Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the major by-product of the brewing industry, represents an abundant yet underutilized lignocellulosic resource with high potential for sustainable material production. This study aimed to valorize BSG as a renewable feedstock for synthesizing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Cellulose was extracted from BSG through sequential alkali and bleaching treatments, and alkaline hydrolysis conditions were optimized at 98 °C, 1.4 wt% NaOH, for 2.5 h, yielding high-purity cellulose. The purified cellulose was subsequently converted into CMC via etherification and characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, particle size analysis, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The CMC exhibited a crystallinity index of 76.30%, rod-like morphology, and an average particle size of 309.40 nm. NMR confirmed successful carboxymethyl substitution, with a degree of polymerization of 13.36 and a molecular weight of 9,567 g/mol. These properties suggest good solubility and rheological stability, suitable for food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable material applications. This work demonstrates an efficient, eco-friendly approach to converting brewery waste into high-value cellulose derivatives, supporting bio-circular-green economy principles and sustainable materials innovation.

This study developed triple polymer beads composed of alginate, inulin and chitosan for encapsulating Bifidobacterium bifidum TISTR 2129 and Lactobacillus sporogenes BC 208. Four formulations were prepared by the extrusion method, representing alginate (A), alginate with chitosan coating (AC), alginate with inulin (AI), and alginate with both inulin and chitosan coating (AIC). The beads were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, swelling behavior, and probiotic release under simulated gastrointestinal digestion using the INFOGEST protocol. AI and AIC beads exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency (up to 92%) compared to A and AC, suggesting that inulin improved the interaction between the matrix and probiotic cells. All formulations showed contraction in acidic conditions (pH 3), with AI and AIC showing the lowest swelling, indicating a more compact network. In intestinal conditions (pH 7), swelling increased, particularly in A bead. Notably, AIC beads demonstrated the highest probiotic release (7.32 ± 0.03 log CFU/mL) at 10.25 h, despite exhibiting the lowest swelling, indicating a sustained and controlled release. These results confirm that the combination of inulin and chitosan enhances bead stability, encapsulation efficiency, and targeted delivery, supporting the application of triple polymer systems in functional food development.

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of starch citrate derived from five Thai rice cultivars: Rice, Riceberry, Homnil, Red Jasmine, and Thubtim Chumphae using citric acid esterification. The objective was to enhance resistant starch (RS) content and assess changes in structural and functional properties. Native rice starches were chemically modified and evaluated through resistant starch assays, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water absorption index. Results showed a significant increase in RS content in citrate-modified flours, with white rice exhibiting the highest RS value (55.04%). FTIR confirmed ester bond formation through the appearance of C=O stretching bands at 1734–1740 cm–1, SEM images revealed pronounced granule surface disruption post-modification. The physicochemical changes confirm successful citric acid crosslinking, which improves starch resistance to enzymatic digestion. These findings highlight the potential of citric acid esterification in developing functional starches with health-promoting properties and enhanced thermal and morphological characteristics.

The production of fish protein hydrolysate from underutilized fish species is attracting the industrial interest for increasing the rich protein values. The central composite design was used to optimize the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis of freeze-dried fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) production by the application of commercial Alcalase on the recovery mixed small fish protein. The effects of time, temperature, pH and enzyme concentration on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of five strains of fish as Rastrelliger brachysoma (short-bodied mackerel), Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel), Leiognathidae (Ponyfish), Amblygaster leiogaster (Smooth belly sardinella) and Selaroides leptolepis (yellow-stripe scad) were experimented. Result showed that the FSH production was optimized at 2.85%v/w enzyme concentration at 61 °C, pH 8.50 for 27 min with 89.42% DH. Mathematical model was proposed and validated under the optimum condition. The high proportion (46.43%) of smaller molecular weight <1 kDa was found in hydrolysate. Freeze-dried fish protein hydrolysate was produced and revealed that three predominant amino acids as glutamine, lysine and alanine. Based on amino acid compositions, the waste fish hydrolysate showed nutritional value and high potential for the applications of feed supplementation.

Abundant by-products from sugar mills as industrial-waste molasses can be used as a carbon source in yeast culture media. Yarrowia lipolytica is an interesting yeast used as a candidate for cultivation in molasses medium. Here, we used response surface methodology to derive a statistical model for the individual and interactive effects of pH, temperature, and shaking speeds on the production of yeast cells. Cultivation conditions of yeast were optimized using Design Expert based on a 2 3 factorial central composite design (CCD) for maximum yeast cell production. Optimal conditions for maximum Y. lipolytica 5151 cell masses were as follows: pH, 6.45; temperature, 30°C; Shaking speed, 165 rpm. The Design Expert represented the maximal numerical solution with a predicted cell mass production level at 8.96 g/L. The experimental production of Y. lipolytica 5151 cell mass yielded 8.27 g/L that is 7.67% deviated from the model. Whereas, the model of TISTR 5621 was not adequate for prediction. Yeasts cultured under statistic prediction provide 55.94% and 51.25% of total protein. Amino acid content and vitamin B1 (1.06 mg and 1.47 mg per 100 g of dried Y. lipolytica 5151 and 5621, respectively) provided the relevant information for an alternative supplement in aquatic feed.

The Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) was applied to study fresh water microalgae cultivation using Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 to select the influential nutrient factors for biomass and lipid production. The PBD for 13 trials from 11 nutrient factors with 3 levels was studied in the mixotrophic cultivation at 28 0C under 16:8 light and dark photoperiods over 7 days of cultivation time. Two influential factors were chosen as glucose and cobalt chloride hexahydrate to further design via Box-Behnken Design (BBD) in order to optimize the cultivation of this microalgae for biodiesel production. The 17 trials of 3 factors and 3 levels of BBD experimental design technique were applied with varying factors of glucose (20-40 g/L), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (0.01-0.04 mg/L) and light intensity (4,500-7,500 Lux) under 16:8 light and dark photoperiods over 7 days of cultivation time at 28 0C. Result showed that Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 cultivation yield 0.52 g/L biomass and 0.31 g/L lipid production resulting in approximately 60% of lipid production when cultivated in 20.05 g/L glucose, 0.04 mg/L CoCl26H2O under light intensity of 4,614 Lux with the supplementation of 4.38 g/L NaHCO3 coupled with 1 g/L of both NaNO3 and KH2PO4. Under statically mixotrophic cultivation, result indicated that Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 had potential to produce high lipid content for biodiesel application and biomass production for nutraceutical application. Further experiment with the longer cultivation period up to 2 weeks would implement not only for monitoring the growth kinetics but also evaluating the suitable type of fatty acid production.

Nonthermal processing methods are attracted by many food and beverage industry because it can kill the microbial contamination under mild temperatures used in thermal processing; They can sustain flavours, essential nutrients, and vitamins undergo minimal changes. The objective of this research was to evaluate nonthermal processing as the high current impulse generator (HCIG) and investigate the reduction the contaminated microorganism in coconut juice under the batch and continuous treatment of HCIG. The physical, biochemical and nutritional changes of treated coconut juice were also investigated. The application of the direct electricity through cathode of high current impulse generator (HCIG) in 1,170 chambers contained the contaminated coconut juice. Significantly reduction both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli as 5-log were found when treatments were applied with impulses at 5.17 kA. Comparison of nutritional value of non-thermal processes before and after high current impulse was showed no significant differences between main nutritional values and free amino acid. For the continuous HCIG treatment under the treatment of 5.17 kA current with 9, 15 and 30 pulses with 5 L coconut juice at the flow rate of 1 L/min, results from initial concentration at 1.41 × 105 CFU/mL showed that S. cerevisiae reductions were found 78%, 66% and 96% as increasing number of pulses as 9, 15 and 30 pulses, respectively. The increment of microbial reduction with the increasing number of pulses was also detected as 78 %, 82 % and 96 % from 1.11 × 105 CFU/ml E. coli. Results revealed that the microbial reduction with HCIG under batch treatment were successful preserved the nutritional components of the coconut juice without significant physicochemical changes.

The accumulation lipid from oleaginous microorganisms is recognized as a second generation fuel. Biooil is known to as intracellular product of oily yeast utilizing various carbon substrates and converting different quantities of lipids in the form of triacylglycerols. This second generation fuel can be used to make biodiesel via a transesterification process. This study investigated the morphological characteristics of eight strains of Thai oleaginous yeasts via microscopy and analyzed the fatty acid profiling of yeasts cultured in three carbon sources: glucose, sugar cane molasses and crude glycerol in order to estimate biodiesel properties. To approach this goal, batch fermentations were used to culture eight yeast strains, Rhodosporidium toruloides TISTR 5123, TISTR 5154, TISTR 5149, Yarrowia lipolytica TISTR 5054, TISTR 5151, TISTR 5621, Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR 5159 and Rhodotorula graminis TISTR 5124 for 96 h under 30°C at 250 rpm. Result revealed that eight yeast strains contained significant amounts of fatty acids and lipids and accumulated mainly palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C 18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), and they are suitable for the production of biodiesel. Fatty acid productions and profiles indicated that these yeast strains can be potentially used as the triacylglycerols producers for biodiesel production.

