Secondary tillage refers to tillage activities that come after primary tillage and are carried out to establish the right soil tilth for planting and seeding. Chisel plows are agricultural implements that farmers use to till the soil in preparation for planting crops. This plough can assist in breaking up ploughman and hardpan and lessen the effects of compaction. For no-till and low-till farming methods that aim to enhance erosion control and the advantages of maintaining organic matter and farming wastes on the soil surface throughout the year, a chisel plow is helpful. This study's goal was to create a tractor-drawn chisel plow for primary tillage and assess the device's effectiveness. A rectangular frame, a tyne, a chisel, a three-point hitch, and various connecting tools, including a washer, bolts, and nuts, made up the created tractor-drawn chisel plow. The depth, field capacity, field efficiency, clod mean weight diameter, bulk density, moisture content, and physical characteristics of the soil were all taken into account when evaluating the implement's performance. The field experiment was conducted at different depths of operation, 15cm. 20cm and 25cm, and tractor forward speed of 3, 5, and 7km/hr. The collected data were statistically analyzed using R software, and statistical differences in the effects of treatment means were tested at 5% levels of significance and separated using the least significant difference (LSD). From the obtained results, the draft requirement, the mean effective field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, draft power, wheel slippage, and tillage performance index were 5.68 kN, 0.98 ha/hr.93.28%, 8.076l/ha, 9.38 kW, 11.33, and 2.69 at a tractor forward speed of 7 km/hr and 25 cm depth of operations. Based on the performance evaluation results, it is concluded that the developed tractor-drawn spike tooth harrow can be efficiently, effectively, and economically used by the end users.
In this paper, we manufacture biomimetic avian-marine device for the first time. The structures are formed by understanding flying fish and planar wing integration. The plastic frustum gives bio inspired wing mechanics of flying fish. The modular readymade air plane provides the biomimetic avian structure. Here, we combine the liquid spray perfume to study solid-liquid placements. The liquid spray perfume are enclosed in plastic bottle. The liquid perfume are together with solid plastic tubes and plastic trees. The structural canvas are detailed with textile, plastic trays, plastic containers and polymers. The entire assembly are mounted on wood table. We do not use fluid networks. The biomimetic architecture are for decorative installations. Here we develop computer aided design (CAD) digital twin to 3D representation model of camera image. The model uses human perception method with the function call trimesh. The method provides the coordinates of the camera image in excel document. In this study, we develop python code to convert coordinates in excel to 3D model. We develop language model text to 3D objects. We develop artificial intelligence codecs that simple convert the language text to 3D objects. Our model are run on computer laptop. The simulation time is 45 s. The model matches the actual object. Our work can find applications in Augmented Reality (AR) exhibitions, generative mixed-media manufacturing, retail display design and bio-inspired material studies.
This study reviews existing research on the design, construction, and performance optimization of shredding and threshing machines, with the aim of developing a comprehensive understanding of their operational characteristics and identifying opportunities for improved efficiency. A systematic methodology was adopted, incorporating theoretical machine design, computer-aided modelling, finite element analysis, and motion simulation using Autodesk Inventor and MATLAB. The findings show that the universal shredding and threshing machine performs optimally, achieving an efficiency of approximately 90%, with both shredding and threshing operations executed effectively. Finite element analysis further confirms the structural suitability of the frame and cutting blades, indicating an absence of plastic deformation or failure under operational loads. Motion analysis reveals that the main shaft and tray function proportionally and maintain consistent speeds, with a linear tray velocity of about 48 m/s and an angular shaft speed of approximately 120 rad/s, validating the machine’s stable performance characteristics. Based on these outcomes, the study recommends upgrading the electric motor to improve operational efficiency, increasing blade thickness to enhance cutting performance and durability, and incorporating AnyLogic simulation software for more advanced validation of component motion and speed. The insights provided contribute to improved understanding and further optimization of shredding and threshing machine performance for industrial applications.
