Itraconazole is an oral triazole antifungal medication used to treat superficial and systemic fungal infections in the mouth, throat, lungs, and nails. Certain brands may not be appropriate for treating nail infections. It may be prepared for topical and systemic use and is well-known for its antimycotic qualities. The goal of this review is to gather the national and international literature on itraconazole estimation in pharmaceutical formulations and bulk, with a focus on UV spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), Gas chromatography (GC), Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS). For UV spectroscopy, the important parameters analyzed are λmax and solvent, and for HPLC and HPTLC, the stationary phase, mobile phase, retention period, and column specifications. Validation of an analytical method is a requirement to demonstrate that the method is suitable and appropriate for the intended use, often a prerequisite for analytical purposes. This paper reviews different analytical methods for the determination of itraconazole and its combinations in pharmaceutical drug. It also involves the validation of itraconazole and development of various analytical methods used for different dosage forms.
Red mud/bauxite residue is an industrial waste product of Bayer's process and because of its alkalinity poses a significant environmental problem. However, it is a potential source from which valuable metals such as iron, alumina, titanium, caustic soda, gallium and rare earth elements (REEs) especially scandium can be extracted. The aim of this article is to systematically review, research on metal and rare earth extraction from red mud from the year 2000 to 2024. Extraction methods by hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and bioleaching have been reviewed in the paper. It is seen that in any extraction process, the different operational parameters, such as reagent concentrations, temperature and pH influence the extraction efficiency of metals and rare earths. The recovery challenges and limitations presented in this document highlights, above all, the underlying complexities. The paper also discusses the problems associated with the recovery processes, particularly because of the complex composition of the red mud.
Modern cyber-attacks grow tougher that motivates the need for advanced protection methods. A real-time attack detection system operates through analysis of SIP signals by implementing CNN-based approaches according to the concept. The automated traffic analysis of the system uses a detection mechanism which detects potential attacks with both precision and speed. The CNN model uses network analysis to generate threat-based protection better than traditional signature approaches that need manual rulemaking. A dynamic real-time streaming system operates within the system framework to process SIP signals in real-time. The proposed detection approach succeeds in security tests which establishes exceptional results while reducing false warning occurrences. The approach works through deep learning techniques that promote automatic real-time attack detection which functions with high efficiency.
In order to increase drivetrain fidelity and adaptability in MATLAB/Simulink environments, this research attempts to create a next-generation electric vehicle (EV) simulation framework that blends artificial intelligence (AI) with physics-based modeling. Neuro-adaptive machine learning algorithms were used in the design of a modular AI-Integrated Drivetrain Emulator (AIDE), which dynamically modifies torque, battery state-of-charge (SOC), and regenerative braking in response to driving patterns, terrain, and environmental conditions. AIDE is a reliable simulation tool for intelligent EV system design in both academic and industrial contexts. The suggested system showed a 22% improvement in drivetrain response accuracy and a 17% increase in energy efficiency when compared to traditional static models.1
With the outbreak of Corona pandemic throughout the world in the year 2020, the importance of online and virtual learning and teaching has increased manifold in connecting students to the teachers at all levels of education i.e. school and colleges. In the era of science and Technology and with the increasing usability of Internet online and virtual learning has become possible in a country like India with a huge population. But can traditionally teaching methods be wholly replaced by online and virtual means of teaching learning is a matter of concern in professional courses like engineering education. Over the past few years lots of research is going on to find the effectiveness of online and virtual learning in various courses. This paper is an attempt to give an overview of process of online and virtual learning in engineering education, its resources, their advantages and disadvantages in engineering education.
This study undertakes a comparative evaluation of ML and DL models across four different datasets for the detection of financial fraud: PaySim, IEEE-CIS, BankSim, and the 2023 Kaggle Credit Card Fraud dataset. Unlike earlier works with limitations of singular datasets and/or singular families of algorithms, this research focuses on hybrid model architectures, cross-dataset generalizability, and real-world trade-offs of implementation. We test different models empirically, including Random Forest, XGBoost, SVM, CNN, LSTM, and hybrid CNN-LSTM architectures, regarding several metrics such as accuracy, recall, F1-score, AUC-ROC, and false positive rates. The result shows that LSTM-and CNN-LSTM-are best suited for temporal datasets (PaySim, IEEE-CIS), while XGBoost and Random Forest are best suited for static datasets (Kaggle, BankSim). This paper, therefore, presents a solid non-overlapping framework that financial institutions could use to adopt AI systems concerning data type, latency requirements, and accuracy needs. Furthermore, considering the escalating danger of money laundering, the paper integrates the approach developed from recent advances in graph-based and temporal deep learning models such as MAGIC and Amatriciana. These models demonstrated powerful performance in modeling financial transaction networks and detecting illicit behavior.