In tissue engineering, biomaterials used for bone tissue substitutes attract increasing interests, especially for finding biologically active compounds that can activate proliferation of osteoblastic MG63 cells. The evaluation of the impact of a soluble yeast-derived β-(1-3), (1-6)-D-glucan (BG) extracted from distillery waste yeast sludge on viability and proliferation of MG63 cells was studied. Spray dried BG prepared from alkaline extraction was used as supplementary activator in osteoblastic cell culture system. The composition of BG was characterized using FTIR spectral analysis and BG analysis assay kit. MG63 human osteoblast cell-line was cultured on Dulbecco’s modified’s medium supplemented with various concentrations of BG ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL. The cells were cultured up to 7 days under a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C and monitored the level of proliferation at pre-determined intervals. Results showed that increase in BG concentration substantially promoted MG63 cell proliferation. Optimal concentration was identified and found at 0.3 - 0.7 mg/mL. Results revealed that BG could be further utilized for the upregulation of osteoblastic proliferation positively related to the acceleration of bone regeneration.

Freeze-drying and thermal cross-linking techniques were used to prepare gelatin-bacterial cellulose (GB) composite sponges for potential application as scaffolds in tissue engineering. To avoid the use of toxic and costly cross-linking agents, glucose was used to cross-link the gelatin via the Maillard reaction. The effects of the weight ratio of gelatin to bacterial cellulose (BC) and the cross-linking conditions (temperature and duration) on the GB sponges were examined. An open and highly interconnected porous structure was attained for the GB sponge with a gelatin:BC weight ratio of 25:75 that was cross-linked at 140°C for 3h. Its high porosity, good swelling properties, good structural stability in water, non-toxicity and good biocompatibility against Vero cell are promising for its application as a scaffold for tissue engineering.

An.ae.ro.bi.o.spi.ril' lum . Gr. prefix an not; Gr. n. aer air; Gr. n. bios life; M.L. dim. neut. n. spirillum a small spiral; M.L. neut. n. Anaerobiospirillum anaerobic small spiral. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Succinivibrionaceae / Anaerobiospirillum Helical rods 0.6–0.8 × 3–15 μm , usually occurring singly. Some cells are up to 32 µm in length. Motile by bipolar tufts of flagella . Do not form endospores. Gram negative. Anaerobic, having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism . Catalase negative or weakly positive. Oxidase negative. Do not hydrolyze esculin, gelatin, hippurate, or urea. Do not reduce nitrate. Lipase activity does not occur. Indole is not produced and meat is not digested. Ferment carbohydrates; produce succinic and acetic acids from glucose . May also produce traces of lactic and formic acids. Optimal temperature 37–44°C. Isolated from feces of dogs and cats. Pathogenic for humans, causing septicemia and/or diarrhea . Belongs to the class Gammaproteobacteria , order Aeromonadales , and family Succinivibrionaceae . The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 39–44. Type species : Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens Davis, Cleven, Brown and Balish 1976, 503.

The objective of this study was to optimize the condition for fish protein hydrolysate production from minced by-catch fish by using hydrochloric acid and 2 protease enzymes; Papain and Alcalase. Taguchi design and Central Composite Design (CCD) were applied for experimental design to evaluate the degree of hydrolysis. Response surface methodology was performed in order to determine the optimal production conditions. The optimal condition for acid hydrolysis was 4 mol/L of hydrochloric acid at 100 o C for 90 minutes which yielded 50.70% degree of hydrolysis. For enzymatic hydrolysis, Alcalase is the most suitable protease enzyme for fish protein hydrolysate production. The optimal condition was 6 % (w/w) Alcalase concentration at the temperature of 61.23 o C and the reaction time of 27.36 minutes resulting in 88.9% of degree of hydrolysis. Amino acid profiles of fish protein hydrolysates hydrolyzed under the optimal condition were analyzed by HPLC and the results showed that fish protein hydrolyzed by Papain had highest nutritional properties. Glutamic acid had the highest percentage (16.35%) followed by Aspartic acid (10.41%) and Lysine (8.48%).

