Paneer is the most popular indigenous dairy products in India with a significant annual growth rate. It is a rich source of protein and fat contents. But it is deficient in iron and fiber contents. Hence an attempt has been made to incorporate pumpkin seeds as it contains substantial amounts of fiber and iron. Pumpkin seeds are blended at the rate of 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent. Among these levels, 6 per cent was found to be significantly higher acceptability score of 8.66 compared to control. Further, the product also contains significantly higher amounts of iron and fiber at 1.52 mg/100 g and 1.7 per cent respectively without affecting any sensory characteristics. Further mixed spices pepper: garlic: ginger (1:1:1) were blended at different levels and at 1 per cent blended level found more acceptable.
Women empowerment is giving legitimate power or authority to perform the tasks. If women were empowered they would be able to participate in the planning and decision making tasks, and contribute to the development programmes and activities individually. The participation of women in work and social life has put heavy demand upon them to make adjustments between their traditional role in their families and outside their home. The study was conducted on 120 farm women from rural areas of Telangana, in-depth interview method was used to collect the data from the respondents. Empowerment scale was used as tool to collect the data from the sample. In all the self decisions related to personal, children and household affairs, farm women were disempowered suppressed by the society. Lack of education and low levels of decision making skills in all the aspects related to empowerment such as resources available, access to resources, decision making and action taking, resulted in disempowered women.
Guava (Psidium gujava L.) belongs to the family, Myrtaceae.It is believed that guava was originated from the area extending from Southern Mexico or Central America (Morton, 1987) and it is extensively grown in both tropical and sub-tropical regions.Although this fruit is grown all over the world, India tops the global production followed by Pakistan, China and Brazil.However, in India, it is cultivated mainly for local consumption with minimal processing.Thus, the value chain of guava remains highly untapped.Madurai is one of the important guava producing districts in Tamil Nadu with various marketing channels.Present study was conducted on the price spread of guava in Madurai district during 2019-20.Samples for the study namely, producers and market intermediaries were selected using random sampling technique.The necessary data was acquired through personal interview with the help of pre-tested interview schedule.It was inferred from the study that there are six predominant marketing channels present in the study area.Results of analysis showed that out of the six channels,Channel II: Producer -Commission Agent -Retailer -Consumer was the most efficientwith 28.60 per cent price spread and 71.40 per cent of producer's share in consumer's Rupee
There is a dramatic increase in the production of milk in the present generation, which eventually increased the number of milk centres in different regions.This is because milk is the primary source of nutrition for infants, pregnant ladies as well as adults.The best quality milk has good density and free from adulterants.To maintain the income from milk and increase the yield few adulterants are added to milk.Because much of the milk comes from farmers, the likelihood of mistaking the details is very high where farmers do not understand it.These adulterants may affect the quality of milk.These days milk adulteration becomes the biggest social issue.Serious health issues occur from the consumption of adulterated milk.It is necessary to detect milk adulteration and ensure the quality of milk.The detection of milk adulteration can be performed using various types of sensors like pH sensors, gas sensors, temperature sensors.To make the method more cleared to all the people who deposit the milk, this implementation is built to make it more transparent.This system is based on Arduino Controller.This Arduino controls the whole milk analyser system.Various types of sensors are interfaced with controllers.This is a user-friendly system.
Background: The dragon fruit market is growing worldwide, due to a growing demand for fresh and processed dragon fruit. High production capacities and exceptional weather conditions help produce dragon fruit. The fruit of the dragon is the first export of Vietnamese fruit. The major export destinations for these fruits are China, Thailand and Indonesia Fruit has also reached new markets, such as India, New Zealand, Australia and Chile. Dragon fruit is rich in water and is an excellent source of iron, magnesium, vitamin B, phosphorus, protein, calcium and fiber. Edible fruit seeds are also very nutritious, as they are rich in polyunsaturated fats, like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which have been proved to lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders. Dragon fruit cultivation in recent years and domestic cultivation is getting encouragement because of the high advantages. The total All India area of Dragon Fruit cultivation has the scope to expand furthercurrently it is grown in 100 acres approximately. Dragon Fruit has the ability to tolerate the climatic conditions of India. Results: Big data analytics with the help of Goole Trends and Talkwaker revealed that Health-conscious consumers are calling more and more for dragon fruit, particularly in the United States. The fruit of the dragon is available in the USA all year long, however, is also imported from a few different countries Because dragon fruit is considered a specialty product, the MRL (maximum residue limit) for dragon fruit in various countries is quite different from traditional products such as apples or cherries Another advantage is that commercially one can expect returns 2nd or 3rd year after planting. Not many business ventures start giving returns so early because cost benefit ratio ranges between 1.75 -1.86. Conclusion: Transformation is important for producing value-added products from edible and inedible parts of fruits and plants., And at the same time, to reduce perishable fruit and waste disposal problems. Market expansion and management the need for coherent fruit in terms of quality and quantity to meet market demand. Uniformity of quality highlights the need for improved aspects of crop maturity., handling and packaging that minimizes mechanical injury and ensures asecure and optimal storage and shipping environment.
