranostic applications. Chitosan nanoparticles, known for their biocompatibility and biodegradability, represent an attractive platform for such applications. This study aimed to develop and characterize chitosan nanoparticles and evaluate their radiolabeling with Tc-99m. Nanoparticles were prepared via ionotropic gelation, and the effects of chitosan concentration and solution pH on particle size were investigated. Radiolabeling was performed using direct methods with and without a reducing agent (stannous chloride), and the efficiency and stability of radiolabeling were assessed. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited sizes ranging from 81 to 270 nm with a narrow size distribution. Radiolabelingally in the presence of stannous chlorideProof achieved efficiencies exceeding 90%, with stability maintained for up to 6 hours. In contrast, labeling without a reducing agent resulted in lower efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the preservation of spherical morphology following radiolabeling, with a moderate increase in particle size. In conclusion, Tc-99m-radiolabeled chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, high labeling efficiency, and good stability, highlighting their potential as a dual-function theranostic platform for cancer imaging and targeted therapy.
The seeds of Gnetum gnemon L. widely referred to as melinjo, enclosed within a distinctly tough outer shell, have attracted interest due to their remarkable anti-aging capabilities. Nevertheless, despite this potential, their practical therapeutic use is limited by their naturally low solubility and restricted bioavailability. To tackle these pharmacokinetic issues, the current study utilized an environmentally friendly nanotechnology approach, specifically high-energy ball milling, to create nanoparticles from the hard shell of the seeds. This technique significantly amplifies the surface area of the bioactive particles, thus improving their absorption and efficacy within biological systems. The purpose of this study was to prove the anti-aging potential of oral nanoextracts from G. gnemon hardshells through SIRT1 activation, utilizing the hardshellportion that is normally considered waste using ballmilling techniques.The resulting nanoextractswere comprehensively characterizedandsubsequently assessedthroughinvivo anti-aging testsandacuteoraltoxicity evaluations.UVB-irradiatedrats alley Proof served as a biologicalmodel for simulating aging, with nanoextracts administered at doses of 36, 72, and 144 mg/kg over a duration of 12 weeks. The results demonstrated a statistically significant, dose-dependent rise in the expression of SIRT1, a crucial regulatory protein associated with cellular longevity and aging mechanisms. Notably, an acute toxicity evaluation at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg affirmed the safety of the nanoextracts, with no discernible toxic effects noted in the test subjects. These results highlight the promise of G. gnemon seed hardshell nanoparticles as a feasible and safe natural alternative for anti-aging therapies. The implementation of sustainable nanotechnology not only enhances the delivery and effectiveness of phytochemicals but also corresponds with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly biomedical advancements aimed at fostering healthy aging.
Bacterial resistance remains a persistent challenge to most antibiotics, urging the need to develop novel antibacterial agents. Styrylpyrazoline derivatives, previously reported to possess diverse bioactivities, were synthesized, and the antibacterial potential was studied. Styrypyrazolines 2a-2b were tested on five bacterial strains, namely Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, as well as Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro evaluation was performed using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The results revealed that compounds 2a and 2b had the highest inhibitory activity toward S. aureus. Compound 2b showed significantly lower MIC50 values due to the phenyl substituent existence at the N-1 position of the pyrazoline ring. In contrast, both compounds were inactive against B. subtilis and S. epidermidis. Molecular docking targeting DNA gyrase subunit B was performed to further investigate their antibacterial mechanism. It was revealed that the two compounds were found to interact with the receptor within the ATP-binding pocket. Similar to ciprofloxacin, compound 2a formed hydrogen bonds with the Asp81 residue, showing the potential as a DNA gyrase inhibitor. Compound 2b formed an aromatic-hydrogen bridge interaction with the Pro87 residue. This study suggests that styrypyrazolines 2a and 2b possess promising antibacterial activity. However, the potency is lower compared with the reference antibiotics. Further optimization is therefore necessary to enhance their potency as antibacterial agents.
