Objective To analyze the current status of bone mineral density(BMD)in women with early menopause and explore the correlations between BMD with age,body mass index(BMI),total body fat mass,spinal fat mass,femoral fat mass,follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),estradiol(E2),and testosterone(T).Methods A total of 106 women with early menopause,who first visited the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology,Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University from January 2023 to May 2025,were recruited after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The spinal BMD,femoral BMD,total body fat mass,femoral fat mass,and spinal fat mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA).The age,height,and weight of the patients were recorded,and serum levels of FSH,E2,and T were measured.Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlations between spinal and femoral BMD and age,FSH,E2,T,BMI,total body fat content,femoral fat content,and spinal fat content.The patients were divided into three groups based on BMD:normal bone mass,osteopenia,and osteoporosis.Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare BMI,fat content,age,FSH,E2,and T levels among the three groups.Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparisons of significant differences.Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the influencing factors for femoral BMD T-score.Results Among the 106 patients with early menopause,30(28.3%)had normal bone mass,64(60.4%)had osteopenia,and 12(11.3%)had osteoporosis,with an average age of(43.99±0.16)years.Femoral BMD was positively correlated with BMI,total body fat mass,and spinal fat mass(all P<0.05).No significant differences were found in femoral fat mass,age,FSH,and T levels among the different bone mass groups,but,BMI,total body fat mass,spinal fat mass,and E2 were significantly different(P<0.05).BMI,total body fat mass,spinal fat mass and E2 were significantly higher in the normal bone mass group compared to the osteopenia group(P<0.05).The BMI of the normal bone mass group was significantly higher than that of the osteoporosis group(P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that FSH were influencing factors for femoral BMD T-scores(P<0.05).Conclusion The osteoporosis is more prevalent in women with early menopause.Femoral BMD is positively correlated with BMI,total body fat mass and spinal fat content.Elevated FSH is a risk factor for reduced femoral BMD T-score.Attention should be paid to the risk of osteoporosis in women with early menopause,and individualized treatment plans should be developed to reduce the prevalence of osteoporosis.
