Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when the body produces more reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly known as free radicals, than its natural antioxidant defenses can effectively neutralize. When this imbalance persists, it can damage cells and tissues, contributing to the development of various chronic diseases. These highly reactive molecules can affect important cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, disrupting normal biological functions. On Earth, oxidative stress is often linked to factors such as environmental pollution, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, unhealthy diets, smoking, and other lifestyle habits that increase free radical production. The challenge becomes even greater in space. Astronauts are exposed to conditions far more extreme than experienced on Earth, including microgravity, prolonged isolation, disrupted sleep cycles, and intense exposure to ionizing cosmic radiation. Together, these factors place additional stress on the body, increasing the likelihood of mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced cellular repair capacity, and genetic damage. As a result, astronauts may face accelerated physiological changes that can affect multiple body systems during and after space missions. This study investigates how oxidative stress develops and influences human health in both terrestrial and spaceflight environments. It also investigates the efficacy of various preventative methods for reducing oxidative damage. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants receive specific attention, including naturally occurring antioxidant enzymes, vitamins, dietary flavonoids, polyphenols, and specialized nutritional supplements. Current research suggests that these measures can help reduce cellular damage, increase the body's defenses, and boost resilience under difficult situations. Understanding oxidative stress in normal and extreme environments allows researchers to design more effective techniques to safeguard human health. Advances in nutrition, biomedical sciences, and technology may give useful tools for reducing oxidative damage, improving long-term well-being, and enhancing human performance on Earth and in space.
Occupational exposure to solder paste fumes is common among handset repairers and workers in electronic and industrial settings, particularly in underdeveloped countries where protective measures are often lacking. Despite known health concerns, experimental evidence on the histopathological effects of solder paste fumes on vital organs remains limited. This study investigated the impact of chronic inhalation of solder paste fumes on the heart and lungs of Wistar rats. Forty rats were divided into control (n = 12) and exposed (n = 28) groups. The exposed group inhaled solder paste fumes at a dose of 0.18 g twice daily for eight weeks. Tissue samples were collected at two-week intervals for histopathological evaluation. Results revealed hyperemia and distortion of cardiac muscle fibers in the hearts of exposed rats, while lung tissues showed severe degenerative and necrotic changes in alveolar sacs and ducts. These findings demonstrate that prolonged inhalation of solder paste fumes causes significant cardiac and pulmonary tissue damage, highlighting serious cardiovascular and respiratory risks. The study underscores the importance of implementing appropriate occupational safety measures to protect individuals routinely exposed to solder fumes.
Mastering nursery production is a critical step for improving the silviculture of Khaya senegalensis , a major commercial forest species in Côte d’Ivoire. However, limited information is available on early-stage variability among progenies and the identification of reliable traits for selection at the nursery stage. This study aimed to analyze growth and developmental variability among six progenies of K. senegalensis in order to identify key morphological traits that can support early selection of superior genotypes. Thirty seeds collected from six mother trees were sown according to genotype using a randomized experimental design. Seedlings were monitored under nursery conditions, and ten agromorphological parameters related to growth and development were measured. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical approaches, including discriminant analysis, to assess variation among progenies and determine the most informative traits. The results revealed significant variability among the progenies, highlighting the influence of genetic origin on early growth performance. Among the parameters studied, four traits: plant height, leaflet width, number of leaves, and number of internodes were identified as the most discriminant variables, effectively differentiating the progenies. These traits showed strong potential as early indicators of growth vigor and developmental performance. The identification of these key traits provides a practical basis for early selection in nursery conditions, which can enhance the efficiency of seedling production. Ultimately, this approach contributes to the optimization of nursery practices and supports the development of improved silvicultural strategies for K. senegalensis in Côte d’Ivoire.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food source in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the presence of toxic cyanogenic glycosides in the plant raises significant public health concerns. Several methods are used to reduce or eliminate these glycosides, including fermentation, boiling, frying, drying and water-retting. Nevertheless, the impact of these methods on the functional qualities of processed cassava flour is unclear. Knowing the functional qualities of cassava flour after applying several detoxification methods would be ideal for guiding cassava flour manufacturers in their choice of methods. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of these methods on the functional properties of cassava pulp flour. Flour samples were obtained from different treatments including sliced cassava pulp that had undergone water-retting, as well as from unfermented and fermented smashed cassava pulp. Analysis of the samples' functional properties revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that the cyanide detoxification method affects the resulting flour's properties. Fermentation process, which in previous authors studies appear to be considerably reduced cyanide levels in cassava flour, The fermentation process appears to considerably reduce cyanide levels in cassava flour, according to previous studies by other authors. This study revealed that fermented flour (Fflr) correlates with gelatinization temperature, emulsion capacity, swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, tapped density, oil absorption capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity, and water solubility index. Therefore, Fflr would be more suitable for food products that require the flour to absorb water and form foam and viscous gels upon cooling, such as porridges, pasta and thickeners. Data from this study could help the food industry better understand the impact of cassava cyanide detoxification on flour quality. This study concluded that the fermentation technique used to reduce cyanide levels in cassava is more effective at achieving flour with optimal functional properties. These results provide cassava flour producers with useful information regarding the efficiency of fermenting smashed cassava root.
