Chilly is a common spice crop grown in large quantities in South Asia. India produces 75% of the total chilly crop followed by Nepal at 8% and Bangladesh at 6%, where it is grown primarily by large and small-scale farmers. It can also be found in the kitchen garden. Disease and insect pests are the most significant factors affecting the production of the chilly crop. The viral disease represents a significant threat to chilly production. Recently, 68 viruses have been reported influencing the chilly crop all over the world. Chilly Leaf Curl Virus Disease, Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Potato Virus Y, Alfalfa Mosaic Virus, Pepper Vein Mottle Virus, Beet Curl Top Virus, and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus are among the 68 viruses belonging to seven genera namely, Begomovirus, Cucumovirus, Tobamovirus, Tospovirus, Potyvirus, Alfamovirus and Curtovirus. In chilly cultivation, yield losses vary from 15 to 100%, depending on the virus. This review article is an analysis providing of top ten viruses reported in Chilly, including their geographic range, yield losses, symptomatology, transmission and management in South Asian Countries.
Curcumagalactomannosides (CGM) is a novel bio-available formulation. This formulation was made from curcumin (CM) and it comprises with fenugreek derived dietary fibre composed of galactose and mannose units. In the current study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of CGM was compared with CM on carrageenaninduced acute model. The result indicated that the CGM showed the minimal dose with potent inhibitory effect than CM. CGM at 100 mg/kg bwt was found to be potent dose from carrageenan model. From the above data, we evaluated its anti-arthritic effect in adjuvant induced chronic arthritic model. Adult male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Normal control rats (NC); Adjuvant induced arthritic control rats (AA); AA+ CGM supplemented (100mg/kg bwt); AA+ indomethacin administrated (IND 3 mg/kg bwt) for 30 days. The activities of inflammatory markers, antioxidant enzymes, histopathology and radiology of rat paw tissue were analyzed. The result indicated that there was a significant increment in the levels of antioxidant enzymes on CGM supplementation. The up-regulated gene level expressions of inflammatory markers were down regulated by supplementation of CGM. Supplementation of CGM to arthritic rats significantly improved the histological findings in paw as evident by reduced the massive influx of polymorphonuclear cells infiltration and also CGM protects against excess soft tissue volume, degenerative joint changes, sub-chondral erosion and joint space narrowing by radiological analysis. This current study shows that novel bio-available formulation of curcumin as CGM has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in experimental arthritic model.
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important nosocomial pathogen worldwide, with two major Classes Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Aim To compare the distribution frequency and antimicrobial sensitivity of MRSA and MSSA S. aureus isolates in different clinical specimen from hospitalized Iraqi patients. Materials and Methods S. aureus isolates from clinical specimens were investigated in 203 hospitalizes patients with wide range of ages during the period from February to May 2017. API and Vitek were used for identification and a panel of antibiotics was used to define the antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates. Results The highest S. aureus isolates were from burn swab (35%), followed by urine specimen and blood samples with (30 and 26% respectively). MSSA isolates represents (57.5%) of the total and the rest was MRSA isolates (42.5%). MRSA isolates was higher in burns and wound specimens (485 and 13% respectively) whereas the MSSA isolates were higher in blood, urine and ear specimens (29%, 38% and 3.5% respectively). MRSA were multidrug resistance to 7 antibiotics in comparison to MSSA (only two antibiotics). Conclusion MSSA isolate are more common than MRSA in clinical specimens with variable proportions in different clinical specimens. Multidrug resistance was more evident among the MRSA than MSSA.
Objectives: In this review article, the authors carried out a study about the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, its challenges and current situation in worldwide. This study aimed to determine the morphological characters, genome sequence, symptoms and preventions. Methodology: The pandemic of COVID-19 has very substantial medical, economic and social consequences. The study was observed during the coronavirus outbreak from December 2019 to till date. In Wuhan, China December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections was found and it has been spreaded across China. Results: Coronavirus is a pandemic disease and appears major public health anxiety. This is the time to exercise restrains and caution. Whole world’s many governments, scholars and scientists are engaged for discover the proper treatment until we find the proper and right treatment for it we have to be careful to avoid infection. Conclusion: This paper included origin and morphology of the novel coronavirus and current scenario of disease, cause of disease, symptoms of disease and how to prevent from its infection. WHO officially stated the infection spreaded by a novel coronavirus and named it COVID-19. Presently, whole world is struggling with COVID-19 disease.
There are different sources of evidence associating host genes with viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, subsequent host immune response, and subsequent pathophysiology. Integrating these information sources may provide more comprehensive proof that certain genes and proteins are associated with main processes underlying disease mechanisms. In order to make educated judgements on novel treatments for use in model experiments and clinical trials, this is important.