SAP BRIM, also known as SAP Billing and Revenue Innovation Management, is essentially a high-volume, usage-based solution. It is primarily designed to simplify complex billing and invoicing processes. SAP BRIM (Billing and Revenue Innovation Management) allows you to manage the entire business process from consumption to payment. It efficiently supports large volumes of transactions. SAP has announced the upgrade of the popular SAP BRIM (Billing and Revenue Innovation Management) to SAP Hybris Billing to expand its legacy solution suite. SAP Hybris Billing ensures agility, more speed, and flexibility.
The study investigates the aeromycoflora at Raipur Railway Station during the summer season (March to June) from July 2007 to June 2008. Using the gravimetric method, fungal spores were collected through exposed Petri plates with PDA medium and incubated for identification and analysis. A total of 27 fungal species belonging to 14 genera and four major fungal groups—Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Anamorphic fungi, and Mycelia sterilia—were identified. Anamorphic fungi contributed the highest percentage of fungal colonies (351 colonies from 22 species), followed by Mycelia sterilia (20 colonies), Zygomycotina (10 colonies), and Ascomycotina (6 colonies). Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were the most dominant species throughout the study, consistent with previous reports from similar environments. Monthly variations indicated that March had the highest species diversity, while April recorded the lowest. The results emphasize the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature and humidity on fungal spore distribution. This study contributes to understanding aeromycoflora diversity in public environments and its potential health impacts.
The pest status of bagworm species on forest trees of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. Pest status of bagworm species was inspected by stratified cluster sampling in all seven districts of Bastar regions the intensity of bagworm infestation was appraised by exercising five infestation categories, S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 with increasing magnitude of infestation from no infestation to very high level of infestation. Level of infestation recorded above 90% in twenty two species out of which three species namely namely Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb. and Flacourtia indica, (Burm F.) Merr. of family Combretaceae, Fabaceae, and Salicaceae respectively showed cent percent infestation under S4 category with very high level of infestation. Thirty five (35) species recorded high level of infestation under S3 category are between 60.1% and 90%. The marginal infestation was recorded in nine (9) species under the S1 category between 0.1% and 30%. Two other species of Ficus bengalensis, Linn., Ficus virens, Aiton belonging to family Moraceae showed nil (0%) infestation under the S0 category. Result of study meticulously demonstrates that, 77.3% of the total forest tree species in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh are infested with bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). The level of infestation of S3 category of 47.94% was recorded in 35 species, with record of 30.13%, 12.32 % and 8.21% in S4, S1 and S2 level of infestation, whereas only 2.73% were recorded in S0 with no infestation. The magnitude of infestation uncovers the capability of Psychids to degrade the green cover that would potentially cause cascading impact to forest ecosystem. The biodiversity indices complimented each other and revealed that the Sukma (SU) had the maximum biodiversity apropos the tree species with the total infestation. To conclude, the study of pest status of bagworm moths in forest trees of Bastar region is required to catalogue the bagworm species and to further study on spatial and temporal dynamics related to this insect pest.