This research examines the effect of river-water quality on the behavior of Hippopotamus amphibius in Mbam et Djerem National Park, Cameroon. As key ecological players, hippos significantly influence their aquatic environments, making it essential to understand how water quality impacts their behavior. Over a period of four months direct observations were made three times per day, and four days each month to record the physical color of river water, serving as an aquatic habitat for hippopotamus. This method was used to estimate the level of pollution. Simultaneously, observations were carried out on the behavior of hippopotamus, focusing on activities in the river, adjacent vegetation, and environmental conditions. Simultaneously, observations were carried out on the behavior of hippopotamus, focusing on activities in the river, adjacent vegetation, and environmental conditions. The results reveal a notable correlation between water quality and hippo behavior. In contrast, optimal water conditions facilitated increased social interactions and foraging efficiency. These findings highlight the critical role of river-water quality in shaping hippo behavior and emphasize the need for effective water management practices to support the health of this species and its habitat. This study contributes to the understanding of how environmental factors influence wildlife behavior, providing insights for conservation strategies in Mbam et Djerem National Park and similar ecosystems. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term implications of water quality fluctuations on hippo populations. The results of this study recorded a significant association between river-water quality and day-period X2 = 19.243 df=4 P=0.001. More so, 70% turbid and 12% deep brown water colors were recorded respectively. Different vegetation associated significantly with the river-water quality of the aquatic environment of hippopotamus X2 = 10.688 df=4 P=0.040. Additionally, the physical river-water quality recorded a significant link with the behavior of hippopotamus X2 = 8.912 df=4 P<0.05. In contrast, optimal water conditions facilitated increased social interactions and foraging efficiency. These findings highlight the critical role of river-water quality in shaping hippo behavior and emphasize the need for effective water management practices to support the health of this species and its habitat. This study contributes to the understanding of how environmental factors influence wildlife behavior, providing insights for conservation strategies in Mbam et Djerem National Park and similar ecosystems. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term implications of water quality fluctuations on hippo populations.
