The aim of this study to put a light on basics of organizational politics and its negative and positive effects on the employee work related attitudes, more specifically in education sector. In universities administration and faculty are busy in dirty political games rather to pay more attention towards facilitating students for their educational purposes. In universities politics is considered as a dangerous element as the ultimate victim of this politics will be students. Although some studies claimed that politics could be a positive element in organizational growth and development. But, the negative side is heavier than imagination that needs more consideration. A survey has been conducted through a well-structured questionnaire among 100 respondents as well as teaching and administrative staff from different public universities of Sindh Province. The study concluded some significant work related attitudes and outcomes of politics. The main effects of analysis have also revealed that perceptions of politics have significant its impact on employee job attitude and creativity. Keywords: Organizational Politics, Job Attitude, Creativity, Work Related Attitude, Higher Education.
In the last decade, emergence of different technological platforms have drastically influenced and altered societies across the globe. Social commerce or S-commerce which is an off shoot of e-commerce has become part of everyday life among consumers. Mobile commerce also known as m-commerce is a major contributor towards S-commerce. The current research intends to investigate the compulsive buying behavior and conspicuous online consumption frameworks in the context of m-commerce. This study is targets the trends of m commerce within the context of developing country like Pakistan. The current research aims at highlighting how the antecedents involved in the frameworks of compulsive buying behavior and conspicuous online consumption translate into behaviors in the context of m-commerce. The significance of the study can be judged from the fact that, it will help contribute towards to body of knowledge concerning modern social consumptions patterns of the consumers triggered by the m-commerce applications. The research utilizes the lens of the social impact theory with peers and m-commerce, based on the SOR model. The selected population for undertaking the study comprised of consumers who consume different products (i.e. apparel, gadgets, cosmetics and jewelry etc.). This study has diverse theoretical and managerial contribution in the field of consumer behavior. As the results of this study also validated the SOR model and as well as social impact theory in the context of the m-commerce. Secondly, this study taken participation and desire for self-promotion as an organism. And participation was directly inclined by the familiarity and closeness. Keywords: S-commerce, Compulsive Buying Behavior, Conspicuous Online Consumption, Social Impact Theory, SOR Model.
Teacher’s satisfaction during the conduction of Performance Appraisal System (PAS) is highly dependent on the school management. Therefore, role of the school principal for monitoring the performance of teachers at higher secondary schools is commendable to achieve the targets. Survey research was conducted to review how the school management role impacted achieving the PAS targets for the satisfaction of teachers. Multistage sampling technique was opted for exploring the opinions of school principals and teachers from nine districts of the Punjab by using an already established tool Performance Appraisal Scale for Higher Secondary School Teachers (PAS-HSSTs). This questionnaire comprised of closed-ended items was used to get opinions from 90 principals and 540 teachers of higher secondary schools of Punjab. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Items were factorized using the explanatory factor analysis technique yielding seven factors. Pearson Correlation was conducted to determine the strength of the relationship among the variables, while multiple linear regressions using the stepwise method was conducted to check the critical risk factors associated with the satisfaction of teachers during conduction of Performance Appraisal System. Management facilitation was rendered the best approach for successful Performance Appraisal System implementation. Performance appraisal was a significant and powerful predictor of teachers’ satisfaction; hence school principals focused on the ways and procedures to manage their teachers’ performance in order to enhance the overall effectiveness of PAS. Results revealed a highly complex situation faced by school mangers; though satisfaction of the teachers during PAS might be enhanced through proper training and awareness of the system. PAS might be more effective if teachers were satisfied. Keywords: Performance Appraisal System, Teacher’s Satisfaction, Management Role and School Improvement.
This purpose of this study aims to determine the impact of decision making styles in organizations operating in Karachi. It focuses on exploring different components of decision making styles and investigates the concept of creative disposition. Moreover, it determines the correlation of different components of decision making styles to creative disposition of employees. It identifies necessary changes in decision making styles to increase its impact on creative disposition. Explanatory technique is adopted to determine the impact of logic, facts and personal experiences in decision making style on creative disposition; followed by primary data collection. Quantitative paradigms are used to perform the analysis. Target population of current study comprises of employees working in organizations of Karachi. Sampling technique used is non-probability convenient sampling. Sample size is of 384. Survey technique has been adopted for data collection process. Instrument used is questionnaire for data collection multiple linear regression technique has been used for analysis. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant role of logic based decision making style, facts based decision making style and personal experience based decision making style to determine positive creative disposition shows that it has a significant impact on it. This study successfully explained importance of decision making styles in developing creative disposition in organizations. Keywords: Logic Based Decision Making Style, Facts Based Decision Making Style, Personal Experience Based Decision Making Style, Creative Disposition.
