Regenerative endodontics has emerged as a promising field aiming to restore the function and vitality of diseased or necrotic teeth. Central to this approach is the development of next-generation scaffolds, which have revolutionized the potential for successful clinical outcomes. Unlike conventional scaffolds, these advanced materials are designed to mimic the native extracellular matrix, providing an optimal environment for cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue regeneration. The integration of these scaffolds with gene therapy and three-dimensional bio printing is highly customised and effective in regenerative therapies. These next-generation scaffolds hold great promise for improving the predictability and success rates of regenerative endodontic procedures, ultimately leading to the preservation of natural teeth and the enhancement of patient outcomes. This review highlights recent advances in scaffold materials, their applications, and their efficacy in regenerative endodontic procedures.
Objectives: A systematic review was conducted to determine whether bonding with self-etch (SE) adhesive system is more effective as compared to etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesive system. Background: Dental adhesives are integral in achieving durable bonds between resin composite and tooth structures. SE and ER systems differ in their application, with varying advantages and challenges. Materials and Methods: The following databases were searched for review: PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. Based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the studies included measured microshear bond strength (µSBS) of SE and ER type of dental adhesives on human dental tissues of sound tooth structure origin at various periods. Water storage was used as the aging technique in the studies that were chosen. Statistical analysis was performed for outcome measurements compared at 24 h, 3 months, and 6 months of water storage using Review Manager 5.3. Results: From the search conducted, 13 articles were included in the systematic review, of which all 13 were included for meta-analysis. After 24 h ( P = 0.02) and 3 months ( P = 0.001) of water storage, a significant difference was seen between the two groups’ mean µSBS, favoring the SE group. Although at 6 months ( P = 0.46), the comparison was statistically not significant. Conclusion: The meta-analysis showed µSBS is higher with the SE groups compared to ER bonding systems.
Introduction: The term “malocclusion” describes the misalignment that occurs during jaw closure in both dynamic and static stages due to the inappropriate contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Class II malocclusion comprises of 16% of the total malocclusions. Functional appliances, such as twin blocks (TBs), are designed to correct these by stimulating neuromuscular reflexes and aligning the developing jaws during the pubertal growth spurt. TB in comparison with clear TB (CTB) has disadvantage of being a bulky appliance and limited patient acceptance. Conflicting results have been found while comparing CTB with conventional TB; hence, a systematic review with meta-analysis was designed. Methods: A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis was performed to know if there is any difference between CTB and conventional TB appliances in the correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion. The study followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and it was registered under PROSPERO. Studies were selected using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) criteria and electronic data resources such as Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and PubMed. Results: The initial electronic database search on PubMed, PMC/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and DOAJ resulted in 206 titles. 139 articles were cited as duplicates. After screening the abstracts, 24 relevant titles were selected by two independent reviewers. After prescreening, application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and handling of the PICO questions, 8 studies remained. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis point out that the CTB appliance does not significantly differ from the conventional TB appliance in terms of orthodontic movements. However, patient compliance and satisfaction were greater with CTB appliances.
Background: Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin-based material is susceptible to adhesion by microbial colonies, leading to denture stomatitis. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known for their potent antimicrobial activity since ages. Objectives: To evaluate the flexural strength (FS) of PMMA denture base material modified with different concentrations of AgNPs added for their antimicrobial activity to treat denture stomatitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 specimens were prepared, 30 in each Group A and Group B based on the curing cycle used, while they were divided into three subgroups based on the incorporation of different concentrations of AgNPs. The specimens were tested for FS using Instron 5967 Universal Testing Machine. Again, statistical tests used included Student’s t-test, independent samples t-test, and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test, while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated that not only the FS was found to be more in Group B specimens wherein the specimens were subjected to short curing cycle, but there was a constant decrease in FS with increasing concentrations of AgNPs with the results being statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on the findings obtained in the present study, it was concluded that shorter curing cycles significantly improved FS in the specimens, while increasing concentrations of AgNPs had a detrimental impact on the measured FS values mandating further studies to be conducted to find optimal concentrations in which AgNPs can be added to the resin-based material without compromising the mechanical properties to have sustained clinical outcomes.