This study aims to assess the impact of agricultural certification on smallholder cocoa producers in the Aboisso area of Côte d’Ivoire. To achieve this objective, interviews were conducted with managers of eight (08) cocoa cooperatives. In addition, surveys were administered to 48 certified cocoa producers and 30 non-certified producers. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to examine the main socioeconomic characteristics of producers as well as their perceptions of certification schemes. Furthermore, a Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) was conducted to explore the multidimensional structure of the dataset and identify relationships among variables. The results reveal a relatively mature farming population, dominated by producers aged between 35 and 45 years (50%), while young producers remain underrepresented (15.38%). In addition, the majority of certified producers (61.54%) marketed their cocoa through cooperatives, highlighting the central role of producer organizations in facilitating access to certification systems. Comparative analyses revealed significant differences in favor of certified producers, who were characterized by larger farm sizes, higher production levels, and substantially greater income levels (+58%) compared with non-certified producers. Moreover, the factorial analysis combined with hierarchical clustering identified three distinct groups of producers. Group 1 consisted mainly of non-certified producers characterized by low production and income levels. Group 2 comprised moderately structured certified producers, whereas Group 3 included highly structured and high-performing certified producers with greater production intensity and higher income levels. Overall, the findings suggest that agricultural certification is associated with improved economic performance and more advanced farm organization among cocoa producers in the Aboisso area.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main causative agents of nosocomial and environmental infections which pose a major threat to health-care delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiogram studies of Hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) isolates from Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH). A total of 310 nasal, fomite and wound swabs were collected from different departments in ISTH. Swabs were cultured on Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours for presumptive growth of Staphylococcus aureus . Gram staining and biochemical tests were conducted and the isolates were subcultured on Oxacillin Resistant Screening Agar Base for growth of MRSA. These were further screened for methicillin resistance by subjecting isolates through Oxacillin single disc and other classes of antibiotics. Molecular studies was done using the polymerase chain reaction to target some genes, using specific primers to detect, nuc, mecA, blaZ, pvl and SCC mec . Isolates were assayed for some virulent factors comprising biofilm, haemolysin and DNase. Results from this study revealed that HA-MRSA had a prevalence of 27%. On the distribution of isolates within ISTH and according to specific source, the prevalence in decreasing order were fomites (32%), cleaners (24%), nurses (19%), patients (13%), and doctors (12%). The results revealed that 38% of HA-MRSA possessed the nuc gene. Of the three genes amplified on all isolates, 62% possessed the mec A gene, 43% had blaZ, gene while 10% had pvl gene. Findings from this study shows that 12% of the isolates had CA-MRSA associated SCC mec IV. From the distribution of the SCC mec and pvl , it is evident that there is a drift of genetic material influx from CA-MRSA to HA-MRSA strains. Inference from this study also shows that some MRSA isolates possessing the targeted genes correlates with HA-MRSA isolates with higher MAR index. Results revealed that 96% of the HA-MRSA were resistant to cloxacillin, while varying percent of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamincin, tetracycline and erythromycin. Vancomycin and Linezolid were the best drug of choice. The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index shows that some isolates had greater MAR index ranging between 0.2 - 0.4 and MAR index > 0.2 is a high risk source of antibiotic usage. In conclusion, most of the isolates recovered in this study had high MAR index, which is an indication of antibiotic overuse within the hospital sampled. Hence, the need for strict antibiotic stewardship.
Electronic health records (EHRs) contain large amounts of valuable clinical information, but a substantial portion of this information exists in unstructured form, including physician notes, discharge summaries, and narrative clinical reports. Because these data are recorded as free text, they are difficult to aggregate, standardize, and analyze using conventional statistical or database methods. As a result, a significant amount of clinically relevant information remains underutilized in healthcare analytics and decision support systems. This study proposes a hybrid framework that combines artificial intelligence–based natural language processing (NLP) with stochastic modeling to transform unstructured EHR narratives into structured clinical datasets. The approach first applies AI-driven NLP techniques to identify and extract clinically meaningful entities such as diagnoses, symptoms, medications, laboratory values, and procedures from free-text clinical notes. The extracted information is then organized into relational tables suitable for large-scale analytics. To account for patient heterogeneity and uncertainty in clinical observations, stochastic analytical methods are applied to reconstruct latent health trajectories and estimate time-dependent risk patterns. The proposed framework enables the integration of narrative clinical information into structured data environments, facilitating more comprehensive analysis of patient health dynamics. By combining AI-based text extraction with stochastic modeling, the method improves the ability to analyze complex clinical datasets and supports more realistic representation of disease progression and patient variability. This approach has the potential to enhance population health analytics, clinical research, and predictive modeling using electronic health record data.
