Background: The anatomy of the gluteal arteries is a topic of great importance in clinical practice, as knowledge of their variant structure holds significant value for accurate examination, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions. Objective: In this article, the main variations in the anatomy of the gluteal arteries are explored. Understanding these variations will enable medical professionals to perform more precise diagnoses and select the most effective treatment methods. Methods: For the current study with the help of anatomical dissection method, 34 cadavers of people aged over 50 years (19 females and 15 males) were investigated. 68 preparations of pelvic arteries in total were studied. In each case the internal iliac artery and its branches, including gluteal arteries were investigated. Results/Conclusion: The individual variability of the gluteal vessels was shown. The inferior gluteal artery has greater variability in comparison with the superior one. Some slight asymmetry is characteristic for gluteal arteries, both in male and female. The anatomical correlation of gluteal arteries with some other vessels of pelvis have been revealed.
Over the past two decades, rotary circulation pumps have been effectively used to treat patients suffering from chronic heart failure (CHF). However, prolonged contact of blood cells with a foreign surface of the pump can cause hemolysis, thrombosis, bleeding and other disorders. A possible solution to reduce the level of blood cells damage may be the introduction into clinical practice the pumps for maintaining blood circulation with a lower rotor speed - 2000-3000 rpm The purpose of this study was to study the effect of a developed by us disk pump for auxiliary circulation of the left ventricular bypass on hemolytic blood parameters. Methods: A study of the effect of a disk pump of auxiliary blood circulation on human donor blood parameters was conducted using a special simulation stand (n=6) and experiments on laboratory animals (n=3). Results: In studies on donated blood, the level of free hemoglobin (FreeHb) was 0.03±0.1 g/l for 4 hours of the experiment. In animal studies, in the first two days after implantation of the pump, an increase in FreeHb was observed in the range from 0.01±0 to 0.05±0.1 g/l. Further, from the third day to the end of observation, fluctuations in FreeHb in the blood were in the range of 0.03–0.04 g/l. During the same period (1-3 days), there was a significant decrease in hematocrit (Hct), which was restored to background values by the 4th day. The concentrations of sodium, calcium, chlorine ions and blood pH remained virtually unchanged throughout the experiment, and the concentration of potassium tended to increase by the 5th-7th day. Conclusion: The developed prototype of a disc-type auxiliary blood circulation pump for left ventricular bypass did not cause significant hemolytic, electrolyte and acid-base disorders in the blood during 240 minutes of experiment on the stand (in vitro) and during 7 days in an in vivo experiment. It allows to recommend this type of pump for short-term use as a promising heart replacement like a “bridge” to organ transplantation or for unloading the heart in patients with CHF.
Introduction: The Stafne bone defect (SBD) is described as a well-defined, unilateral radiolucent area, usually in the region close to the angle of the mandible and below the mandibular canal. This asymptomatic condition, diagnosed in routine radiographic examinations, affects males between the 5th and 7th decade of life and does not require surgical intervention. The etiology of the condition is uncertain; however, the occurrence of SBD is often associated with salivary gland hypertrophy/hyperplasia. Case presentation: On this report, we present a case of SBD, the posterior variant, exhibiting uncommon dimensions. Conclusion: The Stafne bone defect is most often the result of failure of mandibular ossification.
Background: Various methods have been used to estimate age in different populations among them being Demirjian which has widely been utilized. However, in Kenya, there is hardly any approved method that can be used to achieve this purpose, hence the need to determine the available methods for estimating the age of children in Western Kenya. Therefore, this study aimed at estimating radiological age using Demirjian method among children attending dental clinics in Western Kenya. Methods: The study adopted a cross- sectional descriptive design and used Yamane Taro (1967) formulae to find a sample size of 171 panoramic radiographs of children aged between 5-17 years which were examined in order to determine the tooth maturity stages (A-H) for the first seven mandibular teeth on the left side. Each maturity stage was then assigned a corresponding maturity score as per Demirjian conversion tables for boys and girls, summed up and converted into dental age. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean was presented in tables and graphs while inferential statistics such as linear regression was used to measure the deviation and test of significance. Results: The overall mean dental age was 8.16 ± 2.7 with a standard error of mean of 0.211. The female and male mean dental age deviated from the chronological age at ±2.22 years and ±1.68 years respectively at 95% Confidence interval. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study revealed an underestimation of the dental age from chronological age using Demirjian method among children of African origin.