目的 探讨中老年人血液常见氨基酸水平与早期轻度脑白质疏松症（leukoaraiosis，LA）的关系及其对轻度LA的筛查诊断价值。方法 本研究纳入2020年8月至2021年11月因头晕或头痛等主诉于锦州医科大学附属第一医院神经内科住院的患者，根据头颅磁共振检查结果入组21例非LA患者和31例轻度LA患者，使用串联质谱法采集患者23种血液氨基酸代谢物水平，比较两组患者血液氨基酸水平差异，使用Logistic 回归分析模型和受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线研究轻度LA的独立危险因素以及血液氨基酸水平对轻度LA的筛查诊断价值。结果 年龄、冠状功脉粥样硬化性心脏病史、酪氨酸和缬氨酸水平在两组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归表示，年龄（OR=1.232，95%CI: 1.068~1.420）和缬氨酸水平（OR=1.059，95%CI: 1.009~1.111）是轻度LA的独立危险因素，年龄增长和缬氨酸水平升高，发生轻度LA的风险增加。ROC曲线分析结果表明，年龄和缬氨酸筛查轻度LA的最佳截断值分别是58.5岁和96.305 μmol/L，ROC曲线下面积分别为0.710（95%CI: 0.565~0.856，P<0.05）和0.674（95%CI: 0.509~0.840，P<0.05）。结论 血液中常见氨基酸水平变化与早期轻度LA具有相关性，年龄增长和缬氨酸水平升高是影响轻度LA的独立危险因素，两者在筛查轻度LA方面具有一定的临床价值。
目的 探讨老年肺癌患者行单孔胸腔镜下肺叶或肺段切除术后并发症发生的危险因素。方法 纳入2020年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学宣武医院胸外科行单孔胸腔镜肺叶或肺段切除手术的≥60岁的387例老年肺癌患者作为研究对象，平均年龄67.5±5.1（60~87）岁，其中男性171例（44.2%），女性216例（55.8%）。对老年肺癌患者的术后并发症进行分析，评估老年肺癌患者行单孔胸腔镜肺段或肺叶切除术后并发症发生的危险因素。结果 387例患者中共有66例(17.1%)术后出现并发症，其中1例(0.3%)患者死亡。单因素及多因素分析显示：男性（P=0.020）、第1秒用力呼气容积（forced expiratory volume in the first second，FEV1）<1.5 L(P=0.017)、一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比（diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide as a percentage of the predicted value，DLCO%pred）<80%(P=0.016)、伴有肺部合并症病史(P<0.001)、脑卒中病史(P<0.001) 、手术时长≥3 h（P=0.018）为术后出现并发症的独立预测因素。而伴有肺部合并症病史(P<0.001)及手术时长≥3 h(P=0.002)是术后出现肺部并发症的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 老年肺癌患者可能因肺部合并症、低肺功能、手术时间等出现术后并发症，因此术前应充分评估老年肺癌患者的生理情况。通过加强围术期管理降低术后并发症的发生率，降低术后并发症对老年肺癌患者行单孔胸腔镜手术治疗效果的影响。
自杀是个体蓄意或自愿采取各种手段结束自己生命的行为。全球年自杀死亡率约为16/100,000，即每年大约有703,000人死于自杀，是人类死亡的首位原因。自杀多发生于精神疾病患者中，最常见的为抑郁症。研究抑郁症自杀行为发生的机制对于制定从自杀意念到自杀行为的预防措施可提供重要的数据支持。自杀行为发生的相关因素包括社会、心理、生物遗传等多种相关因素，本文旨在针对抑郁症自杀行为的生物学机制包括与自杀行为相关的磁共振研究，与自杀行为相关的神经认知研究，以及机器学习、生态瞬时评价及数字表型研究进展进行综述，以期为开发自杀风险早期识别指标提供借鉴。
目的 探讨伴非自杀性自伤（non-suicidal self-injury，NSSI）行为的青少年心境障碍患者发生自杀未遂（suicide attempt，SA）与下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺（hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid,HPT）轴功能和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA）轴功能改变的相关性。方法 选取2020年12月至2022年5月在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院住院的近1年有NSSI史的13～19岁青少年心境障碍患者进行横断面调查，根据近一年是否存在SA将患者分为非SA组和SA组。根据SA发生的时间段（1个月）将SA组患者分为近期SA和既往SA。收集患者临床特征、甲状腺功能［游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（free triiodothyronine,FT3）、游离甲状腺素（free thyroxine,FT4）、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸（total triiodothyronine,TT3）、总甲状腺素（total thyroxine,TT4）、促甲状腺激素（thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH）及促肾上腺皮质激素（adrenocorticotropin,ACTH）、皮质醇(cortisol,CORT)］水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析SA的影响因素。结果 共入组79例伴NSSI青少年心境障碍患者，其中49例（62.03%）发生SA，其中29例（59.18%）患者为近1个月内发生SA。单因素分析显示，SA组和非SA组患者在首次发病年龄、性别、教育水平方面差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。近期SA组患者和既往SA组患者在年龄、TSH、ACTH水平存在差异（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示，女性（P=0.027，OR=2.941，95%CI：1.131-7.649）是患者发生SA的独立危险因素，ACTH水平降低（P=0.043，OR=1.019，95%CI：1.001-1.037）是近期发生SA的相关因素。结论 女性伴NSSI青少年心境障碍患者易发生SA，ACTH水平低是近期发生SA的危险因素。