The Raigarh district is a home for various tribal groups, such as, Kanwars, Oraon, Gonds, Majhi and Birhors. The research paper focuses on traditional Tattoo art as practiced by various tribal groups of the region. The tribal perceive tattooing as a permanent identification mark which accompanies a person to next life. It is considered vital for the young tribal girls to have tattooing before their marriage. it is also believed to have healing effect. Diversified motifs of tribal art include human figures (dancing scenes, palms and soles), animal figures, plant figures, natural scenes along with non-geometric and geometric designs. Relatively greater concentration of motifs is observed on walls and floors of worshiping places. These motifs are expression of their cultural beliefs system related to their clan Gods, rituals, magic, mythology and folklores Some of tattoo motifs, such as, Symbolic human figures, animals figures (Scorpion, Centipedes, Sparrows), Plant figures (leaves, Creeper, Flowers) exhibit broad similarities to those of ancient rock art of the region. These ethnographic parallels provide useful clues for reconstructing life ways of ancient communities. Tribal groups, by and large, have been living in their homeland since remote past. While impact of interactions with non-tribal communities in recent past has brought some changes in their traditional occupation, food, dress etc., there is virtually no change in case of their magico religious practices, beliefs in clan Gods, mythology and folklore. Thus, it may be hypothesized that motifs observed in the tribal art have been playing cultural role related to their magico-religious practices, clan Gods, folklores and mythology, since the time their remote ancestors were occupying rock shelters.
5000 painted Rock Shelters with 700 of them concentrated at Bhimbetka is the 3rd largest distribution in world, next to Africa and Australia. It is widely spread in Jammu and Kashmir., Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, U.P., M.P., Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and so on. In absence of script, it is a significant source of information about various components of past life ways namely, Material culture, Structures, Economic activities, Man-Animal relationship etc. Underlying purpose of rock art, its exact functions and location of motifs in hidden and dark places is not accurately understood, yet. The present communication aims to throw light on social – cultural aspects of ancient Rock art through ethno archaeological investigations of present-day art of main tribal communities living in the vicinity of Raigarh rock art sites.
Lightning discharges have great impact on forest ecology. There are many indications that lightning is main cause for wildfires. Dry lightning or rain free lightning strikes are prominent natural source for wildfires. In remote areas dry lightning can escalate into uncontrollable events. Dry lightning often ignites wildfires in dry vegetation areas. It has been studied by several researchers that dry lightning strikes are most destructive and costly wildfires. The present work is the review study of impact of dry lightning on wildfires. The influences of variables such as environment, weather, fuel dryness and geographical factors and their effect on dry lightning are also aimed to study. Dry lightning has been shown to be the cause of huge wildfires, and it is well known that wildfires are a growing threat as climate continues to warm. So, an understanding of dry lightning is essential to fire management.
SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products) offers a suite of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software solutions designed to streamline and optimize various industrial processes across different business sectors. SAP's comprehensive solutions encompass finance, logistics, human resources, and supply chain management, integrating these functions into a single coherent system. By leveraging real-time data processing and advanced analytics, SAP enables businesses to enhance operational efficiency, improve decision-making, and maintain a competitive edge in the market. Its modular architecture allows for scalable implementation, catering to the specific needs of both small enterprises and large corporations. The flexibility and robustness of SAP's solutions facilitate seamless integration with existing systems and adaptability to evolving business requirements, making it a critical tool for driving industrial success in the digital age.
Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy. Among all the non-conventional, renewable energy sources, solar power provides great potential for conversion into electrical power. It is well known that solar technologies convert solar energy into electrical power through photo voltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. The present paper is the study of the way electric energy is generated from solar energy by using PV panels and explores, the possibility of storage of energy generated using pumped based and gravity storage system. The operation of this paper is based on storing water in a very large reservoir at some height from ground, by electricity generated from the solar panel. For this purpose, electrical energy generated by the solar energy is used in the pump for storing water in a large reservoir at some height (of about 20 meters) from ground, this reservoir can be used as a charge storage device to produce electricity for future use. Further the gravity battery is also used to store the excess energy produced by solar panel. The whole system can be used for continuous power supply without any interruption.
Today, we are living in an era of technology where everything we use comes from technology. Technology has uplifted the lives of people by reducing work time and increasing efficacy and precision. So why not use this technological advancement in healthcare to raise the quality of patient care and digitize the healthcare system to global heights? Aadhaar card consists of a 12 digits unique identification number which is unique to every cardholder and can be helpful as a source of unique patient identifiers. Aadhar card can play an important role in digitizing the healthcare system by generating a database through which past medical history reports of patients in the country can be collected by trained medical professionals and can be used whenever a patient needs treatment. This database can be generated by linking the patient’s unique identification number on Aadhaar card with his/her medical reports, so that, they get stored in the database and can be used whenever required for further treatment in any part of the county. This approach can be very useful in raising patient care quality and also can reduce the workload of both the patients and healthcare professionals by organizing the whole work systematically. The day is not so far when the whole healthcare system will be digitized, and the patient care quality will reach the topmost height.