Experimentation is fundamental to advancements in science and technology, particularly for optimizing agricultural machinery. This research aims to demonstrate the efficacy of the Design of Experiments (DOE) as a robust methodology in improving the performance of postharvest processing equipment, such as shelling, threshing, and decorticating machines used for postharvest operations in pods, seeds and nuts processing. Using a case study on a melon seed shelling machine, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize two key operating parameters: seed moisture content and motor speed after full. A Box-Behnken Design was selected for its efficiency, requiring 13 experimental runs. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed the high significance of the developed quadratic model (F-value = 50.03, p < 0.001), which exhibited an excellent fit (adjusted R² = 95.33%). The results identified optimal parameters: a motor speed of approximately 1920 rpm and a moisture content of 24%, achieving a shelling efficiency of 93%. The second-best configuration yielded a motor speed of 2182 rpm and a moisture content of 22%, resulting in a shelling efficiency of 91%. Verification tests conducted at these optimal settings demonstrated an average relative error of only 0.65%, indicating strong alignment between the predicted and actual outcomes and thus validating the accuracy of the model. These findings confirm that RSM is an effective tool for optimizing the performance and productivity of agricultural machinery in the melon seed industry.
The blade pass frequency (BPF) noise for axial flow cooling fans in Electrical Vehicles (EV) is much obvious in some of rotational speeds. The root cause of this BPF noise is due to the cooling fan loading which is caused by the pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the fan. The pressure difference is defined as the resistance value of the fan. The resistance value of fan in EVs is much higher than the value of internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. It is very difficult to obtain the resistance value in full vehicle condition. A new method to estimate the vehicle resistance value is developed using bench tests. By assuming, on the same operating parameters of the same fan both in vehicle and in test bench, such as inlet voltage, current and rotational speed, the resistance value of the fan in vehicle is the same as in test bench, thus, the operating parameters are used in the bench testing to simulate the resistance value of the fan in vehicle. Once the resistance value is achieved, the noise values of the fan can be measured in the test bench under different rotational speeds. Several testing results of different fans show that the BPF noises in bench with the defined resistance value align with those in vehicle. Using this method, the cooling fan noise can be studied in bench, earlier fan prototypes can be evaluated before finalizing design parameters. From this study it is found that the deformation of blades under the operation is the main factor to affect BPF noise levels. During operation the blade deformation changes the gap between the blade and the shroud in axial direction. The gap is related to the initial gap and the strengthen of the fan blade. This gap can be designed and optimized to balance the BPF noise in the total rotational range. The guidelines for designing low noise fan are outlined in this paper also.
To improve the vibration reduction system applied to spherical water storage tanks under seismic conditions, a new origami-based hydraulic damper was proposed for use in tuned mass damper (TMD), replacing conventional cylinder-type hydraulic dampers. The configuration of the origami-based hydraulic damper, the vibration control mechanism of the TMD system using it, and tuning principle were examined. Shaking table experiments were conducted in the laboratory using a verification test apparatus that included an actual developed spherical water tank and a TMD system with an origami hydraulic damper. The tests were divided into cases based on different seismic waves and excitation directions. Shaking table experiments were conducted using actual earthquake waves from the Fukushima, El Centro NS, and Taft NW events. By comparing the measured response acceleration values, vibration reduction effects of 53.53%, 33.72%, and 36.63%, respectively, were obtained. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of the excitation direction on the vibration control performance, additional tests were conducted using the Fukushima earthquake wave with excitation angles varied in 15° increments. The tests demonstrated an average vibration reduction effect of 54.81% in terms of response acceleration. The results of these experimental measurements confirmed the stable vibration control performance of the proposed TMD system with an origami-based hydraulic damper applied to spherical water storage tanks.
Wheel wear in railway vehicles is a critical factor affecting operational safety, maintenance costs, and ride comfort. Curved tracks impose complex dynamic interactions between wheels and rails, leading to accelerated wear due to increased lateral forces, slip, and contact stresses. This study examines the influence of wheel wear due to yaw and track irregularity on vehicle dynamic behavior demonstrated in terms of wear depth, derailment coefficient and ride index. Software simulation-based and wear data validation was used. The research utilized an integrated approach combining computational modeling and experimental wear measurements for comprehensive analysis. The wheel-rail contact interaction was modeled using Hertzian contact theory, while multibody dynamics and wear depth calculations were performed using SIMPACK and a custom MATLAB implementation of the Archard wear model. Key parameters examined included curve radius, operating speed, wheelset yaw, and track irregularities, with their effects quantified in terms of wear depth and dynamic performance metrics such as derailment coefficient and ride index. A re-profiling analysis conducted up to 60, 000 km, with wear depth measurements extracted at 10, 000 km intervals. The simulated wear depths closely matched the collected experimental data. Additional case studies revealed that curves with a 50-meter radius produced the most severe wear (6.18 mm), along with an elevated derailment coefficient (1.01) and poor ride comfort - even with the presence of yaw dampers or track irregularities. However, the track irregularities alone had only a minor impact on the derailment coefficient and ride index, their combination with yaw motion significantly worsened both metrics. Consequently, proactive measures should be implemented to mitigate the compounded effects of yaw and track irregularities.