心肌纤维化是众多心血管疾病共同的基础病理改变，与心脏不良预后密切相关。目前临床上评价心肌纤维化的技术存在有创、特异性欠佳、无法早期诊断等不足。近年来，靶向活化成纤维细胞的核素显像因其在检测心肌纤维化以及在评估疾病进展和治疗反应方面的潜力而受到人们的关注。本文结合现有研究，重点介绍其应用现状、优势和局限性，探讨其在心血管疾病中的前景，旨在为进一步推动靶向活化成纤维细胞的核素显像在心血管疾病中的应用提供参考和启示。
探讨青少年心境障碍（mood disorder，MD）患者伴有自杀未遂（suicide attempt，SA）的影响因素。方法 采取横断面调查方式，招募2022年8月3日至2023年9月25日在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院儿童青少年病房住院的105例青少年MD患者纳入研究，并根据是否存在SA，分为SA组（n=41）和非SA组（n=64）。收集患者的一般人口学资料，采用抑郁症筛查量表(Patient Health Questionnare 9-item Scale,PHQ-9）、广泛性焦虑问卷（Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale,GAD-7）、儿童期创伤问卷（Childhood Truama Questinnaire,CTQ）、Barratt冲动性量表(Barratt Impulsiveness Scale,BIS-11)中文版进行临床症状评估，并采用χ2/t检验对上述因素进行差异性分析，随后对差异有统计学意义的因素采用多因素Logistic回归对SA的相关因素进行分析。结果 SA的发生率为39%（41/105），其中女性为42.5%（37/87），男性为22.2%（4/18）。单因素分析结果显示，女性、母亲受教育程度低更容易出现SA（P均<0.05），SA组患者在PHQ-9总分、GAD-7总分、情感忽视及躯体忽视的比例均高于非SA组（P均<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示，焦虑（OR=1.246，95%CI：1.048 ~ 1.480，P=0.013）、母亲受教育程度低（OR=1.522，95%CI：1.040 ~ 2.229，P=0.031）是青少年MD患者伴有SA的危险因素。结论 青少年MD患者SA发生率较高，伴有焦虑症状和母亲受教育程度低是发生SA的危险因素。
目的 分析老年抑郁症（late life depression,LLD）患者认知功能对自杀观念的影响。方法 入组2021年1月至2022年12月在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院门诊和住院的LLD患者共103例，按照近2周有无自杀观念（包括自杀观念和自杀未遂），将其分为无自杀倾向组（n=37例）和自杀倾向组（n=66例）。收集患者的一般人口学资料，采用重复成套神经心理状态测量表(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status，RBANS)评定患者认知功能。采用Logistic回归对各相关因素进行分析。结果 自杀倾向组［RBANS总分（137.26±28.78）、即刻记忆（22.39±7.47）、词汇学习（16.02± 4.59）］和无自杀倾向组［RBANS总分（150.00±25.53）、即刻记忆（26.41±6.74）、词汇学习（18.43±4.18）］的RBANS总分、即刻记忆、词汇学习差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；Logistics回归分析结果显示，词汇学习(OR=0.012，P=0.012)、首次发病年龄（OR=1.036，P=0.024）均是LLD患者自杀倾向的危险因素。结论 词汇学习能力越差、首次发病年龄越大提示患者自杀风险越高，可能为自杀风险的早期识别指标。
药理研究表明白芍具有抗炎、免疫调节、保肝、镇痛等作用，在临床上白芍及白芍总苷常用于治疗自身免疫性疾病。随着白芍及白芍总苷在抗炎和免疫调节中的作用机制逐步被认识，它们在免疫相关性、炎症性皮肤病中的临床应用得到了不断扩展，通过抗炎、免疫调节和抗氧化等机制在增效减毒、降低疾病复发率方面发挥重要作用。现本文对白芍及白芍总苷治疗免疫相关性、炎症性皮肤病的作用及机制的研究进展进行综述，为其深入研究提供依据。
探讨癫痫发作诱发非创伤性脊椎骨折的临床特点，以提高临床医师对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月至2023年1月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院收治的癫痫发作诱发非创伤性脊椎骨折患者的临床资料。结果 共发现4例癫痫发作致非创伤性脊椎骨折患者，均为男性，平均年龄为36.3岁。其中3例为上中胸椎多发压缩性骨折，1例为腰椎多发压缩性骨折。最常见的临床症状为局部疼痛，疼痛性质及部位均不典型。75%患者存在延迟诊断，仅1例患者骨折后行骨密度检测。保守或手术治疗后，所有患者均达到完全康复。结论 癫痫发作诱发的非创伤性脊椎骨折好发于青中年男性，常见类型为胸腰椎压缩性骨折。此类特殊骨折的症状和体征不典型，容易漏诊、误诊。获取完整病史，进行全面检查包括脊椎影像学检查对该病诊断至关重要。控制癫痫发作是首要预防措施，慢性癫痫患者应考虑骨密度检查，必要时可适当补充钙和维生素D预防骨折发生。