Introduction: The use of laser irradiation to etch enamel in preparation for the direct bonding of orthodontic appliances has been studied. This study compares shear bond strength, surface characteristics, and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores of teeth prepared for bonding with phosphoric acid etching, laser etching, SEP, and laser + acid etching. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-six premolars were randomly divided into 6 groups and a different method was used to prepare the tooth enamel in each group for bonding: etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and 60 s; irradiation with a 0.8-W and 1.5-W Er: YAG laser for 10 s; application of a SEP, Er: YAG laser etching for 10 s followed by etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s. After etching the tooth surface, standard edgewise premolar brackets were bonded; 1 tooth in each group was not bonded and was examined under a scanning electron microscopic. The brackets were debonded 24 h later; shear bond strengths were measured, and ARI scores were recorded. Results: The findings in this study showed that acceptable bond strength could be achieved with laser 1.5 W output. However mean shear bond strength of laser 1.5 W and 0.80 W is lower as compared to conventional acid etching 60 s and 15 s, laser + acid etching, and SEP. The evaluation of ARI scores demonstrated differences in bond failure site among the groups. Conclusions: Irradiation with the 0.80-W laser did not produce sufficient etching for orthodontic bonding. Enamel etching with a 1.5-W laser for 10 s could be a viable alternative to other methods.
Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) pose a significant risk of malignant transformation, necessitating early detection. Tissue autofluorescence has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for identifying OPMDs. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate its diagnostic accuracy compared to conventional diagnostic methods. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of tissue autofluorescence in detecting OPMDs, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and overall reliability as an adjunct diagnostic tool. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, and additional gray literature sources for studies published from 2000 to 2024. Eligible studies included in vivo observational and clinical trials comparing tissue autofluorescence with histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were calculated, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan and Meta-Disc software. Results: Thirteen studies involving 1392 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity ranged from 58.1% to 100%, with a mean sensitivity of 77.84%. The specificity varied from 21% to 100%, averaging 66.15%. Autofluorescence demonstrated moderate-to-high diagnostic accuracy, particularly for leukoplakia and lichen planus. However, variability in specificity highlights the need for standardization. Conclusion: Tissue autofluorescence is a valuable adjunct for early OPMD detection but should not replace histopathological confirmation. Standardized protocols and further research are needed to optimize its diagnostic efficacy.
Introduction:Maxillary sinus pneumatization (MSP) is well-studied in edentulous patients, but limited data exist for dentulous individuals. An accurate understanding of MSP in relation to existing teeth is vital for surgical planning. This study proposes a novel cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based classification for MSP in dentulous patients.Aim:The aim of this study is to propose a new classification system for MSP based on CBCT findings in dentulous patients.Objectives:The objectives of this study are to observe the position of the sinus floor in relation to the maxillary second premolar and first molar and to classify MSP based on these observations using both reformatted panoramic and cross-sectional CBCT images.Materials and Methodology:A retrospective analysis of 300 CBCT scans (18-70 years) was performed using i-CAT 17-19 Platinum and assessed with i-CAT Vision software. Reformatted panoramic views simulated orthopantomogram were selected, while 1 mm cross-sectional slices at the second premolar and first molar enabled three-dimensional evaluation was performed. Pneumatization was categorized as none, buccal, palatal, or furcation. The distance between root apices and sinus floor was measured, and a novel classification (Classes O-III) was proposed.Results:Males showed slightly higher pneumatization than females, with greater prevalence in older patients. Palatal pneumatization and absence of pneumatization were most common, while buccal, furcation, and bucco-palatal types were rare.Conclusion:The proposed CBCT-based classification (Classes O-III) offers a systematic method to assess inferior MSP in dentulous patients, improving evaluation of sinus-root relationships and surgical risk prediction.
Root dilaceration is characterized by a significant angulation between the long axis of the crown and the root, whereas root fusion arises between two or more developing roots. During radiographic evaluation of the right maxillary third molar, axial and sagittal sections of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan gave the appearance of radicular dens invaginatus. This potential challenge prompted a more thorough evaluation of all sections, ultimately leading the radiologist to diagnose dilacerated fused roots. This case shows how careful CBCT evaluation and clinical correlation are key in identifying root variations, thus guiding treatment protocol.