Introduction: ChatGPT, an AI-enabled conversational language model, holds immense promise for applications across healthcare education, research, and clinical practice. A number of recent reports have highlighted promising outcomes from using ChatGPT for answering multiple-choice questions (MCQs), hinting at a potential reshaping of educational methodologies. Aim: The objective of this particular study was to quantitatively assess the performance of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 in the context of answering anatomical questions focusing on the Thorax in a Gross Anatomy course for medical students. Methods: The research conducted for this study was focused on a comprehensive examination of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 capabilities in answering 50 multiple choice questions MCQs designed in USMLE style. These questions were randomly selected from Gross Anatomy course exam database for medical students and reviewed by three independent experts. No questions with images were included in this study. The selected questions had different levels of difficulty. Findings: The analysis revealed that ChatGPT-3.5 exhibited a remarkable ability to answer anatomical MCQs, achieving an average accuracy of 45.6±3.8%, significantly surpassing random guessing at 18.8±4.4%. The subsequent ChatGPT-4 demonstrated a 30% improvement, with an even higher accuracy of 75.6±1.7%. Discussion: ChatGPT demonstrates considerable potential as an engaging educational tool for students immersed in the study of anatomy. Its unique strength lies in its ability to incite student engagement and arouse curiosity through an interactive, conversational mode of answer delivery. Conclusion: It is vital to remember that ChatGPT should not be viewed as a replacement for the pivotal role teachers play in the educational journey. Instead, it should be visualized as an auxiliary instrument poised to enrich the educational experience. Future studies should aim to determine clear, holistic guidelines that illuminate the best ways to leverage and apply ChatGPT within the scope of anatomy instruction.
In this research article, the author presents the results and their analysis, directly related to some anatomical and anthropometric indicators and some morpho-functional indices in a group of young female athletes, puberty and youth, engaged in free wrestling. The results obtained and their analysis may have applied practical significance in the preparation and medical supervision of other athletes of this age group.
Abstract Buchholzia coriacea seeds has been reported to have various medicinal properties. This study evaluates the effect of the aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea seed (wonderful kola), on Aluminium chloride induced liver toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. 24 rats weighing between 90g-200g were divided into five groups. Group A- (the control group) received water and animal chow. Group B received 200mg/kg of AlCl3 only, Group C received 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract Buchholzia coriacea only. Group D received 50mg/kg body weight body weight (Low Dose) of aqueous extract Buchholzia coriacea and (200mg/kg) AlCl3 . Group E received 250mg/kg body weight (High Dose) of aqueous extract of Buchholzia coriacea and (200mg/kg) AlCl3 . The animals were sacrificed, the liver was excised and processed for routine paraffin sections at 5micromes thick. Sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin to demonstrate histoarchitecture. Biochemical analysis was also carried out to determine the effects on liver antioxidant enzymes. Histological assessment showed narrowed central vein, degeneration of hepatocytes and distortion of sinusoids in the AlCl3 alone treated groups. The histoarchitecture of the liver in the other groups showed improvement especially in Group E (High Dose of B. coriacea) and Group C (B. coriacea extract only). The biochemical analysis on the other hand showed significantly reduced activities in GSH, SOD, CAT and significantly increased level of MDA in the Alcl3 only group. In the other groups, MDA levels reduced, GSH, SOD and CAT also increased enzymatic activities following the administration of B. coriacea. The study concludes that Buchholzia coriacea seed extract plays a role in protecting liver from Alcl3 toxicity
Occipitalization of the atlas vertebra is an important congenital malformation of the craniovertebral region due to its proximity to the spinomedullary region, which can produce narrowing of the foramen magnum and compression of the spinal cord or brainstem. Rarely, it also results in compression of the vertebral artery, leading to dizziness, convulsions and syncope. Therefore, knowledge of such an anomaly is essential for orthopedists, anesthesiologists and clinicians.
