Real-time PCR provides a rapid and specific method for detection of plant pathogens in various environmental samples. The technique incorporates traditional PCR efficiency with the production of a specific fluorescent signal, providing quantification of specific targets. There are four main chemistries, which can be clustered into the non-specific DNA-binding fluorophores and the specific fluorophore-labelled oligonucleotide probes. In the present review, we describe the general background of major real-time chemistries as well as some considerations for assay development. Basically, Scorpion and SYBR green have the most and least sensitivities between available chemistries, respectively. However, with accurate optimization, real-time PCR can provide reliable and high throughput detection of target DNA in various environments.
Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin. Chitosan is composed of poly (2-deoxy-2asetilamin-2-glucose) and poly (2-deoksi2-aminoglukosa) that binds (1-4) β-glycosidic. Chitosan character is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Chitosan also has a very much usefulness in everyday life such as adsorbent of heavy metal waste and dye, preservatives, antifungal, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, flocculants, anticancer and antibacterial. The pharmaceutical industry is now preoccupied with issues about capsule shell. The main ingredient of making current commercial capsule shell is gelatin derived from cow bones and pork skin. The weakness shell gelatin capsules of pig skin makes this product can’t be consumed by the majority of society, while gelatin made from cow bones makes people worried about contracting mad cow disease. from the cow. Standard shell capsules for pharmaceutical purposes must have the specifications for water content is 12,5% to 15%. Gel strength in the range of 240 bloom to 140 bloom. Viscosity in the range of 4,7 cps to 3,2 cps. Ash content does not outtop 5%. The degree of acidity (pH) in the range of 5,5 to 5,7. The results of several studies on samples of shrimp chitosan obtained result is 5,56% water content, ash content is 0,8%, and the viscosity was 120,5 cps. Manufacture of chitosan capsule shell is intended to substitute shell gelatin capsules made from pork or cow bones. Increase the value of the capsule shell because chitosan character as antibacterial, antiradiasi, as a preservative of food products, and can absorb heavy metals.
The objective of this research was to study the effect of different kinds of organic compounds derived from agricultural waste and municipal solid waste with phosphate bio-fertilizer (Barvar 2) on uptake of elements (zinc, iron, manganese and cupper) and some physiological attributes of ivy geranium (Pelargonium peltatum). This study was carried out based on a factorial experiment with two factors of Barvar 2 at two levels (non-application and application) and different media including garden soil, sand with a variety of organic compounds on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) in 16 treatments, 4 replications, 64 experimental plots and 256 plants. Results showed that the interactions effects of both factors were significant on all traits. Generally, the results of this study showed that the application of organic compounds with Barvar 2 increased the ability of micro-nutrient uptake by plants. The use of Barvar 2 with media containing a variety of organic compounds such as sand + tea waste compost + cocopeat + water tank soil and garden soil + sand + municipal solid waste compost + water tank soil had greater impact on those traits. The measured media characteristics of sand + tea waste compost + cocopeat + water spreading soil were in desirable and appropriate level with the standard media in the ornamental plants. In general, the use of Barvar 2 along with this substrate could be effective in providing micronutrients for growing of ivy geranium.
Dry anaerobic digestion has several advantages over liquid anaerobic digestion. However, the digestion would be inhibited at low C/N ratio of substrate such as swine manure. In this study, we tried to prevent the inhibition by adding rice straw into swine manure. Swine manure was co-digested with rice straw in semibatch digesters at 8 (manure only), 20 and 30 of C/N ratio. In only C/N 8, NH4 + concentration exceeded threshold (3000 mg N kg w.w.) of ammonia inhibition. Methane production of C/N 8 and C/N 20 decreased during incubation, while C/N 30 showed stable CH4 production. Pyrosequencing results showed that the halophilic bacterial communities were altered to non-halophilic ones by co-digestion of manure with straw. In terms of archaea, acetoclastic methanogen was dominated in C/N 20 and 30. Therefore, adding rice straw into swine manure is effective for prevention of the inhibition and related to structure of microorganisms.
Fungal isolate, Aspergillus terreus, was utilized for the production of hydrolytic enzymes through solid state fermentation of wheat bran. After 5 days of incubation, 116 U/g xylanase, 1.53 fpu/g cellulase and 16.99 cmc/g carboxymethyl cellulase was produced. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of xylanase enzyme was found to be pH 5 and 60oC. The zymogram analysis of the native enzyme shows the presence of single xylanase band with the molecular weight of 91.67 KDa. Low cost nutrient supplements such as the corn cob as the carbon substrate and biogas slurry as the nitrogen supplement can offer a low cost medium for the production of xylanase enzyme by A. terreus.