Background:Although Streptococcus salivarius is a natural predominant member of the human oral cavity and use of this probiotic for treatment of wide range of systemic infections is well established, its role in combating oral infections, especially periodontitis is still under investigation.Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius UBSS -01 as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) in periodontitis patients using clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters.Methods:In this clinical trial,40 Periodontitis patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Each patient had at least two teeth with one approximal site with a probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5-7 mm in at least 2 quadrants. Control group received SRP along with placebo sachets and test group received SRP + S salivarius containing probiotic sachets. The clinical, microbiological and immunological evaluation were done at baseline, 1 month and 3 months following treatment in both groups. Microbiological analysis was carried out using real time PCR whereas immunological assessment was done using a commercially available ELISA test kit. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software.Results:At 3 months evaluation, all clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters parameters were significantly reduced in both groups. On intergroup analysis statistically significant improvement in all parameters were observed in the SRP + probiotic group compared to SRP + placebo group. In the test group, significantly fewer patients were in need for periodontal surgery after 3 months of the treatment period.Conclusions:S salivarius containing probiotic sachets may be a useful adjuvant to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis along with SRP. It was concluded that S. salivarius can provide oral and periodontal health benefits when taken regularly. It also shows that improved efficacy occurs when the probiotic strain is established within the oral microbiota of the host.
Background: There is little information on the significance of procalcitonin (PCT) and homocysteine (Hcy) on periodontitis patients without diabetes, even though the link between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis has been extensively researched. Aim and Objective: We aimed to examine the role of Hcy and PCT levels in the diagnosis of periodontitis in non-diabetic individuals. Subjects and Methods: In this age- and gender-matched case–control study, levels of PCT and Hcy were measured between healthy controls (n = 30) and non-diabetic individuals with chronic periodontitis (n = 30). Results: This study revealed significantly higher probing pocket depth (PPD: 4.51 mm vs. 1.24 mm; P < 0.0001) and clinical attachment level (CAL: 5.64 mm vs. 1.24 mm; P < 0.0001) in periodontic patients. PCT levels were also elevated in this group (0.04 vs. 0.03; P = 0.0266) with no significant difference in the Hcy (24.60 vs. 27.40 µmol/L; P = 0.6681). PCT levels did not vary by gender (P = 0.9831) or age (P = 0.9366) and showed no correlations with age (P = 0.5983), PPD (P = 0.1619), CAL (P = 0.4148), urea (P = 0.3449), creatinine (P = 0.5336), B12 II (P = 0.1068), FOL III (P = 0.5260), HbA1c (P = 0.5767), or Hcy (P = 0.9881). Hcy also lacked correlation with Vitamin B complex (r = −0.29; P = 0.1140) or PCT (r = 0.0004; P = 0.9981). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated PCT’s diagnostic potential for periodontitis in non-diabetic patients, with sensitivity of 93.3%–96.7% and specificity of 36.7%–50.0% at 0.02–0.03 cutoffs (area under the curve: 0.69). Conclusions: This study showed that the PCT level was significantly higher in non-diabetic periodontitis patients compared to the non-diabetic and non-periodontitis individuals. However, Hcy is not suggested for the diagnosis of periodontitis due to low specificity.
Introduction:Despite ongoing advancements, resin composite restorations still have a number of serious disadvantages when compared to porcelain veneers and ceramic crowns. High Impact Polymer Composite (HIPC) material has many superior properties and various studies can be found in the literature done to evaluate the different physical properties. However, any such study regarding the colour stability of HIPC material as a monolithic restorative material has not yet been done. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the Colour Stability of High Impact Polymer Composite Material HIPC in three different staining agents or chromatogens namely tea, coffee and sambhar solution.Aim:To evaluate effect of three different chromogens on the colour stability of High Impact Polymer Composite (HIPC) material.Material and Methods:The CAD/CAM blocks of HIPC (Bredent, Germany) composite resin were milled to obtain the 44 specimens measuring : 3mm x 3mm x 18 mm. The samples were submerged in four distinct staining solutions-tea solution, coffee solution, sambhar solution and artificial saliva -in order to assess colour stability. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis using VITA Easyshade V Spectrophotometer which generated three measurements from which the mean colour measurement (Delta E) was calculated.Results:Using ANOVA test, statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed among the four groups. On pairwise comparison using Tukey's post hoc test, it was observed that statistically significant (p< 0.05) difference exist between the Delta E values of Groups A, B, C and D. As per the results of this study, the Null Hypothesis, that there is no effect of different chromogens on the colour stability of HIPC, is rejected. Subsequently, the Alternate Hypothesis, that there is a significant effect of different chromogens on the colour stability of HIPC, is accepted.Summary:The statistical analysis at 6 weeks for all the groups showed statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between all the groups except for Group A (artificial saliva) and the colour change in Group B (Tea solution) was significantly greater than in the other three groups as p<0.01. Thus, the results of this study revealed that among the staining solutions, tea solution showed higher staining ability compared to sambhar solution followed by coffee solution and artificial saliva control solution.Conclusion:All beverages containing chromogens induced significant colour change as compared to control group. The staining capacity of the beverages in descending order were Tea solution>Sambhar solution>Coffee solution. The colour change in all groups except control group at the end of 6 weeks was found to be in a clinically unacceptable range.