Sustainability in the automotive sector has become a global priority as environmental pressures and regulatory requirements continue to intensify. This review examines the integration of recycled materials and innovative eco-friendly substances in vehicle design and production, highlighting their role in reducing environmental footprints while maintaining performance. Conventional automotive materials such as steel, aluminum, and plastics contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion, making the shift to sustainable alternatives essential. Recycled metals, plastics, rubber, and glass are increasingly adopted, offering significant energy savings, waste reduction, and cost efficiency. In parallel, advanced bio-composites, biodegradable polymers, and nano materials are being explored for their ability to provide lightweight, renewable, and high-performance options. These innovations not only reduce vehicle mass and emissions but also align with circular economy principles. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including quality variability, safety concerns, and supply chain complexity. Nonetheless, ongoing advancements in recycling technologies, material engineering, and regulatory support are paving the way for broader implementation. Future trends point toward additive manufacturing, closed-loop recycling, and enhanced collaboration between industry, academia, and policymakers to accelerate adoption. Overall, sustainable material integration represents a vital pathway for the automotive industry to reduce environmental impacts, enhance resource efficiency, and meet global sustainability goals.
The crashworthiness of automotive frontal bumper systems plays a crucial role in improving vehicle safety by reducing impact forces transmitted to occupants during collisions. This research presents a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of bumper materials, including Aluminium Alloy (AA6061-T6), Mild Steel (AISI 1018), and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), to assess their performance in terms of energy absorption, deformation, and stress distribution under frontal impact conditions. The study involves developing a detailed finite element model using ANSYS/Workbench to replicate a saloon car bumper subjected to a collision velocity of 15.56 m/s, consistent with NCAP test standards. Through rigorous computational analysis, the materials were compared based on crashworthiness indicators such as total deformation, equivalent (von Mises) stress, equivalent elastic strain, and specific energy absorption. The results revealed that the CFRP bumper exhibited superior crash performance, demonstrating high energy absorption capacity and reduced deformation with minimal structural mass. Aluminium provided a balanced performance with moderate strength and significant weight savings, while mild steel offered excellent strength and rigidity but at the expense of higher mass. Overall, the study concludes that selecting suitable materials is essential for optimizing safety, weight efficiency, and structural integrity in modern automotive bumper systems.
This research paper present the comparative analysis of four solar dryers with different size and floor types. The solar dryers were used to perform an experiment, the following parameters were read and record for the period of the experiment: temperature, relative humidity and energy. The results of the solar dryers shows that black ceramic floor has higher efficiency compared to white ceramic floor and sandy floor. The hourly variation of temperature inside the dryers was much higher with black ceramic floor compared to white ceramic floor and sandy floor. The solar dryers was observed to have higher energy in black ceramic floor compared to the white ceramic floor and sandy floor. The relative humidity inside the dryer was relatively low in the black floor dryer compared to that of the white ceramic floor and sandy floor. The results of the experiment also shows the effect of size on the solar dryers, when exposed to sunshine it was observed that, the B6 solar dryer gives the highest performance, and the highest temperature recorded inside the dryer was 70°C. At this temperature, the performance efficiency of the B6 dryer was 67%. For B4 solar dryer the highest temperature was 65°C with efficiency of 59% and B3 solar dryer has a temperature of 62°C and an efficiency of 51%. It was also observed that B2 solar dryer which is the smallest among them has a temperature of 58°C and an efficiency of 41.5%.