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a plant well known for its extensive use in traditional and modern medicine. Its healing properties are attributed to thiosulfinates, compounds formed through an enzymatic reaction when garlic cloves are crushed. One of the most prominent thiosulfinate found in garlic is diallyl thiosulfinate or allicin. The condition in this research mimics Malaysian climate conditions. This allows allicin to be studied and characterized for its uses in the local agricultural sector as potential urea inhibitor. A spectophotometric method is used in this research to quantify allicin found in garlic extract. L-cysteine is used to react with allicin in garic extract with the knowledge that one molecule of allicin reacts rapidly with two molecules of cysteine to form two molecules of S-allyl mercaptocysteine. 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) is added to the mixture so that spectrophotometrically active 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate (NTB) is formed after residual cysteine reacts with DTNB. Quantification of allicin is done at 30°C with garlic extract concentration ranging from 0.005 g/mL to 0.03 g/mL. This is followed by tests on allicin stability at pH 4 – 8 at 30°C and effects of temperature on allicin from 30°C to 85°C.
Twenty four HFxDeoni cross bred cows were divided into four groups (6 cows in each group) on the basis of average milk yield, parity and stage of lactation. T0 (control group) cows were not fed with probiotics. T1, T2 and T3 (treatment groups) cows were fed with 10 gm, 15 gm and 20 gm probiotics per day, respectively, just before morning milking. The multi strain probiotic contained Saccharomyces cervisiae and Lactobacillus sporogenes. The animals were milked twice in a day; morning at 5.30 am and afternoon 3.30 pm. Daily milk yield was recorded in pretrial period of 25 days and then during 60 days of experimental period. Milk samples from the individual cows were collected twice a week (in pre-trial period and in experimental period) and were analysed for fat, SNF, density, freezing point, protein, lactose and total ash using the milk analyzer. From pre-trial period to trial period, the milk yield increased from 8.31 L/day, 8.26 L/day and 8.48 L/day to 8.97L/day, 9.64L/day and 9.68L/day in T1, T2 and T3 group (highly significant; P<0.05), respectively, compared to from 8.45 L/day to 8.57L/day in T0 group. Milk were significantly higher in cows (T1, T2 and T3) supplemented with probiotics than T0. The freezing point decreased in T1, T2 and T3 groups indicating increase in the total solids of milk compared to T0. There were minor changes in ash content of milk by feeding probiotics. Economically, supplementing the diet with probiotic earned more profit and feeding @ 15 gm probiotic/day/animal was found more beneficial than feeding @ 10 and 20 g/day/cow.
Nano-fertilizers can be substituted for conventional fertilizers. Cycocel (CCC) is one of the most important growth retardants which inhibits gibberellin. Euphorbia pulcherrima. Treatments were Fe chelated fertilizer (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 4.5 g l) and cycocel (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000 mg l) on Euphorbia pulcherrima. The least plant height and the most shoot, leaf number, root length, root volume, the number and permanent of color bracts were obtained in treatments of 1.8 g l iron Nanofertilizer without or with the concentration of 1000 mg l cycocel. The most leaf surface was calculated in plants treated with 1.8 g l iron Nano-fertilizer without cycocel. The minimum amount of root volume and chlorophyll content was seen in the maximum of iron Nano-fertilizer and cycocel concentrations. Suitable root characters were severely reduced under the effect of 3000 mg l cycocel. In overall, the most suitable treatment, especially for reduction of plant height and enhancing some vegetative traits and flowering is introduced in treatment of 1.8 g l iron Nanofertilizer along with 1000 mg l cycocel.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the muscle synergy of collegiate rowers during 6 min maximal rowing on different stretcher mechanisms: fixed (FE) and slides ergometer (SE). The association of muscle synergy to rowing economy and physiological variables was further quantify by statistical analysis. Method: Ten collegiate rowers were recruited at the end of their competitive season. Muscle synergy was extracted from 16 rowing specific muscles using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. 6 min maximal rowing test was performed on Concept 2 FE and SE. Rowing performance and physiological variables were analyzed. Results: Rowers showed similar rowing performance on FE and SE in terms of total distance covered. Rowers rowed faster at shorter strokes when rowing on SE compared than rowing on FE. Greater maximal heart rate, energy expenditure and rowing economy were achieved on SE rowing. Three muscle synergies were extracted in both rowing conditions. Significant association was found between Synergy #1 and rowing economy. Discussion: Muscle synergy was robust between two rowing conditions. Rowing economy was highly associated with muscle synergy. As there was no significant difference in muscle synergy pattern and rowing performance during rowing on FE and SE, both ergometers could be utilized by experienced rowers.