Prayagraj, utilizing 38 genotypes. The genotypes were implanted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Analysis variability parameters, correlation coefficients, and path coefficients were applied to the average results. Based on the mean performance, high yield was found for the PKRU-03, KC-153, PDU-6, JU-2 showed higher than the check variety (T-9). Present experimental findings revealed that character's viz., number of clusters per plant, seed index, plant height, and number of primary branches per plant exhibited high GCV, PCV and heritability is coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean need to be given care while formulating breeding strategies for improvement of seed yield of blackgram.
Screen printing was used to successfully create a thick film ofSnO2: ZnO: CuOternaty oxide.The formation of nanocomposite material from this thick film was confirmed by XRD and SEM.According to XRD analysis, the structure of SnO2 was orthrorobhmic, ZnO was hexagonal, and CuO was monoclinic, with an average crystallite size in the nano range.The particle size was larger than the crystallite size on average.The TCR was found to be negative, indicating the semiconductor behavior of the prepared thick film.It was discovered that thick films made of the ternary oxides SnO2: ZnO: CuO responded better at 200 0 C and when exposed to ethanol gas.The sensitivity to ethanol gas of a thick film made of ternary metal oxide was 82.15 percent when the gas concentration and operating temperature were, respectively 1000 ppm and 200 0 C. The film showed 72.72 percent sensitivity to ethanol gas at a gas concentration of 500 ppm and an operating temperature of 200 0 C. Similarly, the film has a sensitivity of 60.68 percent at 100 ppm gas concentration and an operating temperature of 200 0 C
Three fungus strains were isolated from compost to make Pectinase. It was determined that cultivation of Talaromyces aurantiacus, Penicillium oxalate and Aspergillius niger on orange peel substrate under various SSF conditions is a lowcost alternative to submerged-liquid fermentation when it comes to pectinase production. Optimization of environmental conditions for Pectinase production was carried out using Pectinase screening agar media (PSAM). Among other factors,the parameters that concern temperature and pH.The findings show the rise in temperature 25 0 C and pH 4 shows decent growth.The greatest harvest occurred at orange peels, which yielded 28mm enzymatic properties and yield might be improved by PSAM optimization.
Ascites is a term generally defined as fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and one among the major issues noticed in several diseases in dogs. The dogs affected with ascites has abdominal distension due to fluid accumulation, depending on the cause ascitic fluid vary in colours and consistencies. There are various diagnostic procedures which usually examination of an animal both physically and clinically, analysis of biochemical profile like blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentration, total protein triglyceride etc along with estimation of serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), radiography, ultrasonography and histopathology. During my present study, 64 dogs were screened and confirmed with various hepatobiliary disorders based upon history, clinical signs, hematological, biochemical parameters estimation and non invasive diagnostic modality like ultrasonography and radiography. Out of 64 dogs diagnosed with hepatobiliary disorders, 32 dogs was diagnosed with ascites. In 32 dogs, ascitic fluid was collected by abdominocentesis and examined for color, transparency and SAAG. The ascitic fluid collected and analyzed which revealed that fluid was transparent and clear with mean value of SAAG as 1.17 ± 0.10g/dl. Estimation of SAAG in the present study is done to determine whether portal hypertension induced ascites as it indirectly measures portal pressure and it.
Everybody knows about the importance of milk and its relation to good health. Its versatility allows it to be consumed hot or cold, to be used to make milkshakes and smoothies, and to be added to coffees, teas and hot cocoa for added nutritional value. Flavoured milk is the second largest widely consumed liquid dairy product after plain milk. The concept of flavoured milk is not new to India. For centuries Indians had their milk flavoured with traditional condiments, like ellaichi (cardamom), kesar (saffron), badam (almonds), etc. Besides flavour these drinks were also consumed for their health benefits. A study was conducted on the 'Quality Assessment of Branded Flavoured Milk sold in Jaipur City' to analyse the consumer preference.The results revealed that 90 percent of the respondents preferred flavoured milk than other beverages and most of them opted branded flavoured milk.The most preferred flavour milk by the consumers was chocolate flavour.