The objective of this research is to consider the connections between various corporate governance mechanisms, CEO-Duality, and business performance on Car Assembler Companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The data has been analyzed from 2016-2020. T-test and multiple regressions have been applied to verify the effect of corporate governance on business performance. The investigation results indicate that the Size of the Board, Audit Committee, Annual general meeting, and CEO-duality contain a positive relationship to companies’ performance. As a result, the correlation coefficient explains that return on equity and profit margin has a positive relation with independent variables for example Board size, Audit committee, Annual general meeting, and CEO-Duality but, all of them are statistically insignificant. Moreover, ROE Coefficient Results in Fixed Effects and Random Effects Model indicates that only board size has a negative and significant effect on ROE. More specifically, PM Coefficient Results in Fixed Effects Model explain that the Size of the Board shows a negative and insignificant impact on PM. Moreover, the other two independent variables i.e. Audit Committee and Annual General Meeting show a positive and insignificant effect on PM. While in the PM Coefficient Results in Random Effects Model explain that the Size of the Board, Audit Committee, and Annual General Meeting show a positive and insignificant effect on PM. Besides that, Duality shows a negative and insignificant effect on PM. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Board-Size, Audit Committee, Annual, CEO’s Duality.
Quality assurance has become acceptable, and all private universities are trying hard to achieve better standards executed by Higher Education Commission Pakistan (HEC) every year. The implementation of quality assurance (QA) programs rests upon the performance of university faculty. An exploratory study was conducted with the faculty of seven private universities in Pakistan to determine the leadership effectiveness regarding the implementation of QA programs. The strengths and weaknesses of the university leadership were measured in a three-fold exercise by identifying leadership characteristics, values, and actions taken to implement QA. For this purpose, a questionnaire was constructed, comprising both close-ended and open-ended responses. Data was collected from 430 faculty members from five private universities in Lahore, Pakistan. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to meet the research objectives. The results indicate that leadership attempts are yet superficial and inadequate to reach the transformational quality. The effectiveness of higher education leadership needs much improvement to meet the needs of the 21st century. Unless the leaders align their efforts with the faculty's expectations and involve them in shared decision making, reaching transformative quality would remain barred; therefore, the sustainability of higher education will remain in danger. Keywords: Higher Education, Leadership Characteristics, Leadership Effectiveness, Private Universities, Quality Assurance.
Entrepreneurship has been imagined through the lens of the gender binary where gender influences entrepreneurial decisions and behaviours. Researching entrepreneurship is overlooked to understand trans-gender as entrepreneurs. Grounded in the Heideggerian lens accompanying lifeworld existential, the meaning of trans-entrepreneur was explored through hermeneutic- phenomenology. Fifteen transentrepreneurs were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structure interviews were used to get a rich description that reflects on the meaning they associated with their being as an entrepreneur. Results reflect their being as dual-authentic, revisionist and resilient. Revisionism is the unique insight that this study added as a new aspect of entrepreneurial being. The study has a theoretical implication that counts trans individuals as entrepreneurs and views their potential beyond gender biases. Keywords: Entrepreneur, Gender, Transgender, Heidegger, Hermeneutic-phenomenology, Entrepreneurship.
E-shopping engagement has become a significant user activity in cyberspace. Prior scholarship has found self-escapism a crucial user motivation to engage in e-shopping. The current research identifies dimensions of self-escapism motivation to engage in e-shopping and their influence on shoppers’ attitude, e-cart use, and abandonment. Data were collected from 305 shoppers in Pakistan via an offline survey. Results reveal self-suppression and self-expansion as dimensions of shoppers’ self-escapism motivation to engage in e-shopping. These dimensions of self-escapism motivation determine shoppers’ positive affective attitude towards e-shopping. Nonetheless, they have a differing influence on shoppers’ e-cart use and abandonment. Keywords: Self-Escapism Motivation, E-Shopping, Affective Attitude, E-Cart Use; E-Cart Abandonment.