Peptides like antimicrobial peptide (AMPs) and cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) characterized by amphipathic and alpha-helical structures represent promising therapeutic alternatives to combat escalating antibiotic resistance through membrane disruption or antibiotic delivery. The current study employed a machi ne learning-driven virtual screening approach to discover novel AMPs from the Chondrus crispus proteome, generated via LC-HRMS following tryptic digestion. An initial pool of 3,645 candidate peptides was subjected to multi-stage computational filtering based on physicochemical properties, sequence parameters, and predictive scoring utilizing CAMPR4 and dbAMP. The screening pipeline isolated three primary candidates: CC1 (FSTSSRALRFFR), CC2 (RDLQQAISMVKK), and CC3 (IAAKIQLLRSYR). Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirmed that these peptides adopt random coil conformations in aqueous solutions but effectively transition to functional alpha-helical structures in membrane-mimetic environments (50% TFE). In vitro assays revealed that CC1 and CC3 achieved up to 100% growth inhibition against Escherichia coli at 250 mu g/mL; however, efficacy was notably reduced (50-60% inhibition) against Staphylococcus aureus. While this computational framework successfully identifies structurally viable AMPs, further sequence optimization is required to enhance their targeted antibacterial potency. Nevertheless, the inherent physicochemical profiles of these novel peptides underscore their robust potential for secondary application as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in advanced intracellular drug delivery systems.
Diabetes is a complex metabolic syndrome, of which type 2 diabetes (T2DM), primarily caused by impaired insulin response, accounts for 95% of diabetes cases worldwide as of 2021.One treatment strategy to control T2DM includes inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), an enzyme that breaks down incretin hormones and impairs glucose regulation. This study explores the potential of hydrolysed proteins from earthworms (Perionyx excavatus) as natural DPP4 inhibitors, focusing on optimizing hydrolysis conditions, including enzyme type hydrolysis, earthworms:phosphate buffer (w/v), temperature (degrees C), pH, enzyme:substrate (E:S) ratio (U/g protein), and time hydrolysis (hour). Among the tested enzymes, Alcalase produced the most effective hydrolysate. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis were determined at an E:S ratio of 1:6 (w/v), a temperature of 55 degrees C, pH 7, an enzyme: substrate ratio of 600 U/g protein, and a hydrolysis time of 4 hours. Under these conditions, the resulting hydrolysate exhibited vigorous DPP4 inhibitory activity (DPP4IA), with an IC50 value of 777.18 mu g/mL. Further ultrafiltration fractionation revealed that the <1 kDa fraction had the highest inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 395.03 and 323.07 mu g/mL before and after digestion, respectively. Notably, the hydrolysate demonstrated stability across a broad pH range (1-11) and remained bioactive even after exposure to 100 degrees C for up to 180 minutes. Interestingly, enzymatic hydrolysis and simulated digestion appeared to enhance bioactivity, likely due to the generation of smaller bioactive peptides. These findings suggest that peptides derived from Perionyx excavatus could be promising natural DPP4 inhibitors with potential applications in functional foods or pharmaceutical formulations for blood glucose management.
Effective antibiotic therapy is required due to the elevated risk of osteomyelitis associated with bone fractures and orthopedic surgical interventions. Nevertheless, the administration of systemic antibiotics is frequently restricted by the formation of bacterial biofilms and tissue devascularization at the fracture site, which further contribute to antimicrobial resistance and systemic toxicity. This is due to the poor drug penetration. As a result, localized drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach to circumvent these constraints. This study aimed to fabricate vancomycin (VAN)-loaded nanofiber implants based on a nano-bovine hydroxyapatite (nBHA)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix with optimized physicochemical properties and a sustained release profile over 28 days. The implants were designed to have optimized physicochemical properties and a sustained release profile that lasted for 28 days. The nanofibers were produced through electrospinning, utilizing an optimized formulation that was derived from a previous Design of Experiments (DoE) study. Suitable mechanical properties were indicated by the resulting nanofibers, which exhibited a uniform morphology with an average fiber diameter of 91.42 +/- 0.85 nm and a tensile strength of 2.152 +/- 0.289 MPa. A sustained release profile was observed in in vitro release studies, with a dissolution efficiency of 67.74% over a 28-day period. The Peppas-Sahlin model provided the most accurate description of the release kinetics during the initial phase, and it transitioned to the Higuchi model at later stages. This suggests a combination of diffusion-and polymer relaxation-controlled mechanisms. In general, VAN-loaded nBHA-PLGA-PEG nanofiber implants exhibit substantial potential as a localized and controlled drug delivery platform for osteomyelitis therapy, while simultaneously promoting bone regeneration.