The study focused on constraints perceived by farmers in adoption of Sericulture Production technologies in Jorhat district of Assam. Because of non awareness of improved sericulture technologies as well as poor living conditions, the adoption level of sericulture technologies among the farmers of Jorhat district is very limited and there is still a gap in dissemination and adaptation of improved sericultural technologies in pre and post cocoon sector among the farmers for growth and development of sericulture in acreage of food plants, rearing of silkworm and production and productivity of cocoon and silk. The constraints faced were lack of knowledge about training and pruning of host plants in adoption of host plant cultivation technology, improper maintenance of temperature and humidity, lack of regular technical guidance, non availability of protected storage house in villages, non availability of suitable and big market nearby villages, lack of improved reeling and spinning machine, lack of awareness on improved technology adoption, high cost of rearing and other sericulture production technologies and lack of timely guidance etc. The present findings can facilitate government and different organizations for developing strategies for proper utilization of accessible resources and it may be useful to the extension functionaries in addressing the constraints in a greater depth and develop better strategies for increasing the adoption level of silkworm rearers.
Background: Mushroom market has expanded both horizontally and vertically all over the globe, this means that the expansion has been in producing and adding new types of fungi for the commercial cultivation of edibleFungi.The global market for edible mushrooms is expected to grow from 2019 to 2024 with a market value of $37.46 billion by the end of 2024.Currently, the total Indian mushroom production is about 0.13 million tonnes from 2010 to 2017, the Indian mushroom sector registered an average annual growth rate of 4.3%.Results: The global mushroom industry has grown rapidly over the last number of years, the strongest growth observed in the dried form of mushrooms followed by preserved, fresh and frozen mushrooms.China is on top with 74.11 % share in global mushroom production from last 10 years and India is far behind with only 0.68 % share of global production. India producing 73 % button mushroom, 16 % oyster, 7% paddy, 3 % milky and 1% other mushrooms. In 2018-19 Haryana has highest production in India followed by Odessa, Maharashtra and HP. Mushroom cultivation is a profitable business with B:C ratio 1:1.6 and has scope for start-up orentrepreneurship.There is huge opportunity in export of mushroom, India export mushroom to USA, Germany, France, Israel and other many countries and Delhi has highest share in export.Conclusion: Gravity model suggested that India export only those countries which have high GDP whereas distance is not the barrier of high cost in trade.High unemployment rate and 50% plant and food waste created opportunity to generate employment.Processed mushrooms and value added products in blended form give the essence of tradition, nutrition and taste.
The most frightening and potentially catastrophic scenario for an assault on a nation and humanity would be an Agroterrorism attack released on livestock or crops. The gain of function experiments worldwide has further increased the need to revamp our biosecurity and bioprepardness. Significant gaps however exist in our capabilities to prevent, plan, respond and pull through from any such acts of terrorism. In a slacking agricultural sector farms are a weak link in the "farm-to-table continuum" which is an alarming prospect as sneaking in an unknown pathogen, is hardly a noticeable security breach. Any such act will end up causing economic crisis, social unrest, and loss of confidence in government. The COVID 19 pandemic is an agonizing example of the damage that pathogens can cause worldwide and has exposed the inherent weaknesses and inequity in pandemic preparedness and response by exposing the fault lines. The lessons learned should act as an alarm bell to take preemptive steps to review our Agroterrorism preparedness. This review attempts to define the threat of Agroterrorism from a security and scientific viewpoint, provide a historical survey of events with case studies and discuss the problem to aid scientists, policymakers, and agriculturalists to plan against those who would cause harm. It aims to create proper awareness and recommends the implementation of multi-prong strategies to enhance security of our agricultural resources.
Abiotic stress tolerance is complex but as the technologies are improving, the components associated with abiotic stress tolerance can be accessed easily. Abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salinity have a devastating effect on crop yield. Rice and wheat being the most popular staple crop are highly affected by abiotic stress during their growth stages. This reduces their grain yield which directly affects food security. Hence it becomes necessary to develop cultivars that can withstand the problem of climate change without any compromise on yield. The genetic mechanisms that control abiotic stress tolerance are still yet to be understood. The abiotic stress tolerance traits are polygenic in nature and the majority of them are directed by Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that are present on different chromosomes. These QTLs responsible for abiotic stress tolerance are identified using molecular markers and are then used in marker assisted selection to identify tolerant genotypes. Abiotic stress tolerance can also be produced by introgressing desirable traits into the cultivar by exploiting the existing germplasm with the help of conventional breeding methods. This review highlights the abiotic stresses of particularly the two most important crops i.e rice and wheat also the different methods employed to enhance tolerance in genotypes. Also, it highlights the role of various biochemical compounds foundwithin the crops that provide tolerance to abiotic stress.
The proposed research is to analyse the nutritional composition of heat treatment Pangasius meats. Catfish lipids are low because of a small amount of n-3 family PUFA and a high amount of MUFA and SFA. The SFA and trans C18:1 MUFA can increase the risk of chronic cardiovascular diseases that affects the heart, blood vessels, and brain. Effective processing method can get rid of the fat content in Pangasius catfish fillet and provide a good protein food for consumers.The present project is therefore proposed to develop a suitable preprocessing method for the removal of fat from catfish fillets.Domestic grill oven is used for heat treatment, to reduce the SFA and MUFA content of fish fillets. The present research is proposed to study the proximate composition, fatty acid composition and minerals compositionof the raw and microwave defatted fillets.