Backgound: Currently, there are still no satisfactory treatment options available for viral infectious diseases. Recent reports suggest that Marecipe AV, a herbal remedy, has shown significant therapeutic benefits in managing viral infections, especially those that are life-threatening, in both humans and animals. Methods: This review was compiled by analyzing published studies and integrating unpublished clinical and experimental data on Marecipe AV therapies from the original authors. Results: In managing postherpetic neuralgia, most patients experienced complete pain relief within 5 days of treatment. About 20% required 20 days or more of oral Marecipe AV therapy for full pain resolution. Once relieved, the pain did not return in any treated cases. All 28 patients achieved clinical cure, with no treatment failures. In managing feline chronic gingivostomatitis, all cats (62/62) treated with Marecipe AV monotherapy achieved clinical cure, resulting in a 100% treatment response and clinical cure rate. High recurrence rates were observed, with an 83.33% recurrence rate at 3 months in treated cases. In the group receiving three retreatments with Marecipe AV, the recurrence rate at 3 months was 28.57%. In managing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), all treated cats showed a rapid response and reversal of disease signs within 2 to 5 days. The treatment response rate was 100%, with a mortality rate of 0% in the treatment group and 100% in the control group. For treating iridovirus infection in largemouth bass, final mortality dropped from 34% in untreated controls to under 1% in the treated group. By Day 7 post-treatment, virological clearance was observed in all 30 randomly sampled specimens, along with restored feeding behavior. The results of Marecipe AV herbal medicine in preventing the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in domestic pigs showed that the treated group had a morbidity rate of 0%, while the untreated group had a morbidity rate of 41%. Additionally, the untreated pigs had a mortality rate of 21%. Conclusion: Marecipe AV herbal therapeutics has demonstrated a rapid ability to alleviate clinical symptoms and achieve complete clinical recovery for many chronic viral infections in humans, animals, and aquaculture species.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) integrates multimodal interventions,such as acupuncture, manual therapy, and herbal medicine, to address complex disorders involving neural degeneration, skeletal injury, and musculoskeletal impairment. In clinical practice, Osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-term degenerative joint condition marked by the breakdown of articular cartilage, changes in subchondral bone, and ongoing pain with functional limitations,and peripheral nerve injury is a common medical problem that can be caused by sharp instruments, firearms, stretching or compression. it affects over one million people worldwide annually, making it a global clinical issue with a substantial socioeconomic cost. This study synthesizes evidence from three investigations: (1) Electroacupuncture (EA) at GB30/ST36 alleviates sciatic nerve injury by suppressing autophagy in rats; (2) Meridian-based manual therapy improves shoulder mobility and modulates serum inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α) in frozen shoulder patients; (3) Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWD) promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via ESR1 upregulation. These findings highlight autophagy regulation, immunomodulation, and stem cell differentiation as key mechanistic pathways through which TCM modalities exert their reparative effects. Collectively, these findings bridge traditional TCM practices with modern molecular insights, emphasizing autophagy regulation, immune response modulation, and stem cell differentiation as convergent therapeutic pathways. These results advocate for TCM integration into evidence-based regenerative medicine. This integrative approach not only deepens the scientific understanding of TCM mechanisms but also supports its clinical application in managing complex musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, offering promising avenues for developing novel treatment strategies that combine traditional wisdom with contemporary biomedical research.