Milk contains a high level of nutrients such as protein, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B12 which are beneficial for human consumption. However, the conventional thermal process for reduction of microbial contamination in milk results in destruction of some important nutritional values of the milk. The aim of this research was to study alternative nonthermal processes for reduction of contaminating microbes using high electrical field pulse (HEFP) treatment of ultra filteredmilk. A preliminary investigation of biological and physiochemical characteristics in raw milk was carried out. The milk was first subjected to ultrafiltration treatment and then to HPEF treatment for one minute in a TEFLON treatment chamber at 25 degrees C. The ultrafiltration treatment succeeded in reducing the amount of protein to appropriate amount for HPEF applicationand lipid in the milk. The results from ultra membrane filtration of the raw milk showed a reduction of total solids by approximately 13.05% when the milk was passed through 0.7 and 0.4 tm membranes. The effect of HPEF on bacterial reduction in the ultrafilration treated milk was then studied over the following ranges of applied pulse intensities and number of pulses: applied intensity: 0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kV/cm, number of pulses: 1, 30, 50, and 150 in the one minute treatment period. The results showed that application of 100 kV/cm and 30 pulses resulted in 9.93% death of E.coli but only 7.94% death of S. Typhimurium. A statistical analysis showed that increasing the electric Field intensity significantly increased the death percentages of both bacteria with p = 0.039 and p = 0.043, respectively.

The effects of growth parameters of Rhodotorula graminis TISTR 5124 in batch fermentation were studied and optimized for lipid production by using response surface methodology via a BoxBehnken Design. Values of the fermentation parameters affecting the lipid production were varied as follows: carbon sources (glucose, glucose and glycerol and glycerol), temperatures (28, 30, and 32 o C) and shaking speeds (150, 200, 250 rpm). Fermentation was carried out in 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with a 24 h cultivation time. After eliminating insignificant terms, we found that a good fit (R 2 = 0.7555) for lipid production was given by the quadratic regression relationship:Lipid = (4.00* Temperature)- (4.75*Carbon) + (0.70*Shaking speed) – (0.02*Temperature*Shaking speed) -116.0. The results showed that lipid production was significantly influenced by carbon source (p < 0.0001). For the range of conditions studied, we found that the highest yield of lipid was 17.40 g/L, which was obtained using glycerol as sole carbon source at 10 g/L, a temperature of 28 o C and a shaking speed of 239 rpm. We found that a good fit (R 2

Xanthan gum, an important food additive, is used as a thickening agent and stabilizer in many food industrial applications. A 3-factor-3-level central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology was applied to model the fermentation parameters affecting xanthan production in a stirred tank bioreactor using Xanthomonas campestris TISTR 1100. The optimized production of xanthan gum was predicted and the interactive effects between fermentation parameters (yeast extract, fermentation time, and temperature) were investigated. Biomass concentrations, rheological property of fermentation broth and fermentation kinetics were evaluated and reported. Response surface analysis (RSM) showed that the data were adequately fitted to second-order polynomial model via quadratic regression relationship. The final mathematical model after eliminating the insignificant terms and refining the xanthan production was a quadratic model, xanthan yield = - 2.17 + 0.051 * fermentation+0.075 * temperature + 0.007 * fermentation * temperature - 0.002* fermentation2 with R2 = 0.965. RSM is an effective and useful method for optimizing the medium components and investigating the interactive effects, and can provide valuable information for xanthan scale-up fermentation using Xanthomonas campestris TISTR 1100.

Michelle K. BQthwell ajid.Josebh McGuire In this study the enzymatic activity of adsorbed Thermomonosporafusca E5 and Trichoderma reesei CBHI cellulases were investigated using fluorescence techniques. In particular, cellulases were allowed to contact hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces under conditions of different solution concentrations, and adsorption times. Each of these variables is known to have a potential effect on enzyme structure and activity at an interface. Enzymatic activity was measured after partial elution of the adsorbed layer with both protein-free buffer and the surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. For E5 at high concentration (0.5 mg/mi), adsorbed enzyme activity decreased about 20 % in increasing adsorption time from 0.25 h to 24 h. At low concentration (0.001 mg/mi), adsorbed enzyme activity decreased by one order of magnitude during a 24 h period. CBHI layers lost activity only after a sufficiently long contact time with the surface, and this effect was not strongly dependent on enzyme concentrations in solution. These findings were explained with reference to structural changes undergone by adsorbed enzyme as a function of time and available interfacial area. Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy

mutation s were carried out for 4 generations in order to develop efficient food colorants and to study the enhancement of secondary metabolites. The results showed that monacolin K could not be detected in fermented broths from any of the 4 generations. Mutant generations from TISTR3002, contained citrinin at concentrations in G0 (wild type), G1, G2, G3 and G4 of 18.48, 0.01, 64.98, 2.34 and 110.96 µg/ml, respectively. A quantitative analy sis of pigments was performed on all generations and results indicated that the stability of derivatives of yellow, orange and red pigments was greatest at pH 8. A significant increase in pigment stability was gained when TISTR 3002 was ultrasonically induced up to G4. Pigment derivatives of all generations of TISTR 3002 exhibited a greater stability in the basic pH range when compared with an acidic pH range.