Sodium alginate (SA) films were fabricated with sulfamerazine which is a type of long-acting antimicrobial agent and also care was taken to choose film-forming compounds from natural and non-contradictory materials that are safe with food contact. Films were doped with an antimicrobial agent at different concentrations, design and development were chiefly focused on the food packaging and preservation. Physical and biological properties were studied to understand the core functional characteristics and capabilities of the films. Physical properties like thickness, moisture content, solid mass, opacity, and water solubility rate were assessed and potential changes have been noted in different experimental films. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was showed potential inhibition against free radicals with regarding the concentration of film solution, a significant difference was noted in various experimental films. Toxicology of the film-forming compounds waspredicted through in silico method, the safety and risk factors associated with the film-forming compounds were explored accordingly.Doping of sulfamerazine into the SA polymer matrix showed a significant effect on physical and biological properties and the same was attained in detail in the discussion part of the study.
A Carbon footprint amounts to the whole of emitted greenhouse gases through the production, use and end-of-life of a product or a service.It could be either direct or indirect emissions.These emitted gases could be carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide or fluorinated gases.A large carbon footprint has detrimental effects on the environment.They elevate the Earth's temperature and causes global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere.We might have never thought about our contribution to carbon footprint or even realized that our day to day activities are a major contributor.An awareness of how our actions impact the environment, adopting ways of reducing them and offsetting them will thereby help to reduce the negative effects of carbon footprint and lead us on the road towards a better tomorrow.We, as an individual or an organisation or government or business, can all think creatively to be a part of the solution. What can be done to Reduce our Footprint?Each and every individual adds to the percentage of carbon footprint.We might wonder how?Our lifestyle plays a major role in this contribution; our mode of transportation, the food we eat, the things we buy, the lights and appliances at home and what we wear; all these count.With awareness and our willingness to embrace few changes in the way we live can help reduce our footprint to a great extent.The connection between meat and climate change is unknown to many.Red meat consumes a large amount of water and also produces more emissions than poultry.Globally, livestocks are responsible for an annual emission of methane equivalent of 3.1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Millet is one of the foremost dry season safe crops in terms ofworld agrarian generation.Sorghum and pearl millet are the major millet crops developed in India.Sorghum and Pearl millet grain were analysed for proximate composition.The results found that the moisture, protein, crude fat, ash, carbohydrate, crude fibre and energy value of sorghum grain were 11.08 g/100g, 10.27g/100g, 3.26g/100g, 1.12g/100g, 72.91g/100g, 1.65g/100g and 359.19 kcal respectively.The minerals, for example, calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) of sorghum grain were 21.40, 210.03, 4.14, and 1.65 mg/100g.The moisture, protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrate and energy value of pearl millet was 12.20 g/100g, 11.59 g/100g, 4.4 g/100g, 1.55 g/100g, 1.6 g/100g, 68.64 g/100g and 360.6kcal/100g respectively.Ca, P, Fe and Znmineral content of pearl millet was 30.40, 292.08, 8.45 and 7.14mg/100g respectively.The proximate analysis revealed that these grains have appreciable amounts of nutrients.
In all organisms, the endocrine system serves as an important link between the environment and various physiological activities. The brain plays vital role in regulating the growth, development and reproduction of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, the Juvenile Hormone (JH) is secreted by corpora allatum and JH has a functional role in larval life, metamorphosis, reproduction, behaviour, diapause and communication. Proteins are important bio molecules, which play key role in the growth and development as well as silk biosynthesis, which are absorbed from mulberry leaf and get accumulated in various tissues viz., fat body, haemolymph and silk glands of the silkworm. Three popular bivoltines, of which two hybrids FC1 and FC2 and a double hybrid FC1 X FC2 were selected for the present investigation. The 5 th instar silkworm larvae (day three and day five) were utilised for exogenous administration of juvenile hormone analogue (Samrudhi) in three different concentrations 15, 20 and 25 µl and their fat body was collected after 24, 48 and 72 h. of treatment along with control and absolute control. The samples were subjected to quantitative estimation of total protein following Lowry's et al. (1951) method. The results clearly show that gradual increase in the protein content along with the increase in concentration of JH (15, 20 and 25 µl) in boththe hybrids and double hybrid under study.The protein content is higher in double hybrid FC1XFC2, followed by the hybrids FC2 and FC1.The larval duration, cocoon and shell weight, filament length exhibited marginal increase as the concentration of JH treatments.