In a wide range of industrial fields, the advancement of hydraulic dampers for vibration control has become an important research and development topic. In this paper, we propose a novel internal-flow origami hydraulic damper with nonlinear damping characteristics to overcome the limitations of conventional cylindrical hydraulic dampers with restricted linear strokes. First, the basic structure and design method of the proposed origami hydraulic damper are examined. Subsequently, the flow characteristics of the internal fluid in the origami hydraulic damper are analyzed, and a formula is derived to calculate the damping force acting on the damper. We confirm that the damping force is proportional to the square of the velocity. Furthermore, a verification experimental system using a nonlinear origami hydraulic damper in a mass-spring vibration system was developed. Shaking experiments using actual Fukushima earthquake waves were conducted, and the response acceleration decreased by 63.49%. For further verification, shaking experiments were performed by changing the orifice diameter of the nonlinear origami hydraulic damper, and the average reduction rate of the response acceleration for different orifice diameters was 62.68%. In addition, to verify the vibration control effect under different earthquake waves, we conducted shaking experiments using the same experimental setup and conditions as those used for the El Centro NS and Taft NW earthquake waves. The average reduction rate of the response acceleration for different earthquake waves was 62.22%. Thus, the damping characteristics and effectiveness of the proposed internal-flow origami hydraulic damper were confirmed.
The end surfaces of large storage tanks used in various industries are often composed of thin-walled metallic spherical cap structures. The ability to process these components at a low cost and with high manufacturing precision is an important research challenge. In this study, a new integrated free-bulge forming method is proposed to fabricate thin-walled metallic spherical cap structures. This method involves fixing the perimeter of a circular forming sheet, applying internal water pressure, and uniformly bulging the central portion of the sheet to achieve a spherical cap structure. To analyze the forming performance of the proposed method, formulas for calculating the plastic strain and average thickness during the process of forming the spherical cap from the circular sheet are derived, enabling a clear understanding of the workable range of the free-bulge forming method. Additionally, by deriving a prediction formula for the internal water pressure required for the free-bulge of the spherical cap structure, the key process design factors are identified. For verification, a free-bulge forming device is developed, and thin-walled metallic spherical cap structures are processed. The results confirm that the spherical cap shape is sufficiently precise and can be stably produced using the free-bulge forming method. Furthermore, a specialized device for measuring the shape accuracy of the spherical cap formed using the proposed free-bulge method is developed, and the surface shape of the spherical cap structure is measured. The results show that the formed spherical cap shape has a maximum deviation of 2.3% from the theoretical shape, demonstrating adequate precision for practical applications. To further verify the processing performance of the free-bulge forming method, the thickness distribution of the processed thin-walled metallic spherical cap is measured along its diameter. The results show that, compared to the original thickness of 1.0 mm, the minimum thickness of 0.858 mm occurs at the center of the spherical cap, representing a thickness reduction rate of -13.2%. It is confirmed that the free-bulge method can be stably applied to typical thin-walled press materials.
In Cameroon, renewable energy promotion is a key strategy for improving energy security and fostering employment opportunities. This study evaluates the performance, emission levels, and suitability for promotion for mass production of a novel updraft gasifier biomass cookstove. The assessment, conducted using WBT 4.2.3 protocol, focused on thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions, and safety, in accordance with ISO/IWA Tier 4 standards. PM2.5 emissions were prioritised due to their significant health impacts. A Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was used to assess the cookstove's potential for mass production, considering criteria such as manufacturability, scalability, fuel savings, usability, durability, maintainability, portability, cost/affordability, safety, weight, space, and cultural acceptability. The Results showed that the stove achieved Tier 2 thermal efficiency (≈25%). Indoor air quality tests revealed Tier 2 CO emissions at both low and high power, while PM2.5 emissions met Tier 3 at high power and Tier 2 at low power. The safety score was 59/100, corresponding to Tier 1. Compared to the traditional 3-stone fire, the stove demonstrated superior efficiency, indoor air quality, specific fuel consumption, and safety. In the MCDA evaluation, the stove ranked second among five models, confirming its suitability for commercial-scale production, although continuous improvement is required. This study highlights the potential of the first updraft gasifier biomass cookstove tested in Cameroon to contribute to sustainable energy solutions.