Objective To investigate the predictive value of endometrium-related indicators assessed by three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound(3D-TVUS)on pregnancy outcome after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis(HA).Methods A total of 278 patients who underwent HA for fertility purposes at the Fuxing Hospital,Capital Medical University,from June 2020 to February 2022 were included in this study.In the mid-luteal phase,3D-TVUS was performed to assess endometrial thickness,endometrial volume,and blood flow indices.Postoperative follow-up was conducted to evaluate uterine cavity and pregnancy outcomes.Based on the pregnancy outcome,patients were divided into a pregnancy group and a non-pregnancy group.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the factors influencing clinical pregnancy.The predictive value of these factors for clinical pregnancy was evaluated by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.Results Among the 278 included patients,8 cases were lost to follow-up.Clinical pregnancy was achieved in 143 cases,while 4 cases experienced ectopic pregnancy and 123 cases did not achieve pregnancy.Multivariate analysis revealed that postoperative American Fertility Society(AFS)score,endometrial thickness,and volume were independent factors influencing clinical pregnancy(P<0.05).The Logistic regression model for predicting pregnancy after HA had an area under the curve of 0.827,a Youden index of 58.5%,sensitivity of 74.8%,and specificity of 83.7%.The optimal cutoff values for postoperative endometrial thickness and endometrial volume were 6.22 mm and 1.42 mL,respectively.Conclusion Postoperative AFS score,endometrial thickness,and volume were found to be predictive factors for pregnancy outcomes following hysteroscopic adhesion separation.They can serve as reference indices for patients in their postoperative pregnancy planning and assistive treatment decisions.
Objective To develop a non-invasive,accurate,convenient,and widely applicable intelligent diagnostic system to diagnose simultaneously liver fibrosis,inflammation,and steatosis of chronic liver disease(CLD).Methods This study is based on multimodal ultrasound imaging data from CLD patients,including two-dimensional B-mode ultrasound images,two-dimensional shear wave elastography,transient elastography data,and the corresponding original radio-frequency data.Quantitative ultrasound methods were used to extract multimodal features from these multimodal data,and the results of ultrasound-guided liver biopsy were used as the gold standard.Support vector machine(SVM)was used to construct an intelligent grading diagnosis system for CLD in a binary-classification manner.Results The proposed method achieves high the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)area under the curve(AUC)of 0.81,0.80,0.89,0.87 for the classification of fibrosis grade≥F1,≥F2,≥F3≥F4,and 0.80,0.93,0.93 for inflammation≥A2,≥A3,≥A4,and 0.75,0.92 for steatosis≥S1,≥S2.Conclusion The results indicated that the proposed method showed potential expected to be promoted to clinical applications.
[编者按] 王晓民,男,二级教授,博士生导师. 1982 年毕业于中国医科大学医疗系,获学士学位;1988 年毕业于大连医科大学病理生理学系,获硕士学位;1993 年获博士学位(北京医科大学和德国慕尼黑大学生理学研究所联合培养).