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of rhabdomyolysis (RM) in both outpatient and inpatient settings to improve understanding and management of this condition. The study results lay the groundwork for developing targeted screening protocols and early intervention strategies to mitigate the risk of RM. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 723 RM patients, including 365 outpatients and 358 inpatients, over a 4-year observation period. Data on gender, age distribution, primary causes, risk factors, complications, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 30.0 software. Frequencies (n) and percentages (%) were used to describe categorical data, and the χ2 test was conducted using group comparisons. Continuous data were analyzed using the t-test, and multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess multiple influencing factors. Results: Among the 723 RM patients, 75.8% were male, with a median age of 26 years for outpatients and 49 years for inpatients. The primary causes of RM included infections (e.g., upper respiratory tract infections, sepsis), trauma, electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypocalcemia), and heat-related illnesses (e.g., heat stroke). Complications such as acute renal dysfunction (26.3% of inpatients) and abnormal liver function (44.1% of inpatients) were common. The mortality rate among inpatients was 2.51%, primarily due to trauma, myocardial infarction, and sepsis. Outpatient outcomes were generally favorable, with 91 cases requiring hospitalization and only one case progressing to uremia. Conclusion: RM predominantly affects males and younger individuals, with infections, trauma, and electrolyte imbalances being significant risk factors. Early diagnosis and management are critical to preventing complications, particularly acute renal dysfunction. Public health interventions targeting risk factors, such as heat exposure and infections, are essential to reduce the burden of RM. This study highlights the need for multidisciplinary care and standardized protocols to improve outcomes in RM patients.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the second most important food crop in Côte d'Ivoire after yams. However, its production is threatened by the fungus Rhizopus sp., which causes cassava tuber rot. The chemical pesticides used to control these microorganisms pose a threat to the environment, as well as to the health of those who use and consume them. To minimize the damage caused by these substances, a study was conducted to evaluate the biological efficacy of aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, Zingiber officinale and Tithonia diversifolia against Rhizopus sp. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 30, 60 and 90 g/L for their effect on mycelial growth and spore germination. The direct contact method in PDA medium was employed, and the results revealed that all the aqueous extracts exhibited an antifungal effect on mycelial growth and spore germination. The highest inhibition rates of mycelial growth and spore germination were obtained at 90 g/L. Aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum were the most effective, achieving a 100% inhibition rate, while those of Tithonia diversifolia had the lowest inhibition rates.
Pila globosa Swainson is the most important aquatic animal which is found in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh. Pila globosa is entered in the hibernation due to passing of unfavorable environmental conditions. It is acted as a good bio-indicator and lives in nutrient rich shallow aquatic environments. Different types of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and aquatic plants are used as sources of food such as algae, diatoms, Vallisneria spiralis L., Commelina diffusa Burm. L., Enhydra flactuans Lour., and Pistia stratiotes L. etc. It is chosen hibernation period due to lack of sufficient food and environmental conditions. Pila globosa is found at Chalan beel area which is the best habitat in the context of Bangladesh. The main aim of the study was to determine hibernation period, edaphic criteria and habitat of Pila globosa of the Chalan beel area. The study revealed that hibernation period was started by end of October to November and the peak hibernation period was December and continue to February. Pila globosa is normally semi-dormant, but if food and water are available, some individuals may stay active during the hibernation period. The present study was conducted on the following parameters of soil and indicated that calcium, sodium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and electrical conductivity were 44.08 mg/100 g, 0.38 mg/100 g, 5.07 mg/100 g, 4.18 µg/g, 111.48 µg/g, 20.77 µg/g etc. respectively. Water was nature in slight acidic and its pH value was 5.7. The maximum P. globosa was found in the shallow waterbodies, where the water level was 3 to 5 inches. It was also found in dense aquatic vegetation areas where food was easily collected and take shelter for laying eggs. Actually, it is identified as an ideal bio-indicator because of their ability to respond oxygen availability and nutrient enrichment. The findings of the study indicates that P. globosa is an essential component of the aquatic environment which plays a vital role in improving of sustainable aquatic ecosystem development. Furthermore research is needed to improve the habitats of P. globosa for protection and conservation in the whole aquatic bodies of Bangladesh.