Zerumbone, a monocyclic sesquiterpene compound predominantly found in the rhizomes of lempuyang (Zingiber aromaticum), exhibits diverse biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective effects. This study presents an optimized method for isolation, characterization, and purity analysis of zerumbone from the ethanolic extract of Z. aromaticum. The isolation process employed column chromatography with a gradient eluent system (n-hexane:ethyl acetate in ratios of 19:1 and 9:1) to separate compounds based on polarity differences. The extract and fractions were monitored using thin layer chromatography (TLC) under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Characterization of isolated zerumbone was performed using multiple spectroscopic techniques, including TLC against reference standard, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The purified isolate demonstrated a yield of 11.2%, representing a significant improvement over previously reported methods (0.87-2.26%). TLC analysis with three different solvent systems consistently showed single spots, confirming high purity. UVVis analysis revealed maximum absorption at 252 nm, identical to the zerumbone standard. LC-MS/MS analysis identified a molecular ion peak at m/z 219.26 [M+H](+) with matching retention time and fragmentation pattern to the reference standard. IR spectroscopy identified functional groups characteristic of zerumbone, such as carbonyl and double-bond stretches. This efficient isolation method, yielding a highly purified compound, demonstrate its potential to support zerumbone's application in pharmaceutical development.
OMC (Octyl Methoxycinnamate) has intense sunscreen activity, but susceptible to photodegradation upon exposure to UV light, leading to the formation of free radicals. The incorporation of antioxidants can mitigate UV-induced degradation and preserve OMC in its trans configuration, thereby maintaining its photoprotective efficacy. Hexagamavunon-5 (HGV-5) contains phenolic hydroxyl groups and conjugated double bonds, which are key to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we develop a sunscreen emulgel formulation combining OMC and HGV-5 to improve activity and stability. The Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was applied to optimize emulsion (Tween 80, Span 80, and Paraffin Liquid) using Design Expert (DE). The DE obtained 14 runs and testing the responses to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula of the emulsion was then made into five(5) emulgel preparation. The emulgel were tested in vitro to determine percent transmission of erythema (%TE), percent transmission of pigmentation (%TP), and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values as presenting of photostability test. The best formula of emulgel determines the in vivo irritation test, physical characterization, and stability test. HGV-5 has an IC50 value of 8,46 ppm (strong antioxidant activity), indicating potential as a stabilizer agent for UV filters. The DE chosen as the optimum formula of emulsion were Tween 80 3.15% (v/v), Span 80 3.75% (v/v), and Paraffin Liquid 3.1% (v/v). F4 showed good photostability and obtained SPF values in the ultra protection category and %TE and %TP in the sunblock category. Referring to the storage results, the optimum formula was stable for a month. The irritation test of F4 showed that the PII value was 0 in the treatment group compared to the control group. F4 revealed that does not cause irritation, so it can be concluded that F4 is safe.
Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) comprises andrographolide, a compound characterized by inherently low bioavailability. Consequently, it is formulated into nanoparticles to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. Andrographolide ables to fight free radicals that cause cell death. This study was conducted to determine nephroprotective activity of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles in Vero cell line. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) were tested for cytotoxicity and nephroprotective activity. Nephroprotective tests consisted of acute nephroprotection, chronic nephroprotection, and recovery tests using concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ppm. The protective effect was tested by administering nanoparticles, followed by H2O2. The recovery effect was tested by administering H2O2, followed by nanoparticles. All tests were carried out using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl tiazol-2-il)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method and data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50-1000 ppm) did not have any toxic effect on Vero cell line. Nanoparticles provide nephroprotective activity based on concentration-dependent trend. High concentration nanoparticles (500 ppm) were able to provide better acute protective effect than vitamin E. Nanoparticles 500 ppm provided a better recovery effect (p<0,05) than vitamin E, but the chronic protection effect was lower than vitamin E. it can be concluded that Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract PLGA nanoparticles with concentration of 500 ppm provide effective nephroprotective activity against H2O2-induced toxicity in Vero cells line.
