Embryo transfer (ET) is a reproductive biotechnology used to accelerate the dissemination of superior genetics. However, its success under Indonesian tropical conditions remains variable and may be influenced by physiological and adaptive differences between dairy and beef cattle used as embryo donors. This study compared in vivo embryo production between Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Limousin donor cattle. The study was designed as a comparative observational study using selected donor cattle, comprising 11 HF and 25 Limousin cows maintained under standardized ET management. The observed parameters included superovulatory response, represented by the number of corpora lutea (CL), total ova/embryos collected, fertile embryos, transferable embryos, embryo quality, response rate, and recovery rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and breed differences were analyzed using Welch’s independent t-test when variance heterogeneity was detected, and Cohen’s d was used to estimate effect size. Limousin cows showed higher CL counts than HF cows (12.72 ± 6.98 vs. 6.55 ± 2.88; P < 0.001), produced more total ova/embryos (11.44 ± 6.45 vs. 6.00 ± 3.00; P < 0.001), fertile embryos (9.16 ± 5.17 vs. 3.45 ± 2.81; P < 0.001), and transferable embryos (5.76 ± 4.29 vs. 1.91 ± 2.07; P < 0.001). Response rate between HF and Limousin cows was 94.12% vs. 92.86%, as was the recovery rate (89.92% vs. 90.12%). Overall, these findings indicate that under the conditions of this study, Limousin cattle exhibited higher superovulatory responses and embryo production than HF cattle, although breed-specific protocol optimization remains necessary.
This study aims to formulate a market share enhancement strategy for broiler feed in the Jabodetabek region using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). A survey was conducted with 68 PT NH customers in the Jabodetabek region as respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and IPA. The results indicated that competitive pricing (Gap: +1.25), distribution availability (Gap: +1.20), and feed variety (Gap: +0.51) were the key priority attributes requiring improvement. In contrast, after-sales service, feed quality, and nutritional content were in the "Keep Up the Good Work" quadrant. The strategic recommendations derived from the IPA mapping include price restructuring through volume-based discounts and price matching guarantees, distribution network optimization through buffer stock points in Bekasi and Bogor with real-time inventory tracking, and product portfolio expansion through specialized formulations for different broiler growth phases. The implementation of these strategies, prioritizing resource reallocation from low-impact Quadrant D attributes (promotion programs) to critical Quadrant A attributes, is projected to increase market share by 15–20 percent through improved customer satisfaction while simultaneously reducing unnecessary promotional expenditures. This study fills three critical gaps in existing literature: (1) the absence of integrated multi-attribute analysis in feed marketing research, which has previously focused on single factors such as price or distribution in isolation; (2) the lack of attention to the unique logistical and operational characteristics of the Jabodetabek market, which differ fundamentally from other Indonesian regions; and (3) the limited attempts of previous studies to translate diagnostic IPA results into measurable, actionable implementation strategies with specific targets and timelines, rather than generic recommendations. The novelty of this research lies in its integration of IPA diagnostic results with concrete, time-bound strategic programs tailored specifically to the Jabodetabek context, combined with external market dynamics such as the 2026 soybean meal import policy shift and increasing competition from state-owned feed mills. Together, these contributions provide feed companies with a customer-centric, evidence-based framework for competitive positioning in Indonesia's most challenging poultry feed market.
An effective animal feed extension program is expected to support the development of the livestock sector and improve farmers’ welfare. This study aims to analyze farmers’ knowledge of animal feed processing as an outcome of an extension program and to identify the constraints faced in adopting feed processing technologies. The research was conducted at the Putrayasa Livestock Farmer Group in Tenganan Village, Karangasem Regency, Bali, Indonesia. A census method was applied, involving all 54 group members as respondents. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. The results show that farmers’ knowledge of animal feed processing is in the high category, with an average score of 4.06. This indicates that the extension program has been effective in improving farmers’ understanding of feed processing technologies. However, the adoption of these technologies remains limited. The main constraints identified include the inconsistent implementation of processed feed and financial limitations among farmers. These findings suggest that although extension programs are successful in increasing knowledge, additional efforts are required to enhance practical skills and address economic barriers to improve the adoption of feed processing technologies.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of avocado leaf extract (AE) and carrot leaf extract (CE) on the nutrient intake, growth performance, blood lipid profile, and fat deposition of broilers. Different concentrations of AE and CE were used in this study, namely 2.5% and 5%. T0 = 100% standard diet (control); T1 = 95% standard diet + 2.5% AE + 2.5% CE; T2= 92.5% standard diet + 5% AE + 2.5% CE; and T3 = 92.5% standard diet + 2.5% AE + 5% CE. One hundred one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to four groups with five replicates of five chickens each and were treated during the grower-finisher period, from 14 to 35 days of age. The results showed that up to 2.5% AE and CE in the diet increased protein intake, energy intake, carcass weight and percentage, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.05), but reduced feed conversion, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, abdominal fat weight, and the percentage of abdominal fat. Body weight was highest at 5% AE, while cholesterol and LDL levels were lowest at 5% CE (P<0.05). In conclusion, avocado and carrot leaf extract up to 2.5% significantly improved nutrient intake, growth performance, and blood profile, and reduced fat deposition in broilers.
