Transitional-cell carcinoma, which constitutes the vast majority of bladder cancers in the United States, may develop as carcinoma in situ or as invasive carcinoma. This article focuses on transitional-cell carcinoma with a review of the major aspects of the disease, including the epidemiology, diagnosis and staging, and management. Therapeutic options are explored, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combined modality therapy.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring during the course of either sarcoidosis or tuberculosis is a rare phenomenon, but was already reported in the literature. The association of these three diseases is extremely rare and has never been reported before. Here we describe the case of a young woman with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, and discuss the different diagnosis and management challenges.
Childhood leukemia is leukemia that happens during a child and may be a sort of childhood cancer. Childhood leukemia is that the commonest childhood cancer, accounting for 29% of cancers in children aged 0–14 in 2018. There are multiple sorts of leukemia that occur in children, the foremost common being acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) followed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Survival rates vary counting on the sort of leukemia, but could also be as high as 90% altogether.
Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia (MPAL) is a rare leukemia subtype arising from hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. The hallmark of the disease is co-expression of myeloid antigens and B- or T-lymphoid antigens. We discuss an 11-year-old female, who presented with gum hypertrophy, lymphadenopathy and anemia with 84% blasts on peripheral blood examination. Immunophenotyping revealed two blast populations co-expressing markers of both T-cell and myeloid lineages with monocytic differentiation. Cytogenetics showed t (6;11). The diagnosis of T-cell/myeloid MPAL with KMT2A rearrangement was made. Two rare features noted were, the two distinct myeloid and monocytic blast sub-populations and T-cell/myeloid marker co-expression with KMT2A-rearrangement. The KMT2A rearrangement has been associated with B-cell/myeloid mixed phenotypic leukemia however association with T-cell/myeloid mixed phenotype is rare.
Background: In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) as the demyelination happens, Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) migrate to the site of injury and start differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes to regenerate the myelin sheaths. This OPC differentiation process can be affected by the epigenetic mechanisms which are mediated by a family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) such as DNMT3A and DNMT3B. However, Dietary factors can alter the DNMTs expressions and even their activities. Therefore, in this study the effect of dietary factors such as vitamin A and D on the expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B genes was assessed during these cells. Methods: Rat embryonic stem cells were derived from ganglionic eminence. Then, the stem cells were cultured, differentiated and divided into five groups: control negative, control positive and three treatment modalities consist of vitamin D3, vitamin A, and vitamin A+D. Lastly, the Real-time PCR assay was conducted with total RNA. Results: The expression of DNMT3B gene was significantly different between the groups, especially in the groups treated with vitamin A. Conclusion: It seems that vitamin A can affect the expression of DNMT3B which plays a major role in cell differentiation and can be considered as a novel target for treatment of MS disease.