The railway transportation system is currently undergoing a significant expansion. As a result, train lines are upgraded, and the technical condition of the rail vehicles that use them is also taken into consideration. However, under certain circumstances, wheels on rail vehicles may sustain damage while in use. Then, depending on the kind and degree of flaws, the profile of the wheels is no longer circular but rather changes. The quality of a passenger's ride comfort is diminished when a rail vehicle with a damaged wheel is in operation. The research considered one type of railway wheel untrueness wheel polygonization and focused on the evaluation of ride comfort for passengers based on results obtained from numerical and dynamic analyses. Simulations and calculations were carried out in numerical and dynamic multibody software. The results show that with increasing vehicle speed, the ride index also increases, which means that at high speeds, the ride comfort will be diminished. Furthermore, it found that the orders of wheel polygonization have an effect on ride comfort. With the increasing order of polygonization, the ride index also increases. According to the findings, this study has a significant impact on the maintenance planning for wheels and rails as well as operation management.
This article explores advancements in damage detection and structural diagnostics for steel bridges by proposing an integrated analysis method for failure patterns and structural feasibility validation. The approach incorporates the correlation between damage causes and vibrational data classified by intensity levels. Using a supervised machine learning framework, training datasets are developed by analyzing structural behavior identified through specific vibration characteristics, specifically examining the Warren Truss type. It explored a system that diagnosed failure sequences based on vibration-classified structures within the steel bridge frame. The system generated data on the feasibility conditions by analyzing the vibration characteristics of structural elements with varying levels of damage. This vibration classification could be used as a reference for structural maintenance and repair. Machine learning diagnosis involved investigating bridge collapses to identify the types of elements and their positions within the structure, with forecasts serving as the basis for interference detection. Identifying and classifying vibration patterns in bridge structures focuses on assessing their response to potential damage and dysfunctions to ensure their safety and long-term durability. This involves using vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM) systems that detect anomalies or changes in the dynamic behavior of bridges. The primary objective is correlating specific vibration signatures with structural defects, such as fatigue cracks, material degradation, or connection failures. This assessment categorized structural degeneration into three levels: moderate (30%), urgent (50%), and severe/critical (≥70%). The findings of the assessment group informed the design of management strategies, technical maintenance plans, and overall structural performance improvements for Warren Truss Bridges. Factual values and ductility measurements were also considered. The study provided a more detailed summary of relevant research outcomes and the developmental stages of a recent vibration-based diagnostic system for future research.
The structural integrity of welded joints are critical factors that influence the overall safety and durability of various engineering structures, especially in the fields of construction, automotive, and pipeline industries.. This research systematically investigate the effects and interactions of welding parameters such as welding current, welding voltage, gas flow rate and welding speed for enhanced structural integrity of mild-steel SKTM13A pipe butt joints. Central Composite Design (CCD) based Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate and optimized these Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process dependent variables to minimize responses such as residual stress, distortion in weld-ment, heat flux, and maximize Peak Temperature, tensile strength of the welded joints. The results indicated model F-values of 29.81 at a P-value of <0.0001 for the tensile strength explained the significance of the employed model. Optimal tensile strength of 308.56Mpa, minimum distortion in weldment of 0.2, Peak Temperature of 1518.45°C, residual stress of 282.724Mpa and heat flux of 1500.26Kw/min were achieved at a welding current of 140A, welding voltage 24V, gas flow rate 12lit/min and welding speed of 150 cm/min. Overall, these statistics suggest that the regression model for the desired responses are robust and adequately captures the relationship with the predictor variables. In conclusion, this research has provided valuable insights into the optimization of welding parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that can be effectively apply to drive innovation and competitiveness in the welding industry.