Oral candidiasis are mycoses resulting from the overgrowth of yeasts of the Candida genus, represents a serious problem for patients with leukemia. The mortality rate of this infection has increased due to fungal septicemia, associated with a primary buccal infection. Objective: The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis in leukemia patients, identify the Candida spp. in buccal lesions, differentiate the factors that influence their development. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted over a four-months period from November 7, 2016 to March 2, 2017, including patients diagnosed with leukemia. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data from patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. The lesion sample was taken and studied by direct exam and culture on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol and Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Actidionne. The identification of the isolated yeast was done by the filamentation test, carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation. Results: 56 patients were included in this study. Most of the cases (48,21%) were positive to oral candidiasis Their average age was 33,86 years, they were mainly made up of men (64.28%). Candida, albicans was the most frequent species found (55,55%), followed by Candida. glabrata (22.22%), Candida tropicalis (14.81%) and Candida krusei (7,40%). The main contributing factor found was parenteral nutrition (55,55%), corticosteroid therapy (55,55%), antibiotherapy (37,03%), neutropenia (25,92%) and diabetes (11,11%). Conclusion: The results suggest that oral candidiasis is a frequent complication in the leukemia patients. C. albicans was the main etiological agent, however, there is an important participation of other Candida species.
A critical review has been carried out herein for correlating the phenomenon of internal flow choking (biofluid / Sanal flow choking (PMCID: PMC7267099)) and asymptomatic cardiovascular risk of COVID-19 patients. We show that when systolic-to-diastolic Blood-Pressure-Ratio (BPR) reaches the Lower-Critical-Hemorrhage-Index (LCHI) the internal flow choking could occur in the Cardiovascular System (CVS) with and without plaque/occlusion. The critical BPR for flow choking is uniquely regulating by the Biofluid/Blood-Heat-Capacity-Ratio (BHCR). The BHCR is well correlated with BPR, blood-viscosity and ejection-fraction. The closed-form analytical models reveal that the relatively high and the low blood-viscosity are Cardiovascular Risk (CVR) factors. In vitro data shows that nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases are predominant in fresh blood samples of the human being and Guinea-pig at a temperature range of 37-40 °C (98.6-104 F). In silico results demonstrated the occurrence of Sanalflow-choking at a critical BPR leading to shock wave generation and pressure-overshoot in CVS causing memory effect (stroke history). The asymptomatic cardiovascular-risk of COVID-19 patients and others could be diminished by concurrently lessening the viscosity of biofluid/blood and flow turbulence by increasing the thermal tolerance level in terms of BHCR and/or by decreasing the BPR.
The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the WorldHealth Organization (WHO). By 16 June 2020, COVID-19 has affected more than 7.82 million people worldwide and caused more than 432,000 deaths. The scientific community works relentlessly to invent vaccines, drugs and establish effective therapeutics for the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a well-known antimalarial drug Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has recently received enormous attention and given an emergency use authorization from the FDA as of 3 April 2020. But, there are several concerns about the appropriate dosage and possible side effects of HCQ during COVID-19 treatment. Here we reviewed the HCQ mechanism of action against the virus and its clinical studies in COVID-19 therapy.
The yellow fever (YF) infection is a Flavivirus, sent by Haemagogus, Sabethes or Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The illness is endemic in backwoods zones in Africa and Latin America prompting epizootics in monkeys that comprise the repository of the infection. There are two types of YF: sylvatic, communicated inadvertently when moving toward the woodlands, and metropolitan, which can be sustained by Aedes aegypti. In Brazil, the last instance of metropolitan YF happened in 1942. From that point forward, there has been an extension of transmission regions from the North and Midwest areas toward the South and Southeast.
As of now, SARS CoV-2 has been identified as seventh human-infected coronavirus. Certain coronaviruses (CoVs) include SARS-CoV, 229E, HKU1, OC43, NL63 and MERS-CoV, of which SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic and have resulted in high-percentage outbreaks over the past two decades, while rest of them is typically associated with mild upper respiratory diseases. On 11 March 2020 the WHO announced the situation to be a pandemic that threatens humanity with a wide range. Of the new, bat and pangolins are thought to be the possible origins of SARSCoV- 2 inchoation. The COVID-19 pandemic is putting uneven stress on public health systems around the world. To mitigate the impact of this rapidly spreading virus a multidisciplinary collaborative approach is needed. Since all pandemic viruses that emerged in the last century originate in the animal world and the ongoing changes in the respective interfaces between humans, animals and the environment have led to an increase in major predisposing factors that allow zoonotic viruses to emerge as novel human pathogens, 'peacetime' pandemic preparedness efforts should follow a 'One Health approach'.
The COVID-19 outbreak was caused by SARS-CoV-2. This situation is concerning because it has created uncertainty and has become a world problem. Regarding the COVID-19 outbreak, a genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 has been carried out. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains 29.903 nucleotides (nt). The SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of the: 5’ UTR, ORF 1ab gene, S gene, ORF 3a gene, E gene, M gene, ORF 6 gene, ORF 7a gene, ORF 7b gene, ORF 8 gene, N gene, ORF 10 gene and 3’ UTR. It has been reported about the discovery of a new variant namely B.1.1.7 (20I/501Y.V1), B.1.351 (20H/501Y.V2), B.1.429 (452R.V1), P.1-lineage (20J/501Y.V3). Consequently, the presence of the new variant of SARS-CoV-2 described above affects the risk of infection in immunized individuals.
Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the clinical aspects and to specify the fungal agents most frequently isolated in patients with onychomycosis consulting at the parasitology–mycology department at the university hospital center of Batna-Algeria. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted from January 1, 2010 to december 31, 2020, including patients in whom the diagnosis of onychomycosis had been asked. Socio-demographic, clinical, Biological data of patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. Results: 343 patients were included in this study. Their average age was 41, 54 years, they were mainly made up of men (55.10%). The main contributing factor found was heat and humidity (90.96%). Involvement exclusively of the toenails was predominant (72.30%). In 23 cases (6.71%), there was simultaneous involvement of the fingers and toes. The most common clinical appearance was distolateral subungual onychomycosis (41.04%). Dermatophytes (86.88%) were the most common pathogens, followed by yeasts (13.29%). Trichophyton rubrum (80.17%) were the majority species. Conclusion: Onychomycosis remains a neglected condition, dermatophytes remain the main fungal agents involved. The importance of mycological confirmation of onychomycosis in any patient with onychopathy, which allows treatment to be adapted and to avoid costly and ineffective lengthy treatment.
The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the WorldHealth Organization (WHO). By 16 June 2020, COVID-19 has affected more than 7.82 million people worldwide and caused more than 432,000 deaths. The scientific community works relentlessly to invent vaccines, drugs and establish effective therapeutics for the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a well-known antimalarial drug Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has recently received enormous attention and given an emergency use authorization from the FDA as of 3 April 2020. But, there are several concerns about the appropriate dosage and possible side effects of HCQ during COVID-19 treatment. Here we reviewed the HCQ mechanism of action against the virus and its clinical studies in COVID-19 therapy.
Potential of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of postharvest fungal rot of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) tubers in storage was studied. Pathogenicity test revealed the susceptibility of healthy looking yam tubers to Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonganae after fourteen days of inoculation. Treatments comprising A. niger, B. theobromae and F. oxysporum each paired with T. harzianum and were arranged in completely randomized design and stored for five months between December, 2015 and April, 2016 and December, 2016 and April, 2017. Results revealed that tubers treated with the pathogenic fungi alone caused mean percentage rot of between 6.67% (F. oxysporum) and 22.22% (A. niger) while the paired treatments produced only between 2.22% (T. harzianum X F. oxysporum) and 6.67% (T. harzianum X A. niger). In the second year of storage, mean percentage rots were between 13.33% (F. oxysporum) and 28.89% (A. niger) while in the paired treatment rots were only between 6.67% (F. oxysporum X T. harzianum) and 8.89% (A. niger X T. harzianum). Tubers treated with antagonist alone produced 0.00% and 2.22% in the first and second year respectively. Result revealed that there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in mean percentage rot between the first year and the second year except where B. theobromae was inoculated alone, A. niger and T. harzianum paired and B. theobromae and T. harzianum paired. The most antagonized fungus in paired treatment for both years was F. oxysporum f. sp. melonganae while the least antagonized was A. niger and B. theobromae. The study recommended the use of T. harzianum in the control of rot causing pathogens of yam tubers in storage as better alternative ways of reducing tuber rot compared with the use of chemical fungicides which are environmentally hazardous.
The From Wuhan to almost all parts of the globe, the deadly corona virus (COVID-19) hard-hit humanity like no other deadly disease has ever. This paper analyses the devastating diverse effects of COVID-19 on various aspects of human life, looking beyond its death and infection plagues on humans across the globe. Drawing from secondary data, observation and intuition, the study reveals heart-blowing infection and death rates, variants and non/ survivability factors of COVID-19. Next, it shows that besides reducing world’s population and causing global panic and public health challenges, COVID-19 has exerted devastating effects on socio-economic, psychological, clinical, educational, behavioral, nutritional, personal and general aspects of life. Virtually, all nations of the world were/are affected. Although no cogent or permanent solution has been found, alternative orthodox and traditional (herbal) remedies are so far used for recovering the health of infected persons and for prevention. The lockdown, imposed on nations to control the spread, also brought untold difficult situations and diverse effects upon the citizenry. The peak of the effects is the distortion of normal ways of life, which ushered in uncommon new ways of life that most people still battle with. The study concludes that COVID-19 pandemic, which so far defies absolute remedy, has diverse longterm devastating effects on humans and phenomena across the globe. It recommends the harmonized efforts, research findings and remedies, and the subversion of international politics over COVID-19 with more global cooperation and meaningful strategies among all nations of the globe.
After the chomp of a contaminated mosquito, beginning of sickness as a rule happens 4 after 8 days (yet can go from 2-12 days). Chikungunya is portrayed by an unexpected beginning of fever, much of the time joined by joint torment. The joint torment is regularly weakening; it normally goes on for a couple of days, yet might be drawn out for quite a long time, months or even years. Thus, the infection can cause intense, subacute or ongoing sickness. Other basic signs and manifestations incorporate muscle torment, joint growing, migraine, sickness, weakness and rash