This article aims to investigate the factors that influence the mutual fund industry’s growth in Pakistan. Financial markets are always exposed to systematic risks which are out of one’s control. Mutual funds being part of this market are dependent on the macroeconomic factors in the country. Pakistan’s financial market is quite volatile thus slightly change in any economic indicator can affect the growth of mutual funds. Globally, Mutual fund industry is expanding day by day and Pakistan is still far behind to meet with other country like USA, UK, and India as it contributes only 1.6% of the GDP in the year 2020. In this article, influence of four independent macroeconomic factors i.e. GDP growth rate, interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate was analyzed against the dependent value of Asset under Management. Fiscal year data from 2011-2020 was taken from different authentic sources to perform the regression analysis using SPSS tool. Study concluded that GDP growth rate, interest rate and inflation rate have negative impact on the growth of mutual fund industry which means the value of AUM decreases when these factors tend to increase in the economy. Further, exchange rate has positive impact indicating that the value of AUM increases with the increase of this factor in the economy in Pakistan. Keywords: Mutual Funds, Growth, Asset Under Management, Macroeconomic Factors, Regression Analysis, Pakistan.
The main concern of this study was to determine the impact of supply chain collaboration on Gwadar port operational performance. The objective of the study has been achieved through conducting a survey and primary data has been analyzed to assess the linkages between explanatory variable and dependent variable. The survey was conducted to collect the primary data from respondents to determine the impact of supply chain collaboration on port performance. The managers of the companies located in Gwardar port remain the unit of analysis and their responses have been collected. A total of 300 questioners had been distributed and a valid number of questionnaires 225 has been obtained which makes the response rate of 75%. Data properties and respondent characteristics have been outlined. The covariance based structural equation modeling has been employed to statistically signify the relationship between the supply chain collaboration on Gwadar port operational performance. Based on statistical analysis the findings of the study suggest that supply chain collaboration positively triggers the operational performance of Gwadar port. Keywords: Port Performance, Supply Chain Collaboration, Gwadar Port, Supply Chain.
Civil service unlike any other public organizations is glued by norms and culture that regulate workers behavior and attitudes toward efficiency. These culture and principles serve as mode of operation upon which duties, offices are bound. Hence, employed are expected to adhere to the established norms of organization for efficiency service deliver. However, based on the above highlight, the civil service in Nigeria cannot be said to have up to its expectation of delivery qualify services to the people that will further help the government deliver on its mandate. This poor performance could be traced to low morale and weak morale which makes workers to neglect the culture and principles of the Civil Service which is anchored on meritocracy, impartiality, anonymity etc. The civil service in Nigeria still reels in politicization, merit sacrificed for quota-based recruitment/promotion, fraudulent staff claims, abuse of office/position, bribery and corruption, absenteeism, lateness, lack of organizational commitment, insubordination, aggrandizement etc. The paper adopted survey and descriptive research method and data were drawn from both primary and secondary sources. It was found out that the civil service is currently bedeviled with poor organizational culture and practices such from lateness, insubordination, lack of commitment to work, undue interference from the political office holders and other myriad of systemic problems. Based on the findings, the study concluded with some policy recommendations that civil service principles and culture should be highly adhered to by the civil servants which will in turn usher in the most needed productivity in the service. Keywords: Civil service, Culture, Organizational Culture, and Performance.
The rationale of the research is to investigate the importance of organizational culture in a Dynamic era of 21st century where only those organizations remain triumphant who transform change in their business. Whenever organization focused on change they encounter intense resistant from their employees as well as for conceptualizing of organization, culture conceived either as a variable or as a root metaphor. Philosophical stance of research was based on positivism and follows more deductive approach for this study. Cross sectional data of ten private sector organizations of Peshawar region were chosen. The findings of the study were moderately interesting in terms of change management with the important role of leadership found insignificant p> 0.051 and but shows weak relevance. However the results of organizational culture and change management were found significant P< 0.01 at 1% level of significance. Recommendation portion of the study suggest us that for the success of an organization culture play pivotal role in the dynamic parameters of change. On the other hand the role of empowerment played significant role for producing better organizational culture. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Organizational change, Leadership, Empowerment.