with defective heads, acrosomes, midpieces, cytoplasmic droplets, and tail defects. 5Within semen there are two principal sources of production of free radicals; leukocytes and sperm.The vast majority of semen specimens contain leukocytes, with neutrophils being the predominant leukocyte type. 6As the production of ROS is one of the principal mechanisms by which neutrophils destroy pathogens, it is not surprising that seminal leukocytes have the potential to cause oxidative stress. 7However, a link between the presence of leukocytes in semen and male oxidative infertility is still under debate.Sperm and critical stages of spermiogenesis are vulnerable to ROS-induced damage due to factors such as chromatin condensation, lack of DNA repair mechanisms, high poly unsaturated fatty acid content in the membrane, ROS production during epididymis, and low cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme levels. 8Dietary deficits are associated to sperm oxidative damage by various studies.The Age and Genetic Effects in Sperm (AGES) study compared sperm quality with self-reported dietary consumption of antioxidants and minerals (vitamins C and E, β-carotene, folate, and zinc) in 97 healthy non-smokers. 9Vitamin C intake correlated with sperm concentration and vitamin E with total progressively motile sperm in this study.This is also consistent with past findings that seminal plasma vitamin E levels improve motile sperm percentage.The AGES study found no link between poor antioxidant consumption and sperm DNA damage. 9This was surprising as prior researchers had connected low seminal plasma vitamin C to sperm DNA damage.Seminal antioxidants such β-mercaptoethanol, protein, vitamins E and C, cysteamine, cycteine, taurin, and hypotaurin limit the quantity of seminal ROS. 10 In fact, these chemicals improve sperm parameters and embryo development.Seminal leukocytes and aberrant spermatozoa generate most ROS in human ejaculate.Morphologically defective spermatozoa produce ROS extensively. 11Among sperm abnormalities, leftover cytoplasm or cytoplasmic droplet may produce the greatest ROS.Sertoli cells normally omit these extra cytoplasms during spermiogenesis. 12This condition causes immature, functionally impaired spermatozoa.Studies have shown that cytoplasmic droplets generate ROS via "glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase" (G6PD), which induces high ROS production via two pathwaysSperm DNA can be directly damaged by free radicals targeting purine, pyrimidine, and deoxyribose bases.Sperm DNA is protected from free radicals by protamines. 13However, infertile men often lack protamination, making sperm DNA sensitive to ROS assault).Alternatively, free radicals can cause sperm apoptosis and caspase-mediated DNA destruction. 14Using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine detection, several researchers have linked oxidative stress to sperm DNA damage. 15
Anatomy is a three-dimensional subject that needs threedimensional visualizations and traditional learning methods".It has proved that three-dimensional visualization is more effective for gaining anatomical knowledge than traditional methods.In addition, students are motivated and interested in using visualization tools to learn anatomical structures, e.g.ultrasound and cross-section anatomical models.Students also know that a good understanding of anatomical knowledge of the human body is fundamental in clinical practice, particularly in radiology and surgery.We believe that medical imaging students require the highest priority in learning anatomy among healthcare learners, as competent and efficient radiographers should have a comprehensive knowledge of anatomy.To increase their clinical capabilities, students must learn to read, examine and comprehend CT and MRI images during their clinical blocks by practising cross-sectional models and radiologic anatomy in the academic block.
Vinblastine an antimitotic agent is used to treat hematological malignancies and in combination cancer chemotherapy. Vinblastine produces second malignancies in the survivors which can be reduced/prevented in cancer patients by intervention with natural products. Naringin a grapefruit bioflavonoid was tested for its chemoprotective activity in cultured V79 cells. The V79 cells were treated with 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL of naringin 1 h before exposure to 10 µg/mL of vinblastine. The DNA damage was evaluated by micronucleus assay at 22 h after vinblastine exposure in mononucleate, binucleate, and trinucleate cells. Vinblastine treatment increased the frequency of micronuclei significantly in both the mononucleate and binucleate V79 cells whereas different concentrations of naringin significantly reduced the formation of vinblastine-induced micronuclei. A maximum reduction in micronuclei formation was recorded at 200 µg/mL naringin in both mononucleate and binucleate cells. The determination of cell proliferation indicates that naringin treatment impacted the cell proliferation, especially at 2 to 25 µg/mL which increased at 200 µg/mL in both the naringin and Naringin+Vinblastine groupsgroup as indicated by a rise in binucleate and trinucleate cell numbers. The present study indicates that naringin protects the V79 cells against vinblastine-induced DNA damage indicated by significant attrition in micronuclei formation and 200 µg/mL naringin was highly effective.
Emissary veins are valveless veins which pass through skull foramina connecting the intracranial dural venous sinuses to the extracranial veins. They equalize the venous pressure on both sides of the cranium, cool the brain, and may transmit extracranial infection to intracranial structures. Parietal, mastoid, sphenoidal and occipital emissary foramina and veins proved to be of great clinical significance. Petro-squamosal sinus and mastoid emissary vein may cause excessive bleeding during skull base and middle ear surgeries. Venous anomalies of some emissary veins could be a rare cause of tinnitus. Their incidence, morphology and course must be determined preoperatively to avoid interventional complications.