Ethiopia is known as one of the world's most important beekeeping areas due to its favorable environmental conditions for growing diverse natural vegetation and cultivated crops. However, the country faces several challenges, including the need for standardized management practices, a lack of technical skills, and bee colonies absconding for unknown reasons. These challenges have hindered the sector's production and productivity. The study aimed to investigate the effects of beehive shade and feed supplementation on honeybee colony productivity in two different Ethiopian agroecologies: the midland region of Bako and the highland area of Gedo. Bako is located at 9° 10' 148" N, 37° 04' 374" E, and Gedo is situated at 9° 01' 504" N, 37° 26' 109" E. This study used 80 honeybee colonies at both locations. These colonies were divided into four groups with varying techniques of management at each site: Group A provided both a hive shed and dearth period feed, Group B provided a hive shed but no dearth period feed, Group C provided dearth period feed but no hive shed, and Group D provided neither a hive shed nor dearth period feeding. The findings revealed that colonies under treatment A showed significantly more brood and pollen combs compared to treatments B, C, and D at both study sites. The difference in brood production ranged from 340.91% for Bako during March-May to 380.95% for Gedo during September-November. Additionally, colonies in treatment A reared 145.78% to 162.03% more brood during dearth periods (December-February and June-August) than colonies in treatment D. The overall differences in pollen Storage between treatment A and D for Bako and Gedo were 239.0% and 272.4%, respectively. The study also found significant differences in absconding rates among the treatment groups, with Group D having the highest rate (80.0%), while Groups B, C, and A had lower rates (62.5%, 57.5%, and 17.5%), respectively. Moreover, the honey yield per year varied significantly among the groups, with Group A having an average yield of 46.80 kg/colony and Group D averaging only 10.3 kg/colony. The study concluded that the provision of durable beehive shading and supplementary feeding during dearth periods is essential to enhance significantly the productivity of honeybees. Further research is recommended to identify other factors that can affect the productivity of local honeybees.
Historically, this synthesis work on the Dorylaimida parasite of plants encountered in Senegal is the second of its kind. It is then a synoptic view that, through the scientific literature on the description of populations of phytonematode dorylaimides from Senegal, lists all species of Longidoridae from Senegal. The present work aims to: i) make an inventory of the Longidoridae nematofauna described in Senegal so far; ii) contribute to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of this nematofauna in Senegal as well as the host plants, iii) establish a simple local identification key for each of the genera Paralongidorus and Xiphinema. Among the 06 (six) genera that comprise the family of Longidoridae, 03 (three) occur in Senegal, including genera of Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema. Species are distributed as it follows: one species of Longidorus (Longidorus pisi), four species of Paralongidorus (P. bullatus, P. dakarensis, P. duncani, and P. sivestris), and fourteen species of Xiphinema (X. algeriense, X. americanum, X. basiri, X. bergeri, X. ebriense, X. elongatum, X. ifacolum, X. krugi, X. luci, X. mounporti, X. opisthohysterum, X. parasetariae, X. savanicola, X. setariae). Among the fourteen regions of Senegal, the presence of nematodes of the Longidoridae family has been reported in ten of them (Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kolda, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thiès and Ziguinchor). The following genera of host plants are registered: Pennisetum and Sorghum (for species of Longidorus); Acacia, Agrotis, Andropogon, Arachis, Borreria, Combretum, Gossypium, Guiera Pennisetum, Sorghum (for Paralongorus species); Abelmoschus, Agrotis, Apium, Arachis, Borreria, Brassica, Citrullus, Citrus, Combretum, Gossypium, Guiera, Hibiscus, Hypochaeris, , Ipomoea, Nymphea, Oryza, Pandanus, Pennisetum, Solanum, Tridax, and Vigna (for Xiphinema species). Local keys identification characters include: body length and stylet length (for Paralongidorus species); genital branches shape, structure of labial region, structure of ovary, structure of uterus, structure of Z-Organ, tail length, and tail width (for Xiphinema species).