Background: Disinfecting impressions is crucial to avoid cross-contamination from the operatory to the laboratory. Several methods have been used for this purpose, with the key consideration being that these methods should not alter the physical and mechanical properties of impression materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dimensional stability (DS) of elastomeric impression materials subjected to different disinfection methods. Materials and Methods: A custom-milled metal model was made simulating the dental arch with 4 cylinders labeled A, B, C, and D. Impressions were made with this die, and casts were poured. Custom trays were fabricated using light-cure acrylic material, and a total of 240 impressions were made with 80 from each of Poly Vinyl Siloxane, Vinyl Poly Ether Siloxane, and Polyether. The impressions were subjected to different disinfection methods: autoclave, Korsolex, and Bacillol disinfectants. Casts were poured at various time intervals, after 15 min, 24 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. DS was evaluated using digital calipers by measuring the distance between the cast cylinders. A three-way variance analysis was conducted to analyze the obtained study data. Results: The dimensional changes in the three elastomeric materials were comparable after different disinfection methods at various intervals. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in diameter AB/CD (P = 0.002) across materials and in AC/BD (P = 0.001) among methods. Significant differences were also found in diameter A/D (P = 0.01), B/C (P = 0.01), and distance B to C (P = 0.015) across materials, methods, and durations. Conclusion: The impression materials subjected to different disinfection methods did not alter their DS.
Introduction: The digital technology in healthcare has revolutionized during the last decade with the increased implementation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems. The growth of EHR has been from the simple database system to incorporating the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems in the system. One of the most important aspects of digital system proves to be electronic health record system because of the intense data produced geographically which can be used for epidemiological studies and research. The EHRs also have a wide range of benefits such as effective communication between the clinicians, clinicians and laboratory, decreased human errors, effective tool for diagnosis and treatment planning, increased patient satisfaction, and quality care. Materials and Methods: The quantitative study included opinions and perspectives of dental clinicians toward EHR system. The data collection of the participants was from April to December 2024. The quantitative part involved a descriptive survey. After obtaining written informed consent from each participant, a structured survey e-questionnaire was given to dental clinicians to fill it through online mode by dental practitioners who had independent clinics. The sample size calculation done by www.openepi.com software quantitative study which included two hundred and eighty five (285) dentists participated. Results: The findings indicated a favorable disposition among dentists regarding the adoption of EHR; however, dental practitioners also emphasized the problems encountered during EHR implementation. Conclusion: EHRs are an effective way inside health information systems; however, they necessitate ongoing training, regular upgrades, and the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in the future. The threat to data security continues to be a concern for dental practitioners due to the anticipated rise in cybercrimes, as patient-sensitive information is highly confidential.
Background:The most common cancer in the oral cavity is the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It is noted to have the highest mortality rate. Drugs like cisplatin are used extensively, and unfortunately, they have serious side effects. Hence, combination therapies of cisplatin with other drugs can reduce the dose of cisplatin, hence the side effects. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate in vitro and establish the curative properties of polyphenols available in traditional green tea supplementing the curative property of chemotherapy drug cisplatin in the treatment of OSCC.Materials and Methods:Human OSCC cell line was established under controlled in vitro micro environment and the cell optical density was recorded following which the cell survival rates were calculated for cisplatin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and their combination.Results:The anticarcinogenic property of cisplatin in combination with EGCG has resulted in appreciable reduction in the cell survival. The effective combination is 1 mu g/ml of cisplatin with 150 mu g/ml EGCG over a duration of 72 h results in an optimal reduction of survival.Conclusion:The cisplatin-EGCG combination showed a significantly greater reduction in OSCC cell survival than either agent alone. These findings suggest that EGCG may enhance cisplatin efficacy and allow for potential dose reduction.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of patterns of the mental canal arc of mandibular canal in mandible using Cone beam CT according to the Bhoosreddy’s classification of mental canal arc. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional, analytical retrospective design to assess the diagnostic quality of mandibular cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, based on data collected from march 2025 to July 2025 . A total of 102 scans were examined, encompassing both male and female patients aged 18 to 75 years. The CBCT scans were analysed, and the data were visualized using compatible software, enabling evaluation in all three planes to accurately determine the position of the mental canal arc in the mandible. The assessment followed Bhoosreddy’s classification for categorizing the mental canal arc's position. Statistical Analysis Used: Frequency and Descriptive statistics was performed. Chi-square test of proportion was used to determine significant differences. All statistical tests were performed at 95% confidence intervals; keeping p value of less than 0.05 as statistically significant. Result: Among the patterns identified in the mandibular CBCT scans, type B was the most prevalent, accounting for 56.9% of the cases, followed by type A at 29.4% and type C at 13.72%. Within type C, subtypes C1 and C2 were observed at rates of 9.80% and 3.92%, respectively. Conclusion: Through the use of "Mental Canal Arc," Bhoosreddy's classification aims to give dental professionals a more precise and evocative way to refer to the lower jaw's anatomy, which can enhance communication.