The purpose of this research was to explore how HEIs are using Social Media (SM) as a marketing communication tool and to understand their branding focus through SM. It was investigated by understanding the utilization of functional blocks of SM by HEIs, which are believed to contribute towards elements of brand equity. Utilization of functional blocks of SM was studied through theoretical lens of honeycomb framework of SM. This study used qualitative methodology, based on inductive research approach. The data was collected via Netnography method, based on six months usage of SM accounts of seven selected HEIs of Pakistan, out of 225, which exhibited active SM presence. HEIs were found using nine different content types on SM. The content types that showed highest utilization of functional blocks, i.e. endorsements and promotional-messages, were amongst the least preferred content types of HEIs. However, their most preferred content types, i.e. event coverage & announcements, showed lowest engagement level, and were seen contributing towards lower stages of brand building i.e. brand image and awareness only, thus reflecting a myopic focus of HEIs in terms of their brand building through SM. Findings of this study will enable HEIs to revisit their content preference on SM based on the desired branding objectives. This research has extended theoretical knowledge regarding SM Marketing in context of HEIs. Further, it has extended comprehension of various functional blocks of SM, in organizational context, based on literature review. Keywords: Social Media Marketing, Brand Equity, Honeycomb Framework, Higher Education Institutes.
Based on social exchange theory, current study examined the impact of transactional leadership on supervisor rated job performance of employees. Moreover, moderating role of work meaningfulness between this linkage is verified. Primary data from 240 faculty members were collected from different private and public sector universities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore & Sialkot. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Hayes’s PROCESS. Correlations & Regression analysis were applied. The results bolstered the hypothesis of the study. Findings revealed that transactional leadership has a positive impact on job performance of the faculty members. Further, work meaningfulness is proven its moderating role between transactional leadership and job performance. The study will help the managers/leaders in Higher Education Sector to understand the role of transactional leadership and work meaningfulness for improving performance of the faculty members. Keywords: Transactional Leadership, Work Meaningfulness, Supervisor Rated Job Performance, Social Exchange Theory.
In the recent past, research in developed markets has aimed at developing various indices that can be applied to apprehend the impact that financial stress can have on a country’s economic activity. This article reviews the literature on financial stress and its impact on economic activities. It further presents a proposed methodology for constructing financial stress index and its implications for macroeconomic performance in relation to Pakistan. A review of the literature was conducted discussing (a) the formulation of the financial stress index and (b) its impact on the country’s economic activity indicators. The analysis of the literature made it possible to identify the current themes and remaining gaps in the literature on the financial stress index. It is concluded that FSI is beneficial for monitoring and evaluating the usefulness of government economic policies in crisis as well as normal times. Moreover, the index grabs the stresses in the form of financial stress, which is not only from various market sectors but also from their connection through a contagious effect internationally. Therefore, the paper concludes that the FSI could be established and used as an effective tool to measure and monitor financial stress level and its impact on various economic activity indicators in Pakistan. Keywords: Financial Stress Index, GDP, Industrial Production, Foreign Trade, PCA, Emerging Markets, Pakistan.
The purpose of this paper is to answer the relationship between technology, organization, and environment, and the intention factors to adopt Halalan Toyyiban Risk Management Plan (HTRMP). The strongest factor will come out from this research which supports the intention to adopt halalan toyyiban risk management plan among food manufacturers SMEs in Malaysia. 120 samples of halal food manufacturer SMEs in Malaysia was used. The method used is a quantitative approach and using SEM-PLS to analyse the scientific data. The hypothesis of this research is to find the relationship between technology, organization, and environment and intention to adopt HTRMP, halal awareness as mediator. The results find that there are four positive relationships which were compatibility in technology, Organisational readiness and expected business benefit in the Organisation, and halal market in the environment are four criteria that have a favorable link with the intention adopt HTRMP. Compatibility also found as the most influential determinant for HTRMP adoption among food manufacturers SMEs. The data were collected during halal food events, Halal Festival (Halfest) and Selangor International Business Summit in Malaysia. The sample size is small. Findings can supervise the authority in successfully enhancing the application of HTRMP among food manufacturers in Malaysia. The food manufacturer can comply HTRMP accordingly with its benefit. The benefit of this research is to improvise the application of HTRMP among food manufacturers in Malaysia to increase and maintain the quality, safety and halal of their food products. Due to that HTRMP is lack study in halal management research from the previous journal. Keywords: Halal Management, Technology factors, Organization factors, Environment Factors, Mediator, SEM-PLS.