The main research field of the present study is to use remote sensing for the detection of natural resources changes for the past 20 years due to climate change variability in most vulnerable areas in Zallingei, Central Darfur State (western Sudan). The natural resources covered some classes (vegetation, herbaceous, forest cover, bare lands and water bodies). Meteorological data covered 30 years (1980 - 2020) for temperature and rainfall as well as satellite imageries’ for the years, 1981, 2000 and 2020. The geospatial data were downloaded and an analysis using QGIS 3.22.1 and ERDAS 2014 software. The results showed that for the last four decades, the average temperature increased from 30.4 to 30.9°C, while the average rainfall decreased from 460 to 730 mm. The mean NDVI decreased from 0.28 to 0.20. Changes in natural resources in the 3 areas under study and for the years; 1980, 2000 and 2020 revealed that, For Abatta area, percentage changes in water bodies ranged between 4 - 7 and 6% for the corresponding years. Bare soil showed increases as: 25, 44, and 64%. For vegetation cover the range of decreases were; 34, 19 and 18%, herbaceous decreases were: 17, 16, 13%, while forests decreases were 24 to 16 and 15%. For Orukum area, Bare soil percentage changes were: 23 - 12 and 25% for the corresponding years, while water bodies changes ranged as: 20, 30, 16%. For vegetation cover changes were 18, 10, which increased to 38%, while herbaceous decreases ranged as: 32, 14 and 6%, the forest percentage changes ranged between 7, 17 and 6%. For Teraj area, percentage changes in water bodies decreased from 16 to 7% with small changes in bare soils changes (20, 17, and 20%). Vegetation cover percentage increases were: 19, 26 and 32%, while herbaceous changes varied as: 26, 40, and 18% with forest showing changes as: 20, 10, and 23%. There was a high negative (r = - 0.51) correlation between vegetation cover and forest, as well as with average temperature (r = -0.64) but high positive correlations between vegetation cover and herbaceous cover (r = 0.51). Bare soil showed high negative correlations with vegetation cover (r = - 0.54) and average temperature (r = - 0.83). Forests were highly positively correlated with vegetation cover (r = 0.51), but highly negatively correlated average temperature (r = - 0.98) and annual rainfall (r = - 0.82). Herbaceous vegetation was highly (r = 0.83) positively correlated with vegetation cover. Average temperature negatively correlated with annual rainfall (r = - 0.77).
The study in the wildlife dispersal areas of Maasai Mara National Reserve established the nature and extent of livestock depredation in in terms of the types of livestock attacked, the specific carnivores responsible for depredation, the causes of depredation, as well as the timing and seasonality of these events. It also examines the locations and habitats where depredation occurred and identifies hotspot areas for livestock depredation. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used through questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews with key informants, observation and monitoring sheets. Data from the questionnaire survey were analyzed using frequencies and chi-square, while spatial-temporal data were analyzed through Kernel Density and Standard Deviation Ellipse. The results showed that all respondents interviewed experienced livestock depredation in the study area. Although lions, leopards, cheetahs and hyenas were identified as the problem animals, the most problematic carnivore involved in depredation was hyenas (98.8%, n=338), followed by lions (56.7%, n=194). The chi-square analysis showed that the type of carnivore involved in depredation was dependent on the location where depredation took place (χ2=60.732, df=4, p=0.001). The most vulnerable livestock to depredation were sheep (n=208, 71% killed and n=31, 62% injured), followed by goats (n=59, 20% killed and n=15, 30% injured). The cattle that had an “eye” mark on their hinds to scare predators were not attacked during the entire study period. The results revealed that there was no association between the type of livestock attacked and the habitat where the attack took place (χ2=6.215, df=3, p=0.400). The major cause of livestock depredation was the grazing of livestock on the conservancies (n=152, 44.2%). When the herders carry defensive equipment like knives, clubs, sticks, and spears, depredation cases are less experienced (n=173, 51%). In conclusion, the type of livestock significantly influences the rate of depredation, with sheep and goats being the most vulnerable to predator attacks. The absence of attacks on cattle with "eye-marked" signs highlights the potential effectiveness of this low-cost, simple deterrent method. The high incidence of injuries and fatalities among sheep and goats calls for targeted interventions to protect these more vulnerable livestock types. Given the high involvement of hyenas in depredation, the study recommends that specific strategies to mitigate livestock attacks should be prioritized.