Objective To evaluate the mechanical properties of supraspinatus tendons in hemodialysis patients with high frame rate sound touch elastography(HiFR STE).Methods Forty-six patients who routinely underwent hemodialysis at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College,as well as twenty three fit volunteers,were selected for the study.Patients on hemodialysis were divided into two groups based on their median dialysis duration(74.5 months):the shorter dialysis duration group and the prolonged dialysis duration group[49.00(14.00,69.00)vs 91.00(78.00,122.00)].Two-dimensional ultrasound and HiFR STE imaging were performed using a Mindray Resona R9 Pro ultrasound diagnostic instrument and an L15-3Wu line array probe.The supraspinatus tendon thickness and the mean of Young's modulus(Emean)were measured and compared between hemodialysis patients with varying durations of dialysis and healthy controls.Additionally,the sonographic characteristics of the shoulder joint were observed,including bone destruction,synovial hypertrophy,and joint effusion.Results The differences in supraspinatus tendon thickness and Emean values among healthy control group,shorter dialysis age group and longer dialysis age group were statistically significant(P<0.001),with the supraspinatus tendon thickness(5.73±0.70)mm,(6.57±0.93)mm and(6.80±0.84)mm,respectively.The result of two-by-two comparisons showed that the supraspinatus tendons thickness were thicker in both groups of hemodialysis patients with differing dialysis durations than in controls(P<0.05).HiFR STE results showed that their Emean values was(61.27±21.64)kPa、(42.56±25.30)kPa and(31.13±17.40)kPa,respectively.The result of two-by-two comparisons showed that the Emean value of supraspinatus tendons was significantly lower in dialysis patients than in controls,and the incidence of bone erosion and synovial thickening were statistically significant among the three groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Supraspinatus tendons in hemodialysis patients thickened and showed decreased mechanical properties.Quantitative evaluation of supraspinatus tendon elasticity in hemodialysis patients based on the Emean measured by the HiFR STE can provide objective evidence for clinical screening of potential group of rotator cuff tears.
Objective To elucidate the impact of prenatal stress(PS)on evoked expression of c-Fos in select emotion-related brain areas.Methods An experimental model of maternal exposure to chronic restraint stress in rats was employed as PS model.Subsequently,we assessed c-Fos and NeuN staining by immunofluorescence staining method in various brain regions of PS offspring rats,including the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),basolateral amygdala(BLA),ventral hippocampus(VH),and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(vlPAG).Results Our findings revealed a significant decrease in the density and proportion of c-Fos positive neurons in the mPFC and BLA regions of PS-exposed offspring compared to control offspring.The density of c-Fos positive neurons in the VH region reduced in PS-exposed offspring,while no change was observed in the vlPAG region.Conclusion Our results indicated that PS induced a decreased density of stress-sensitive neurons in mPFC,BLA and VH brain regions,suggesting a potential underlying mechanism for the observed behavioral changes.
Objective To study the effect of combination of high fat diet(HFD)induced obesity and low dose persistent organic pollutants 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)on liver lipid metabolism.Methods By 2×2 factorial design,the effects of combination of HFD and low dose TCDD(10 ng·kg-1·d-1)on liver lipid metabolism in obesity-prone(OP)10-week-old female rats were studied.The four groups of experimental animals were:the group treated with no TCDD in chow diet(Cont+TCDD 0),the group treated with low dose TCDD in chow diet(Cont+TCDD 10),and the group high fat diet without TCDD(HFD+TCDD 0)and high fat diet group treated with low dose TCDD(HFD+TCDD 10).Lipid deposition in liver was observed by oil red O staining.