Study objective: To describe the variations and anatomical landmarks of the maxillary artery Study design and population: This was a descriptive cross-sectional cadaveric study, carried out in the department of human anatomy at the University of Nairobi. Study duration: This was conducted between November 2015 and May 2016. Material and methods: Ninety three (93) hemi-sections from 48 cadavers were used for the study. Dissection of the infratemporal fossa was done to expose the MA and its branches on both sides. The distance of the MA from the articular eminence, mandibular neck, mandibular notch and pterygoid fovea were recorded. The relationship of the MA with the LPM and its branching pattern noted. Results: Out of the 93 hemi-sections dissected 67% of the MA were within the parotid gland while 33% were medial. Thirty five of the MA had a medial relationship to the LPM while, 58 were lateral. Six (6.5%) hemi-sections had the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and the inferior alveolar artery (IAA) originating from a common trunk on the MA. The accessory meningeal artery (AMA) was absent in 3 (3.2%) hemi-sections on the right side and in 2 (2.2%) on the left. Amongst all distances measured of the MA to the bony prominences; mandibular notch, condylar neck, articular eminence, the Pterygoid fovea (14.61±7.07mm for the left and13.93±6.17 and the right side) was the most reliable. Conclusion: The relationship of the MA is more lateral than medial. The most reliable bony landmark is the pterygoid fovea. The branching pattern of the IAA and MMA off the MA is inconsistent in different studies. The MA is a very variable and tortuous artery, probably influenced by age, gender and ethnicity.
Introduction: Throughout history, women have sought help from mystical powers to protect them from unexpected situations related to pregnancy and childbirth. The use of amulets in Anatolia, which encompasses the dynamics of products, ideas, beliefs, and civilizations, has been prevalent. Aim: This study aims to explore the connection between amulets used in the Ancient Mediterranean region and medical practices within the context of the history of medicine, utilizing a figurine. Method: Through a detailed examination at the Mersin Museum, a figurine depicting a woman in a crouching position with distinctive facial and bodily features was discovered. The figurine, believed to have been used as a birth-facilitating amulet necklace, was compared with information found in classical medical literature. Findings: The figurine bears resemblance to ancient amulets utilized in the past, which aligns with women’s physiology, childbirth beliefs, and facilitating positions described in ancient texts. Recent studies indicate that women continue to employ amulets as a means of protection against birth-related risks. Discussion: The presence of amulets among archaeological remains draws attention to the enduring influence of superstitions from the past to the present, particularly in situations where the lives of both the mother and child are perceived to be at risk. Conclusion: The historical use of amulets and talismans by women has served as a unifying practice throughout different eras. While these methods are generally regarded as harmless, the ongoing advancement of medicine from its primitive origins suggests that women’s health still faces unresolved challenges.
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) disorder is a disorder where there is additional accessory electrical pathway in the heart. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is the commonest form of ventricular pre-excitation. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is not rare in the emergency department. Its early recognition and prompt treatment gives fast restoration to sinus rhythm. Early refer to cardiologist for electrophysiological study is necessary for early diagnosis and needed intervention. The patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ECG design has much in the same way as patients with different conditions, like, long-QT disorder and Brugada disorder, because in sinus rhythm electrocardiogram (ECG) is different as compared to tachyarrthymic status of the same patient another differential with WPW syndrome will be LGL syndrome where delta wave will be absent
Introduction: Inguinodynia, is a frequent problem in clinical practice. The need to improve its assessment is obvious. Currently, there is a lack of agreement regarding the appropriate way to evaluate this syndrome. The objective of this paper is to illustrate and propose a modification of the dermatome mapping (DM) tool to improve its efficacy, by combining it, using the analogous verbal numerical scale of pain (VANSP) to identify the affected nerves from the dermatome involved, to objectively evaluate pain intensity and to assess the treatment given. Methods: We use the analogous verbal numerical scale of pain (VANSP) to mark the patient’s skin, applied to the method of DM described by Álvarez. We ask the patient to characterize the pain intensity with numbers, beginning with one, for the slightest pain, to 10 for the worst possible pain experienced. After the treatment is given, either if it is conservative, surgical, or neural block, we repeat the mapping to evaluate its effectiveness. Results: We have used this approach since 1997, in several patients with inguinodynia of different etiologies pre- and post-treatment, and it is useful and a more objective evaluation, especially to estimate the result of the treatment given. Conclusion: Dermatome mapping, marking the patient pain points using the VANSP, can provide relevant information for the diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of management results in patients with inguinodynia.