Lightning in mother’s nature show, which cannot be controlled. Lightning contacts the earth about more than 8 million times a day. Due to so many strikes, the probability of damage to the plants and trees is very high. The total available energy for an average lightning stroke is of the order of 108 Joule. Of the total available energy about 85-90% is dissipated in resistive part of the air column, which appears as heat energy to raise the temperature of column so high, that shock waves are produced due to expansion of the column and strong thunder is produced utilizing almost whole of this heat energy. These heat and shock waves generated during lightning process can damage or even kill the trees instantaneously. Lightning may cause wilting, yellowing, premature fruit drop and other severe injuries to trees. Also, the probability of a tree being struck by lightning depends on the tree size and morphology. This paper seeks to present a review on lightning phenomena, its effects on trees and also provides a brief information how difference among trees can influence lightning effect.
The presence of dynamic façades in buildings is a phenomenon that has captured the imagination and attention of many, when projects with said elements are announced and implemented. In order to derive an idea of what this phenomenon entails in the present and the future, this study delves into what dynamism is, and how it is applied in architecture as an element of design. This is achieved via viewing various case examples of dynamic façades in architecture, and the earliest usage of dynamic character as part of façade elements. Due to the various functions of dynamic façades in their individual contexts concerning climatic conditions, mode of operation, intended functions, etc. an analysis of the operations and benefits offered by dynamic façade systems is undertaken on a comparative basis, with unprejudiced inferences based on salient parameters taken as common factors to ponder upon. Based on the inferences, this study will deliberate on the beneficial aspects of implementing dynamic façade systems in buildings, and on whether those benefits outweigh the drawbacks and challenges of the same, especially concerning the feasibility of this element on a globalized scale in the coming era.
This paper consists of the detail design process of a cooling coil which is used in Evaporator of VARC System for given cooling load. The process consists of designing a part using the calculation and various other parameters. The stability of long-term materials is becoming increasingly important as the demand for air conditioning systems in commercial and residential applications grows. Because of temperature variations and heat flow, materials in air conditioning systems can fail, reducing the cooling effect of the system. Low thermal transitions through the coil's material cause a significant amount of heat to be wasted in the evaporator coil, which lowers the system's overall efficiency. This paper outlines the methodology used to choose the right material for the evaporator coil in an air conditioning system using the CES Granta design software. Based on design and functional requirements, nickel-chromium alloys, pure titanium, copper, low alloy steel, cast iron, and pure titanium are the candidates that made the shortlist for evaporator coils. The best candidates are low alloy steel, titanium, and stainless steel.
We occasionally hear in the news about a breach or attack on certain well-known firms as though it were just another piece of news, but in reality, it is a serious problem because it involves the personal information of people, their money in trade, and the management of their businesses and projects. The honey encryption planner is going to be the topic of conversation for the duration of this essay. Honey Encryption is an encryption method that provides plain acceptable text in order to provide flexibility against brute-force attacks. Honey Encryption does this by encoding data in a way that is not easily broken. It is difficult to build a convincing message trap that is flawless enough to fool the striker even when he feels that he possesses the message in its original form. This is due to the fact that for each key that is used by a trespasser to decode a message, two key regions are open. The typo problem is the second difficulty, and it happens when a lawful user pushes the wrong key by accident. This causes the user to see what appears to be real false plain text even though the user did nothing wrong. Our goal is to come up with more foolproof ruses that are clever enough to prevent an intruder's attempts to discern the genuine meaning of what we are attempting to say through our communication. We also need new security methods because the attackers are looking for new ways to attack the systems, so we proposed a new way to protect messages and passwords well and make them difficult to break and take all of the possibilities of attack, including the brute-force, and then the data is hidden in an image with a public secret key. This solution was developed because the attackers are looking for new ways to attack the systems. This is due to the fact that the attackers are continuously searching for new ways to launch attacks on the systems.