Wireless sensor networks have become incredibly popular due to the Internet of Things' (IoT) rapid development.IoT routing is the basis for the efficient operation of the perception-layer network.As a popular type of machine learning, reinforcement learning techniques have gained significant attention due to their successful application in the field of network communication.In the traditional Routing Protocol for lowpower and Lossy Networks (RPL) protocol, to solve the fairness of control message transmission between IoT terminals, a fair broadcast suppression mechanism, or Drizzle algorithm, is usually used, but the Drizzle algorithm cannot allocate priority.Moreover, the Drizzle algorithm keeps changing its redundant constant k value but never converges to the optimal value of k.To address this problem, this paper uses a combination based on reinforcement learning (RL) and trickle timer.This paper proposes an RL Intelligent Adaptive Trickle-Timer Algorithm (RLATT) for routing optimization of the IoT awareness layer.RLATT has triple-optimized the trickle timer algorithm.To verify the algorithm's effectiveness, the simulation is carried out on Contiki operating system and compared with the standard trickling timer and Drizzle algorithm.Experiments show that the proposed algorithm performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), power consumption, network convergence time, and total control cost ratio.
Peroxidase from fingerroot was partially purified and characterized for potential use in analytical applications. The procedure began with crude extract preparation, followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation and concanavalin A-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The fraction of protein precipitated at 20-40% saturation of ammonium sulfate possessed the highest specific activity of 7.74 units/ mg. This fraction was subsequently purified further using affinity binding of peroxidase, a glycosylated enzyme, to Concanavalin A-sepharose 4B column. The chromatographic step produced peroxidase with specific activity of 55.33 units/ mg and resulted in 19.34 fold of purification. Invetigation on optimal conditions revealed pH optimum to be at 6 and temperature optimum to be at 40 °C. After 5 hour incubation fingerroot peroxidase retained 60% of activity at pH 6 and 40 °C. Activity of the enzyme rapidly dropped at pH 2, while temperature at 70 °C and above inactivated the enzyme within the first hour. At concentration of 5 mM CaCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, NaCl and ZnCl2 did not show notable effect on peroxidase activity, whereas CuCl2 and FeCl2 moderately inhibited the activity of peroxidase. AlCl3 and FeCl3 at 5 mM highly inhibited the activity of the enzyme up to 70%.
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB), a waste from Oil Palm tree is the most waste products which can be found abundantly on earth that leads to contamination. Cellulose Phosphate (OPEFB-CP) which is derived from the process known as phosphorylation possesses good attribute to be diversified in bone graft functioning as natural polymer. Sol-gel process is chosen to produce porous bone scaffold where it is essential to the OPEFB-CP to get dissolved before reacting with coupling agent. The main problem for the natural polymer is, it cannot be melted or easily dissolved in any common or cheap solvents to be applied in various potential application. This paper will discuss specifically in dissolving the natural polymer by using Tetrabutyl Ammonium Flouride (TBAF) in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and analyzing results from FTIR. TBAF will be added into DMSO and heated and evenly stirred beginning at the lowest temperature, 600C and OPEFB-CP was added to the mixture solution until clear solution is produced. The characterization of cellulose solution from FTIR showed obvious different pattern with solid OPEFB-CP that proved cellulose was completely dissolved in mixture of TBAF/DMSO solution. FTIR results show no peak at wavenumbers 2385cm-1 but still remain two other peaks at wavenumbers 1377cm-1 and 1021cm-1. The observation obtained from the experimental works also concluded that the dissolution rate of cellulose is linear with the temperature increase starting from 600C with changes in the solution color.
Human Retrovirus, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) that causes an infection which develops to a disease of human immune system, affects a lot of kinds of species, including fish, horse, mammals, and even humans. In this paper, we analyzed the amino acid sequence of 5 retroviruses: HIV-1, Human Tlymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Avian Leukosis virus (ALV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and investigated the difference between them based on the genus they are involved in (HIV1 and EIAV: lentivirus, ALV and RSV: alpharetrovirus, HTLV-1: deltaretrovirus). Furthermore, we compared the amino acid sequences of HIV-1 and HTLV-1, the most wellknown retroviruses for infecting humans.