The study is devoted to the describe the anatomy of Willis circle in people with and without the cerebrovascular pathology. It was investigated in 243 angiograms of both males and females between the ages of 18 and 72. 120 patients had no signs of cerebrovascular pathology, and 123 patients had various types of disorders of the cerebral circulation. Results of the study have shown that only 32% of patients from the group without cerebrovascular disorders have the classical type of Willis circle. In 68% of patients, the atypical Willis circle was found, namely: 23% – hypoplasia of the anterior communicating artery, 21% – aplasia or hypoplasia of one of the posterior communicating arteries, 17% – combination of both anterior and one of the posterior communicating arteries aplasia, 4% – anterior and both posterior communicating arteries aplasia, 3% – parietal contact of both anterior cerebral arteries. Patients with cerebrovascular pathology show the typical anatomy of the Willis circle only in 2%. Other ones have different type of variation: aplasia of one of the posterior communicans artery have been noted in 53%, aplasia of both posterior communicating arteries – in 26%, combined aplasia of both anterior and posterior communicating arteries have been met in 19% of cases. Based on the above, it can be assumed the atypical type of the Willis circle is a predisposing factor for the development of cerebrovascular disorders.
Introduction: The internal thoracic artery is known for its anatomical variations and their clinical implications. It has important anatomical characteristics that make it an excellent arterial graft for myocardial vascularization. However, data from the literature report variations regarding the origin, course, and termination of the internal thoracic artery. Through this dissection work we wanted to report a rare origin of the left internal thoracic artery directly from the thyrocervical trunk, instead of its usual subclavian origin. Material and methods: The dissected patient was a 64-year-old subject with no history of cervical region surgery or previous deformity. The cadaver showed no asymmetry about the shoulders or the lateral cervical regions, it had been preserved in a non-formaldehyde solution. Initially, on the subject in supine position, the lateral triangle of the neck was approached and a cleidectomy was performed. The subclavian artery and its collaterals were dissected, identified, and marked. The collateral branches of the subclavian artery were injected with a solution made from a mixture of gelatin, methylene blue and iron powder. Dissection of the subclavian artery and its collateral branches was then continued until their course was fully exposed. Results: On the course of the left subclavian artery and after the left vertebral artery, we found a thyrocervical trunk giving rise to 4 classic terminal branches, among which an oblique left internal thoracic artery due to its more lateral birth than d 'habit. Discussion/Conclusion: The left internal thoracic artery is the first choice in coronary bypass surgery because of the permeability of the graft. However, an abnormal origin of the internal thoracic artery on the thyrocervical trunk and a modification of its proximal course, can firstly increase the risk of vascular lesions during different invasive procedures of the lateral triangle of the neck. secondly, they can have circulatory consequences in the vertebrobasilar arterial system. It is important for the practitioner to resort to a morphological study of this region to expose and prevent this anatomical variation.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the lockdown has brought about a sense of fear and anxiety around the globe. The anxiety and fear extends to much more than being infected by the virus. Children between the ages of 8 - 12, being very young, may find it difficult to comprehend the sudden change in their life. From having online classes, to being isolated and away from friends and classmates, it has changed the dynamics of their lifestyle completely. In the literature review and primary research conducted on the user groups, the paper discusses the various impacts and negative lifestyle changes faced by children due to the lockdown and how this has led to increased screen time, strained mental and physical health and a disruption in the children's overall lifestyle. Probable solutions to overcome the adversities faced by children are discussed in this paper whilst taking into account the data analysed from the surveys and interviews. To do so, some of the key tools that have been used are mind mapping - to understand the topic, empathy mapping and saturated walls to synthesise the analysed data and prototyping to build the solution. After this, a long term solution was designed through the making of UNLOCK - an active interaction board game that encourages children to incorporate good lifestyle habits and set balanced routine tasks that include mental and physical stimulation and exercise.
The diabetes mellitus is an acute medical and social problem demanding the search of different methods of carbohydrate metabolism correction. The literature data during the last years indicate that parallel with medical drugs the protective and medicinal effects could provide herbal preparations. To test the hypothesis of the effect of one of them – quercetin in different forms - on the carbohydrate metabolism this study has been done. It has been shown that the initial, adsorbed and encapsulated quercetin in a cellulose molecule had a pronounced effect on some parameters of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in rats compared with animals that did not receive this bioflavonoid. The initial quercetin showed a distinct, but short-term, hypoglycemic effect already on the 1-st day of the study, while the surface-adsorbed and cellulose-encapsulated quercetin had a significant effect starting from the 5-th day, but this effect persisted throughout the observation. These hypoglycemic effects of quercetin partly due to the increase of glycogen in the liver and elevation of plasma corticosterone. The other possible mechanisms of quercetin effect on glucose concentration in plasma are proposed.