This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinula edodes, and a consortium (Trametes versicolor + Phanerochaete chrysosporium) in enhancing the nutrient content and reducing the fiber fraction of fermented lemongrass waste. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. Using the completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, this study examined dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, NFE, ADF, NDF, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and methane emissions. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. This study concludes there is a numerical trend toward higher crude protein content in treatment P4 (Consortium; 5.51 ± 1.26) compared with the control (4.12 ± 0.32); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). However, in the fiber fraction analysis, the NDF content was lowest in the control group (59.68±0.34) compared to treatments P1, P2, P3, and P4. The control treatment exhibited the highest methane emission (7.1 × 10⁴ ppm), whereas the consortium treatment (P4) produced the lowest methane emission (2.96 × 10⁴ ppm). ANOVA revealed a significant effect of treatment on methane emissions (p = 0.009), and Duncan's multiple range test confirmed that the consortium treatment differed significantly from the control. The greatest reduction in the consortium treatment indicates a synergistic effect among the fungi in modifying the substrate, thereby more effectively suppressing methane formation.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sex and birth type on birth weight and linear body measurements of Saburai Goats at different age groups (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age). The study used secondary data from 76 Saburai Goats raised in Lampung Province. Data were obtained from farm records and included birth weight, chest circumference, body length, ear length, and withers height. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test to compare differences between groups. The results showed that male goats had significantly (P<0.05) higher birth weight (3.99 ± 1.62 kg) than females (2.76 ± 0.44 kg). In single births, male goats (5.26 ± 1.40 kg) had significantly (P<0.05) higher birth weight than females (3.79 ± 0.79 kg), while in twin births, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Birth weight in single births was significantly higher than in twin births for both sexes (P<0.05). Body size measurements, including chest circumference, body length, ear length, and withers height, were generally higher in males than in females across age groups. In conclusion, sex and birth type significantly affected the birth weight of Saburai goats, with males and single-born kids showing higher birth weight than females and twins, respectively. The independent t-test analysis revealed that the effect of sex on linear body measurements was parameter- and age-dependent. Specifically, body length and withers height were consistently greater in males across all age groups, while chest circumference and ear length showed significant differences between sexes only at certain ages. These findings suggest that sex and birth type are important factors to consider in selection and breeding programs for Saburai Goat.
The growing demand for sustainable protein sources in ruminant production systems has intensified scientific interest in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) as an alternative feed ingredient. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global scientific publications on the use of BSFL in ruminant nutrition. Bibliographic data were retrieved from the Scopus database for the period 2004–2025 and analysed using established bibliometric tools to assess publication trends, citation patterns, collaboration networks, source concentration, and thematic evolution. A total of 194 peer-reviewed documents were identified, published across 115 sources by 903 authors, with a mean of 6.0 authors per article and 36.08% international co-authorship. Publication output increased markedly over the past decade, indicating that BSFL research has emerged as a rapidly developing and multidisciplinary field. Thematic analysis revealed a clear transition from early studies centred on basic biology and waste bioconversion toward applied research addressing ruminant nutrition, feed efficiency, and sustainability. Source analysis further showed that although insect- and feed-specific journals dominate publication volume, environmental journals attract disproportionately higher citation intensity, suggesting that the field remains conceptually anchored in circular-economy frameworks rather than fully integrated into mainstream animal nutrition science.