A phosphorus calibration study based on soil testing for maize was carried out in the Negele Arsi district, located in the Western Arsi Zone of Oromia, during the main cropping seasons spanning 2014 to 2016. The primary objectives were to establish the critical phosphorus level (Pc) and determine the phosphorus requirement factor (Pf) for maize, as well as to formulate soil test-based, site-specific phosphorus fertilizer recommendations. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial setup involving five nitrogen application rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha-1) combined with three doses of phosphorus (0, 46, and 92 kg ha-1) to identify the optimum nitrogen rate for maize cultivation. During the subsequent two years of the study, a fixed nitrogen rate of 69 kg/ha (identified as optimum) was applied across all plots with varying phosphorus levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg ha-1 to pinpoint the phosphorus critical value and requirement factor. Soil samples were collected from the composite surface layer at each site before planting and again 21 days post-planting. Results revealed that the highest maize grain yield, averaging 7108 kg/ha, was achieved with an application of 69 kg N/ha alongside 46 kg P2O5/ha. The combination of 69 kg N/ha with 69 kg P2O5/ha yielded the maximum net return of 209,806 Birr per hectare. The study concluded that the phosphorus critical level for maize production in these soils is 31 ppm, with a phosphorus requirement factor of 3.06. These values merit validation through further trials before recommending for broader application.
The methods for assessing climate change vulnerability in Africa are not designed to be easily modified. Finding the appropriate methods for assessing climate change risk is one of the most difficult steps in Africa as general and in Sudan in particular. Therefore, this study was conducted in three localities in North Darfur State (NDS) during 2019 with aim to asses’ climate change vulnerability by using the NDVI and Aridity Index (AI) and to study the impact of climate change on forestry and range species. Three methods were used (1) Remote sensing method (2) Focus group discussion and (3) Key informant interview (KII). According to MODIST and LAND SAT-8 data about 57.1% of locality of Kalamendo was classified as highly vulnerable to climate change, 42.7% as moderate vulnerable and 0.2% as slight vulnerable. In El Koma locality about 59.2% from the locality area was classified as highly vulnerable 40.5% as moderate vulnerable and 0.03 are classified as slightly vulnerable. In Mellit locality 99.1% of the locality is classified as highly vulnerable, 07% as moderately vulnerable and the rest of locality as slightly vulnerable. It was observed that Mellit locality is highly affected by climate change vulnerability. The results from focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview showed that the forest cover and range conditions were highly deteriorated an affected by climate change. The targeted localities experienced drought spells during the periods 64, 72, 75, 85 and 1992 which lead to crop failure, death of livestock and massive people displacement. According to FGD and KII the coping strategies during the drought and famine period include; use of seeds of grasses and tree species as famine foods, selling assets; displacement of local communities to the nearest towns and reduce food consumption. Therefore, the study recommended using alternatives for energy and building materials sources. This includes solar energy and stabilized soil blocks. Furthermore, capacity building of communities on sustainable forests management, establishment of villages’ nurseries and, establishment of community/private forests and improve stove (Azza, Elsurur and easy avi-stoves) to minimize dependency on the traditional stove/three stone stove. The recommendations for improvement of range condition in NDS include adoption of water harvesting techniques, equal distribution of water point, rehabilitating of range land by reseedings of perennials palatable range species, opening of the fire lines, range improvement by broadcasting of seeds to enrich the soil seeds banks and improvement of the poor animal genetic stocks.
This experiment examines the impact of temperature on the physiology and reproductive output of Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel), a major vector of areca palm yellow leaf disease (APYLD). P. cryptus, mealybug, a vector of areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), which causes areca palm yellow leaf disease (AYLD), it has a toxic effects on plantations in Hainan, China. Keeping in view, the financial value of areca palms in Hainan, optimal pest management is crucial. An integrated pest management (IPM) strategy such as natural enemies and insecticides and temperature directly affects P. cryptus development and reproduction. Research indicates that P. cryptus shows the highest average egg production of P. cryptus was observed at 25°C (182 eggs per female), and 30°C (117 eggs per female), and in the same line the average viability of the entire nymphal was highest at 25-30°C, outside this range; decline in the two parameters were observed due to thermal stress. The minimum days recorded for female development was 29.9 d at 25°C, and the female developmental periods extended up to 37.3 d to 44.1 d at 35°C and 20°C, respectively, due to a decrease in metabolic rates. This extends larval vulnerability to natural enemies and chemical control. By monitoring temperatures in the 25-30°C range, agricultural technician can forecast potential pest surges, such as those from the spindle bug or leaf-eating caterpillars common in areca palms, enabling proactive scouting and targeted interventions to curb infestations early.