Organizational culture has attracted a great interest by theorists and researchers since many years. Leadership in organizations have emphasized on the internal culture strengths and ways to improve the efficiency by incorporating various strategies. Cooperative strategy is being associated with internal strengths and relationship and has been a primary focus area in large organizations with ample opportunity for innovation. Small and medium enterprises however, struggled with innovation and competitiveness. To foster growth, strategic leadership stressed to adopt cooperative strategies and cooperative environment. The current study attempts to reveal the underlying mechanism through which the strategic leadership can improve organizational performance through clan culture and cooperative strategies. Based on the Competing value framework and Resource based view of the firms, This research model was selected and analyzed. Clan culture is used as a moderator variable. The model explores the local Pakistani business leadership strategies in family run businesses as well as small and medium enterprises. Strategic leadership is taken as independent variable while cooperative strategy as dependent variable, Clan culture moderates the relationship between the strategic leadership and cooperative strategies. Resource based view provides a framework to analyze the role of firms tangible and intangible resources to achieve competitive advantage. Data was collected from 294 respondents through survey method. All questionnaires were personally administered. AMOS was used to test the moderated model. The moderated relationship among strategic leadership, clan culture and cooperative strategy resulted significant. Clan culture moderated relationship between Strategic leadership & cooperative strategy. This study contributes towards the enhanced application of clan culture and cooperative environment in the small and medium sized organizations as well as family owned businesses. To combat competition from larger organizations and substitute products, cooperative strategy can be very effective. Keywords: Strategic Leadership, Organizational Culture, Clan Culture, Cooperative Strategy, SME.
Women as leaders have been facing challenges in workplace as well as at homes. However, the focus of this research is to explore the challenges which women face in different leadership and managerial positions in public and private organizations in Gilgit-Baltistan. Employing qualitative research method, data was collected from eight (8) females who were in leadership and management positions in different public and private organizations in the context of Gilgit-Baltistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the data. The analysis of the data showed that women mostly face challenges regarding their job related duties due to household responsibilities, stereotypes of the masses about their abilities to manage public administration and the lack of equal opportunities for promotions and rewards as compared to their male counterparts in the organizations. It is recommended that both public and private organizations should develop women friendly policies to provide equal opportunities so as to facilitate them in their job responsibilities. Keywords: Leadership, Management, Challenges, Organizations, Stereotypes, Feminist Lens.
The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between HRM practices and employee’s retention. To test this relationship, data was collected from faculty members of Khyber medical college (KMC), using a convenience sampling technique. A Chi-square test was used to evaluate the aforementioned relationship. The effect of three HRM practices (reward, selection, and training) on employees’ retention were studied. The results reflect that reward and compensation is not associated with retention factors, while selection and retention are associated with each other. Similarly, training also has a significant association with employee’s retention. Results help us to conclude that KMC needs to consider reward and compensation, while selection and training should be further strengthened to enhance employee’s retention. Keywords: Retention, Turnover, HRM practices, Selection, Training, Reward.
This research paper is aimed to explore the influence of personality traits on stress management. As for the achievement of organizational goals, the management has to be assured that its’ employees are not stressed due to any reason for productive outcomes. Stress is unavoidable in any organization especially if it belongs to the teaching sector. However, students and teachers are normally found under stress because of the demanding environment that is generated in physical schools and classrooms. For this purpose, this study has examined to what extent personality traits including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience influence stress management. This leads to the fact which personality traits of employers especially those that belong to educational institutes can manage their stress and how their personality affects them to take decisions at the time of stress. This research article proposed a descriptive methodology in which cross-sectional data are randomly collected from the different public higher educational universities of Sindh, Pakistan. For the data collection, the survey questionnaire is applied. After the process of data cleaning, 252 responses of teaching faculty as respondents were found accurate for further analysis. By applying the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.0 the data was data analyzed. The results of Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis showed that agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience have a positive and significant influence on stress management. On the other hand, extroversion and neuroticism have not found a significant influence on stress management. This research study may provide useful insights for policymakers and top management in public higher educational institutions like universities to identify the stress management strategies that are implemented by the management of education institutions to manage workplace stress among the teaching faculty. Keywords: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience and Stress Management.