Local feeds have the potential to be used as feed ingredients in poultry diets. This study was to evaluate the effects of local diets supplemented with ginger and turmeric meal and to compare with commercial broiler feeds. In total, 180 one-day-old broilers were assigned to 36 pens and kept for 5-7 weeks. The birds were fed experimental diets as follows control group (R1), the birds were fed as commercial diets, experimental diets were: local feed + 2% ginger (R2), local feed + 2% turmeric (R3), local feed + 1% ginger + 1% turmeric (R4) and slaughter age treatments: 5 weeks (P1), 6 weeks (P2), 7 weeks (P3) with 3 replicates. The results revealed no significant interaction between diet type and slaughter age. The inclusion of ginger and turmeric meal in local diets resulted in a significant (P<0.05) enhancement of immunity, evidenced by increased sizes of immune organs, ventriculus, small intestine, and caecum compared to commercial diets. However, these dietary treatments significantly reduced rectal temperature and respiration rate. Differences in the slaughter age of chicken (5, 6, and 7 weeks) were significantly increased rectal temperature and respiration rate but significantly decreased immune organ sizes and visceral organs weights. This study concludes that the inclusion of 1% ginger and 1% turmeric meal in local diets (R4) offers a more efficient formulation, as it utilizes lower levels of additives while still yielding favourable outcomes. This dietary strategy enhanced immune organ development and visceral organ weights in broiler chickens, despite the general trend of increasing age being associated with elevated rectal temperature and respiration rate. Furthermore, based on physiological, immunological, and visceral organ parameters, the optimal slaughter age for broiler chickens fed local diets supplemented with ginger and turmeric meal (R2, R3, and R4) was determined to be 5 weeks (P1)
This study aimed to examine the characteristics of goat farmers in the implementation of Good Farming Practices (GFP) in dryland areas. The study was conducted in the Biboki Anleu, North Bikomi, and North Insana sub-districts of North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, from June to August 2024. Data were collected from 318 goat farmers with at least two years of farming experience. The study locations were selected through purposive sampling based on accessibility, the highest goat population, and proximity to the border area. The survey method involved direct field interviews and observations of goat husbandry practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. The results showed that the average age of the farmers was 47.74 years, and their primary occupation was farming. The majority were male, had completed only elementary school, and had received minimal training or extension services; their average farming experience was 9.69 years. The average herd size was 9.90 goats. However, the adoption of GFP among the farmers was notably low. In conclusion, the study indicated that the characteristics of goat farmers in the study area reflected limited resources and knowledge, which contributed to the inadequate adoption of GFP.
This study assessed the production performance, economics, and egg quality of laying hens fed with 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% Black Soldier Fly larval meal oil or maggot meal oil (MMO). Forty-eight Hy-Line Brown hens (50–60 weeks old) were allocated to four treatments (three replicates of four hens) in a completely randomized design over 30 days. Feed intake, hen-day production (HDP), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and income over feed cost (IOFC) were measured, alongside external and internal egg quality. MMO inclusion up to 12% did not significantly alter feed intake, HDP, or FCR (P > 0.05), though 8% MMO yielded the highest intake (120.1 g/head/day) and HDP (93.8%), and 12% MMO achieved the best FCR (1.13). IOFC rose at an MMO level, peaking at Rp 45,340 for 12% MMO. All egg quality traits, including shape index, weight, shell strength, air-cell depth, albumen and yolk indices, and Haugh Units, remained within Grade A standards. These results indicate that MMO can be used up to 12% of the diet without compromising production or egg quality while improving economic returns, and this study recommends an inclusion of 8% MMO to optimize production efficiency and profitability.
This study examined the effects of turmeric–ginger flour supplementation on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens as a natural substitute for synthetic feed additives. The research was motivated by two major challenges in poultry production: the high cost of feed, which contributes to about 60–70% of total expenses, and the growing concern over antibiotic resistance. One hundred one-day-old Lohmann MB Platinum broilers were randomly divided into five groups, each with four replications, receiving 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% supplementation levels. The birds were raised for 35 days in open cages with free access to feed and water. At the end of the trial, intestinal digesta from the duodenum to the ileum were collected, frozen at −70 °C, and analyzed using spectrophotometric methods to measure amylase, protease, and lipase activities with substrates including 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, azocasein, and Tris buffer systems. Results showed a significant dose-dependent increase (P < 0.01) in enzyme activity. The 0.8% treatment yielded the highest values: 105.90 ± 1.05 U/g for amylase, 421.42 ± 6.96 U/g for protease, and 260.70 ± 5.71 U/g for lipase, indicating enhanced digestive performance and nutrient utilization in broilers.