Introduction:Heart disease and stroke are the first and fifth causes of death in the United States, respectively, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Investigating the detailed anatomical location and characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis would help to accurately diagnose and thus reduce the associated cardiovascular and stroke risk. Our aim is to describe the anatomical location, prevalence, identify the most common site, and characteristics of carotid artery (CA) calcification.Materials and Methods:An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences department, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Dental Medicine. One hundred and sixty cases diagnosed with carotid atherosclerosis were included in the study to determine the radiographic findings associated with this disease.Results:Out of 160 patients, we had 76 males (47.5%), 83 females (51.9%), and 1 (0.6%) unknown gender. The highest calcification site was found to be in the posterior medial area, followed by the posterior lateral at the level of C4, noted in axial view.Conclusion:Our study showed that CA calcification develops more commonly in the posterior area and approximately 10.1-15 mm from the sternocleidomastoid muscle to carotid atheroma. The shape of the calcification may appear as semicircular, pinpoint, and the most calcified area is the posterior medial and lateral aspect of the CA.
Background: Ozone therapy (oxygen–ozone applications as gas, ozonated water, or ozonated oils) has been proposed as an adjunct or alternative in multiple dental specialties. This systematic review synthesizes clinical evidence across dental disciplines and evaluates efficacy, safety, and gaps for future research. Methodology: A structured review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials, and systematic reviews reported up to 2025 across PubMed/PMC, Scopus, and major publishers following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidance will be included in this study. Outcomes of interest were clinical efficacy (caries arrest, periodontal parameters, endodontic disinfection, healing), safety, and adverse events. Results: Heterogeneous RCTs and clinical studies (varied ozone formulations and protocols) suggest potential benefits of ozone as an adjunct for periodontal therapy and wound healing, mixed results for caries management and endodontic disinfection, and a low incidence of mild adverse events. Methodological heterogeneity and variable outcome measures limit pooled quantitative synthesis. Conclusions: Ozone therapy shows promise across several dental applications, notably as an adjunct in nonsurgical periodontal therapy and for mucosal wound healing. However, high-quality, standardized RCTs are required to establish definitive clinical recommendations.
Introduction:The finishing stage of orthodontic treatment is a crucial step toward optimizing treatment outcomes. Orthodontists tend to follow different trends and protocols to achieve their planned outcomes. This study investigated orthodontists' preferences while finishing and detailing their cases.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study included a questionnaire survey of 33 multiple-choice questions. The questionnaires were shared with the participants through an online platform. Data encompassing sociodemographic status, different bracket bonding strategies, and finishing practices were collected and analyzed. In total, 257 responses were obtained.Results:Of all the responding orthodontists, 62% preferred to set the incisal edges of the upper central incisors and canines at the same level, and both preferred to be more incisal to the lateral incisors. Of all the respondents, 13% preferred to use a positioner after debonding, 72% always preferred to set the marginal ridges of the molars and premolars at the same level, and 84% preferred to finish their cases with minimal anterior overjet. Based on panoramic X-ray results, 80% of the orthodontists chose to set the roots of the maxillary and mandibular teeth at the right angle to the occlusal plane and to have them parallel to each other. Open bite cases were overcorrected by 80% of the respondents, followed by deep bite and class III cases.Conclusion:Variations were noted in the ways in which orthodontists dealt with orthodontic cases in terms of finishing and detailing. Scientific evidence-based guidelines are required to achieve optimal orthodontic results.