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in liver were determined by enzyme method.mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in liver was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Results The body weight of rats in Cont+TCDD 0 group,Cont+ TCDD 10 group,HFD+TCDD 0 group and HFD+TCDD 10 group were(301.29±18.47)g,(312.16±20.45)g,(358.20±27.11)g and(373.83±26.50)g,respectively(F=7.43,P<0.01),liver oil red O positive area ratios were(1.26±0.16)%,(1.66±0.50)%,(9.06±1.54)%,(32.56±2.66)%(F=11.32,P<0.01),liver SOD activity were(1.54±0.06)U/mg,(1.41±0.15)U/mg,(1.25±0.08)U/mg and(0.76±0.11)U/mg(F=4.31,P<0.05),respectively.Liver GSH-PX activity were Liver GSH-PX activity were(1 511.00±69.30)U/mg,(1 409.00±60.81)U/mg,(1 232.00±65.05)U/mg and(965.00±83.44)U/mg(F=3.91,P<0.05).The interaction analysis of the above indexes suggested that the combination of high fat diet and low dose TCDD resulted in synergistic increases in the body weight(F=6.33,P<0.05)and liver fat accumulation(F=12.51,P<0.01)of obese-prone female SD rats,and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD in liver(F=4.15,P<0.05)and GSH-PX enzyme activity(F=3.97,P<0.05)were decreased synergistically.Analysis on mRNA expression levels of 12 genes related to lipid metabolism in liver showed that high fat diet combined with low dose TCDD increased adipose lipase(Atgl)(F=3.69,P<0.05),mRNA expression of cluster of differentiation 36(CD36)(F=5.58,P<0.01),inhibited the mRNA expression of hormone sensitive lipase(Hsl)(F=4.01,P<0.05),and there was no significant difference in the expression of other 9 genes(P>0.05).Conclusion The combination of high fat diet and low dose TCDD can synergistically increase the abnormal liver lipid metabolism in female obesity-prone female SD rats.
Objective To study the effects of new bone allogeneic repair on physiological and biochemical indexes of the tested animals.Methods Male New Zealand rabbits were used to construct the animal model of bone injury,and 60 rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group,control group and blank control group.At the outer edge of proximal femur,the bone defect with a depth of about 1 mm was prepared by precision grinding mechanism with a diameter of 4 mm ball head.In the experimental group and control group,the left femoral defect was filled with cortical bone particles,and the right femoral defect was filled with cancellous bone fragments.Animals in the blank group underwent the same operation as described above without any material filling.Blood samples were collected at 1,4,8 and 12 weeks after operation,and blood routine and blood biochemical examination were performed.Results One week after surgery,the weight of animals in both groups decreased slightly,and one week later,most of the experimental animals showed an increasing trend.However,there was no significant difference in body weight change among all groups in each experimental period(P>0.05).The results of blood routine test showed that the implant had no adverse effect on the blood system and hematopoietic function of the animals.The results of biochemical examination suggest that the implantation of the test product may have some effects on the biochemical reaction and metabolism of the recipient animal,but this is still a adaptive reaction of the body and does not cause pathological effects.Conclusion This type of allograft bone has no adverse effects on the body weight,blood routine and biochemical indexes of the tested animals,and is a safe implant repair material.
Objective To investigate the effects of lysine-specific demethylase 1(Lsd1)in the development and activation of regulatory T cells(Treg).Methods Thymi,spleens,and lymph nodes were isolated from control and T cell-specific Lsd1 conditional knockout(Lsd1fl/flLck-Cre)mice.The numbers and proportions of Tregs and the ratio changes of eTreg/cTreg were measured by flow cytometry.Results Compared with the control mice,the thymus indices and numbers of thymic CD4+ T cells decreased in the Lsd1 knockout mice,but the numbers and proportions of thymic Treg increased.In the spleen and lymph nodes,the proportions of Treg increased,so did the eTreg/cTreg ratio.Conclusion Conditional knockout of Lsd1 in T cells promotes the development of Tregs in the thymus and the activation of Tregs in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)is a type of circulating free DNA(cfDNA),which is released into the blood by apoptotic or necrotic tumor cells,or directly secreted by tumors.ctDNA carries tumor-specific genetic and epigenetic characteristics,including gene mutations,chromosome rearrangements,copy number variations,and methylation changes.ctDNA liquid biopsy technique has the advantages of easy operation,high repeatability and minimal invasion.ctDNA can be used to screen and diagnose early stage of digestive system tumor,guide treatment,monitor therapeutic effect,analyze postoperative residual lesions and prevent disease recurrence.This article discusses the biological characteristics,detection methods,and application of ctDNA in digestive system neoplasms.