The sustainability of livestock production systems is influenced by environmental, economic, and social conditions, as well as technological advancements. In Sumba, Indonesia, livestock is not only an economic asset but also a symbol of social status, integral to various traditional rituals. This study aimed to identify local livestock production systems and examine the role of culture in their sustainability across three agroecosystem zones: Kodi, Wewewa, and Loura. The research employed a structured survey methodology based on the Livestock On-Farm Trials method and involving 420 farmers. Results show that Sumba's livestock production systems apply an integrated crop- agro-pastoral, kaliwo agroforestry-livestock system, also rangeland-based, predominating in Loura. Socio-cultural aspects strongly influence livestock practices, with sources of capital stemming from agricultural revenues (dry-land and rice fields), kaliwo agroforestry, family inheritance, livestock barter, profit-sharing arrangements, and surplus animals from wedding dowries and other cultural ritual ceremonies. Feed resources are primarily derived from cultivated dry-land and kaliwo agroforestry. Livestock are primarily raised for cultural, ceremonial, and ritual purposes, including funerals, wedding dowries, and the pasola festival, as well as for income and education support. Preservation of local wisdom and socio-cultural values is crucial to advancing sustainable livestock production in Southwest Sumba.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of drinking water quality improvement on broiler chicken performance at CV Dua Warna Perkasa. The research employed a comparative observational study design with a pre-post intervention approach, utilizing data collected from three commercial farms before and after the implementation of a comprehensive water quality improvement program. Parameters observed included mortality rate, average body weight (ABW), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Feed Efficiency (FE), and Performance Index (IP). Water quality was assessed through microbiological analysis of samples collected from the source, storage tank, and nipple points, compared against SNI 6488:2019 and Cobb-Vantress 2020 standards. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, and Spearman's correlation. The results showed significant improvements (p < 0.001) in all performance parameters after water quality treatment. Mortality rates decreased from 12.00% to 3.77% in Dendi Farm, 10.61% to 3.49% in Endin Farm, and 13.65% to 3.58% in Noh B Farm. Average body weight (ABW) increased significantly in all farms, while FCR improved from an average of 1.731 to 1.496. The Performance Index showed remarkable improvement from an average of 301 to 449, with Cohen's d effect size of 9.42 (very large). Correlation analysis revealed a very strong relationship between water quality and production performance (Spearman's rho = 0.836-0.867; p < 0.05). The study concludes that water quality management is a critical factor in broiler production efficiency and health maintenance, with significant implications for farm profitability through improved feed efficiency and reduced mortality.
Stunting syndrome in broilers is a growth disorder characterized by reduced feed efficiency, slow weight gain, and higher mortality, often caused by digestive disturbances and poor nutrient absorption. Moringa oleifera leaves are rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, making them a potential natural supplement to enhance growth and health in stunted chickens. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on the growth performance of broilers experiencing stunting syndrome. A total of 100 one-day-old broiler chicks diagnosed with stunting syndrome were reared for five weeks and assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0, 4, 6, 8, and 10% Moringa oleifera leaf meal in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications, each consisting of five birds. Parameters observed included feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index, and mortality rate. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that Moringa oleifera supplementation had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on feed consumption, body weight gain, performance index, and mortality, but no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed conversion ratio. It can be concluded that the dietary inclusion of 8–10% Moringa oleifera leaf meal effectively improves growth performance and survival rate in stunting-affected broilers.
This study examines the impact of Indonesia's corn import ban on production costs and feed prices in the feedmill industry. Using a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, we analyzed monthly time-series data from January 2020 to August 2025 (68 observations) obtained from the Indonesian Feedmill Association (GPMT) and Statistics Indonesia (BPS), and conducted in-depth interviews with five key industry stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using multiple regression with the Cochrane-Orcutt transformation to correct for autocorrelation, log-log regression models to estimate elasticity, and descriptive statistics with volatility measures to assess seasonal patterns. Interview data were transcribed, coded using thematic analysis, and triangulated with the quantitative findings. The results show that the import ban significantly increased feed production costs, raising broiler feed costs by IDR 78.28/kg and layer feed costs by IDR 69.84/kg. Feed prices were highly inelastic to corn price changes, with elasticity coefficients of 0.030 for broiler feed and 0.064 for layer feed. The policy also increased volatility in corn availability and prices during off-harvest seasons (January–April and October–November). These findings suggest that although the policy aims to protect domestic corn farmers, it imposes substantial cost pressures on the downstream feed industry, underscoring the need for policy approaches that balance upstream and downstream interests.
The lack of high-quality feed remains a critical global challenge that demands that demands long¬term, sustainable solutions. Ensiling has emerged as a key strategy for preserving forage; yet significant challenges persist, particularly regarding nutrient losses and aerobic spoilage during storage. Poor silage quality not only reduces the net nutritional value of the feed but also adversely affects herd health and productivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in silage technology, focusing on the pivotal role of additives in enhancing fermentation dynamics, preserving essential nutrients, and maintaining post-opening aerobic stability. The biochemical profile of the feedstock significantly dictates the specific requirement for additives, ranging from water-soluble carbohydrate sources and bacterial inoculants to chemical enzymes and organic acids. Unlike previous literature that predominantly focuses on temperate forages, this study highlights the integration of underutilized tropical biomass resources, such as cassava leaves and oil palm fronds. Furthermore, it explores novel biotechnological interventions, including microencapsulation and multi-omics technologies, which offer innovative pathways to optimize additive efficiency. By bridging conventional conservation practices with advanced molecular tools, this study highlights the potential of silage additives to provide a sustainable, resilient, and region-specific feed supply for the modern livestock sector.