This research study examines the mechanical performance of bolts fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM), a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technique widely utilized in the aerospace and automotive industries for producing lightweight, high-performance components. To improve mechanical properties through SLM, building orientation plays a crucial role, particularly in enhancing fatigue strength. This study examines the bolts mechanical properties by using SLM optimal process parameters, including laser power of 225 W, scan speed of 500 mm/s, and hatching distance of 100 µm. This study investigates the mechanical performance of M5, M6, and M8 hexagonal bolts with a focus on tensile strength, creep resistance and effects of torque tightening on fatigue life. Tensile testing demonstrated the bolts’ high strength, achieving an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1189.32 MPa and a yield strength (YS) of 967.61 MPa at room temperature with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Fatigue testing, conducted under pre-load and torque-applied conditions, revealed that proper torque application significantly enhanced fatigue life, extending it from 21,000–25,000 cycles in pre-load conditions to 135,000 cycles under a torque of 12 N-mm. Additionally, creep testing confirmed the material’s long-term stability, showing no deformation or failure when subjected to a sustained load of 660 MPa over a 24-hour period. These results emphasize the critical role of torque tightening in improving fatigue performance and highlight the reliability of the bolts under prolonged stress, making them suitable for high-performance applications in the automotive and aerospace industries.
This research explores the design and fabrication of burner rig to test Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) aimed at enhancing the longevity and performance of gas turbines. Gas turbines, commonly used in aviation and power generation, face extreme operating conditions with high temperatures and thermal gradients that can lead to significant component damage. TBCs, ceramic coatings applied to engine components, play a crucial role in providing thermal insulation and mitigating thermal fatigue, oxidation, and thermal shock. The study involved designing a burner rig, modeled in Solid Works and fabricated from mild steel, to replicate the high temperature environment of gas turbines. The experimental setup was enhanced by the precise machining of components like the aluminum alloy 6061 substrate, achieved through EDM wire cutting. The study demonstrates how factors such as material selection, bond coat and topcoat thickness, porosity, and thermal cycling significantly influence TBC performance. Testing with the burner rig showed that TBCs can greatly enhance engine efficiency and lifespan by providing robust thermal insulation. Advanced monitoring techniques, including infrared thermography and acoustic emission testing, were employed to evaluate the behavior of TBCs under thermal cycling. The findings underscore the need for balancing thermal insulation with thermal stress resistance to maximize coating performance. This research serves as a foundation for further advancements in TBC materials and testing methodologies, with the goal of enhancing the operational efficiency, longevity, and environmental sustainability of gas turbine engines.
Fault diagnosis is an essential task in ensuring the smooth operation of complex dynamic systems. The consequences of faults can be serious, leading to loss of life, harmful emissions to the environment, high repair costs and economic losses caused by unplanned production line stoppages. The work developed in this paper concerns the modeling and diagnosis of faults (sensor faults, system faults, actuator faults) in hybrid dynamic systems using our multi-model approach (which combines two sub-models, one continuous and the other discrete). The aim is to integrate three well-known tools in the literature: the Bond Graph, the Observer and the Timed Automata, to design a global diagnostic model. The hybrid dynamic system is modeled by connecting the tools for the continuous part, i.e. the bond graph and the observer, to the timed automata for the discrete part. The resulting model is used for fault diagnosis in two stages: The first is fault detection by analyzing the residuals generated by the system output and that of the observer. The second step involves fault localization, which results from analysis of the signature matrix and temporal identification of the system. The proposed method combines the advantages of these tools to obtain the best performance, particularly in the fault location phase. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed model for the hybrid dynamic system. Moreover, these results also evaluate the performance of the proposed diagnostic approach while reducing non-detections, detection delays and false alarms.
The strategy of Ethiopian mechanization is to minimize postharvest loss. The methods of crop production were traditional. It involves high drudgery, low quality and quantity, time-consuming, and inefficient operation. To minimize loss, the sheller, thresher, and storage developed. But the performance was not clearly determined for researchers and manufacturers for selection and multiplication. The target of this research was the evaluation of Melkassa maize Sheller. It was conducted at three levels of feed rate: 7500, 6500, and 500 kg/hr., and speed: 700, 650, and 600 rpm. The moisture is 14 percent and maize LIMU variety. Split plot design of feed rate as the main factor and drum speed as a sub factor. The maximum shelling capacity of 6608.9 kg/h was achieved at a feed rate of 750 kg/h and a speed of 700 rpm. Where the minimum obtained at 5000 kg/hr and a speed of 600 rpm is 4242.27 kg/hr. The highest efficiency was 99.9 percent, the maximum breakage was 1.06 percent. The maximum fuel consumption is 2.347214 L/hr. The machine can significantly reduce drudgery and save time, energy, and cost of operation. As a suggestion, if engine changed to tractor attached will increase the requisition of technologies.