This study aimed to determine the quality of cattle manure compost with the addition of various peatland vegetation plants. The study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of five treatments with four replications, namely P1 (Stenochlaena palustris), P2 (Dryopteris sp.), P3 (Hymenachne amplexicaulis), P4 (Eleocharis dulcis), and P5 (Imperata cylindrica). The observed parameters included the physical and chemical properties of compost. Data on physical properties were descriptively analyzed, while chemical properties were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test when significant differences were found among treatments. The results showed that composts P1 and P2 exhibited changes in color, smell, and texture. Compost P3 showed only a color change. Composts P4 and P5 showed changes in color and smell. Final compost temperature ranged from 28.50 to 28.88°C. The addition of peatland vegetation significantly affected pH, organic C, total N, and C/N ratio (P<0.01).
The thawing method is a crucial stage in the semen freezing process because it determines the quality of spermatozoa post-thawing. This study aims to evaluate the effect of thawing temperature and duration on the quality of frozen Bali cattle semen in CEP diluent. Semen was collected from a Bali bull at the Singosari Artificial Insemination Center, added to CEP diluent, and frozen. It was then thawed using three temperature variations (37°C, 30°C, and 25°C) and two durations (30 and 60 seconds) in a 3x2 factorial completely randomized design. Post-thawing evaluation included motility, viability, and membrane integrity analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's test. The results showed that thawing temperature significantly affected all parameters (P<0.05). A temperature of 37°C produced the highest motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Thawing duration significantly affected motility and membrane integrity, with the best results obtained at 30 seconds. There was no significant interaction between thawing temperature and duration, but the combination of 37°C and 30 seconds produced the best post-thawing motility (56.67±2.89). An optimal thawing combination was identified, with temperature and duration independently affecting sperm quality, offering practical guidelines for Bali cattle artificial insemination programs.
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in local Indonesian sheep based on the rearing system and animal age. Fecal samples were taken transrectally from lamb (<8 months) and adult sheep (>1 year), which were reared intensively and semi-intensively, each with a total of 25 samples. Furthermore, the fecal samples were processed using the floating method with a saturated salt solution (NaCl). Fecal Egg Counting (FEC), larvae, and nematode types were carried out microscopically in the Universal Whitlock counting chamber. The general linear model (GLM) analyzed the data with 95% confidence and continued with Tukey's test if interactions between factors were found. The results showed that the rearing system or age of the sheep did not have a significant influence and did not show an interaction (p>0.05) on the FEC. However, the average FEC of sheep reared semi-intensively, both in lambs and adult sheep, respectively, tended to be higher than in those reared intensively (898.75±280.36 vs 469.09±120.40 and 692.50±220.57 vs 513.00±106.88). It can be concluded that the semi-intensive rearing system and lambs are more susceptible to Gastrointestinal Nematode (GIN) infections if they are not accompanied by good rearing management, and the dominant type of worm found in sheep feces is Strongyloides spp.
This study aims to describe the Libyan chicken breed and its origin, and to evaluate its potential for the development of a new Libyan local chicken breed with high genetic quality and productivity. A qualitative research design has been implemented to carry out this research with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection was done by reviewing scholarly literature from scientific journals, academic books, and credible online databases. This research analyzed previous studies to determine patterns that outline the genetic potentials, challenges, and opportunities in breeding programs for enhancing the productivity and resilience of Libyan local chickens. The results showed that the indigenous chicken varieties of Libya, such as Gallus gallus, Baladi or El-Balad, and Hypeco, are essential to the nation's agricultural and culinary traditions. These varieties are hardy and ideal for rural and semi-urban locations with limited access to contemporary farming infrastructure. This study's findings highlight Hypeco's potential as a top contender for the creation of a new breed of locally grown chickens in Libya with superior genetic quality and productivity. In the face of issues with food security, their resilience to intense heat, limited feed supply, and limited water supplies makes them priceless assets. A lack of effective farming methods, contemporary breeding procedures, and the required infrastructure limits these local hens' production and economic viability. These local hens' production and economic viability are limited by a lack of effective farming methods, contemporary breeding procedures, and the required infrastructure. Building infrastructure to assist the regional poultry business should also be a priority. This entails expanding access to veterinary care, storage facilities, water, and high-quality feed.
