The superheater is an important boiler accessory which is widely used in power generation, sugar factories and process industries for ensuring good quality of steam for power generation. This increases the efficiency and life of the turbine blades for thermal power plant. In the research work, pendant type convective superheater is designed for 20 Tonnes/hr for power generation in food processing industry with steam outlet pressure of 45 kg/cm2 and temperature of 450 °C. The superheater was designed considering thermal and mechanical aspects. The process of thermal design involved calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient and surface area for heat transfer. Three-dimensional model of superheater using CATIA V5R20 was created and analysed. The process of mechanical design was used to calculate the working pressure and ensured safe design of superheater.
It is still indispensable to explore the effects of peck depth and its interaction with speed, and feed in widely preferred flood coolant drilling process with aspect ratio more than 5 by using the much accurate response surface method. A three-parameter, five-level design matrix is developed using central composite inscribed design of response surface method. Experiments are performed on vertical machining center in flood coolant environment using the canned cycles and experimental results are analyzed in detail using ANOVA, contour plots, interaction plots, main effect plots, and micrographs. Influence of spindle speed, feed rate is observed to be of similar nature on surface roughness, while the effect of peck depth differs at both the ends of hole. Minimum surface roughness at bottom of hole is occurred at comparatively lower spindle speed (3800 rpm) and peck depth (7.0 mm). Even though peck depth has shown least influence on surface roughness, proper peck depth has contributed in improving the surface finish.
Lubrication is done either manually or using automatic systems, the purpose of the automatic lubrication system is to provide certain amount of lubricant at given time to the machines the proposed work is based on auto control variable displacement pump and referencing to literature survey it is a novel work involves, an innovative kinematic link base stroke changing mechanism. The stoke variation mechanism serves to alter the stroke of the piston pump in a controlled manner to control the flow rate of the pump precisely. The present work pertains to the design theoretically and kinematic synthesis of the components of the kinematic linkage. The theoretical design of the kinematic linkage is done using graphical method by overlay method, and the analysis of the kinematic linkage is done using adam’s software. The linkage motion for various angle of crank and corresponding output link are derived from this kinematic synthesis. The kinematic analysis of the linkage is done in using adam’s software and the motion study of the link is done to determine the parameters velocity of link and acceleration of link used in the mechanism.
In this study, abrasive wear behavior of A356/(0–10)wt.% SiCp composites are reported using an in house designed and developed pin-on-reciprocating plate abrasive wear and friction test rig confirming to ASTM G133-05 standards. A356 alloy and A356/10 wt.% SiCp composite are prepared through stir casting method adopting standard foundry practices. The hardness of heat treated A356/10 wt.% SiCp composite is found to be 22.56% higher than A356 alloy. This study primarily focused on the effect of variation of stroke length from 65 mm to 100 mm on the abrasive wear characteristics of A356 alloy and it’s composite at different loads (5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 N) by keeping a constant sliding velocity of 0.2 m/s slid through 25 m. The abrasive wear is found to be higher for the alloy than the composite. It is also revealed from the experimental investigation that as the stroke length is reduced from 100 mm to 65 mm, the abrasive wear loss of A356 alloy and its composites are found to increase. The reason for increase in wear is attributed to high frequency of oscillation and less energy dissipation per cycle at lower stroke length (65 mm) compared to that at higher stroke length (100 mm). Coefficient of friction (CoF) of tribo pairs tested is found to increase with load at the two different stroke lengths studied.
For better performance, lighter, stronger, and more durable materials are sought for the aeronautical industry. Composite Sandwich structures help in achieving almost all such requirements. Inserting a low density, lightweight, and thick core between two strong, rigid, and thin facesheets can create a composite sandwich construction. It has been observed that there is a scarcity of research data on sandwich structures having Kevlar honeycomb as a core material. So a composite sandwich panel with Carbon fiber facesheets with a thickness of 0.4 mm and a Kevlar honeycomb core with a cell size of 4.8 mm and a height of 10 mm has been manufactured. Then a number of tests have been performed on the different specimens obtained from the sandwich panel to identify its different properties. Also Acid Corrosion test has also performed on the panel to determine the acid effects on it. From the analysis, it has been observed that the sandwich panel with Carbon fiber facesheets and Kevlar honeycomb core can be a suitable combination for aircraft floor panel.
In this work, the co-pyrolysis of biomass (a mixture of rice husk and straw) and high density polyethylene was utilized to extract and characterize the oil in order to find the best promising process parameters. Additionally, the recovered oil was mixed with different concentrations of Zinc Oxide additive and put into a Diesel Engine to test its efficiency and pollution characteristics along with selective catalytic reduction technique. According to test results, 75:25 ratio produced the highest oil output (high density polyethylene:rice straw husk ratio). Upgrading the rate of heating to 10 °C/min enhanced oil yield, and an additional increase to 15 °C/min give rise to a striking drop in oil output. By heating at 10 °C/min, the greatest copyrolysis oil was produced in the range of 525 to 545 °C. Analysis of the copyrolysis oil revealed the existence of alcohol cluster like alkene, alkane etc., From C5 to C28, there are around 90 different fuel types of hydrocarbons, and other thermophysical components are identical to petro diesel. According to engine test results, adding 75 ppm of nanoparticles to copyrolysis oil increased thermal efficiency by 2.5% when compared to plain copyrolysis oil. SCR was used at the exhaust, which ensued in a 74% drop in NOx pollution. For the aforementioned copyrolysis blend, other pollutants like HC reduced by 1.3%, CO decreased by 1.5%, and CO2 slightly declined by 0.3%.
The vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and air conditioning systems are widely used for cooling, refrigeration, air conditioning, heating purposes and consumes more than 33% of the world energy. Solar energy is available abundantly as renewable energy source in summer when requirement of comfort is in peak demand. The electrical energy is replaced with solar energy by properly selecting solar panels, battery, inverter, charge controllers for storing fruits and vegetables in rural areas due to uncertain pattern of grid electricity. In the paper, solar power VCR system is designed and simulated with Simulink to estimate the performance in terms of irradiance and temperature. It is found that with rise in irradiance, current and power outcome increases. The solar system is CO2 free with substantial saving of 9700 whereas conventional VCR system produces 5292 kg of CO2 during life time of solar PV system.
The urgent need for energy-saving initiatives has shifted its focus to improve air conditioner efficiency. Room air conditioners are used by roughly half of India’s population, so their performance must be improved. Any improvement in the performance of the air conditioner will result in significant energy savings. Nanoparticles in base fluid are used to improve the performance of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System i.e., VCRS-based air conditioners by taking advantage of increased thermal conductivity. This paper summarises the various approaches to using nanofluid in air conditioners based on the Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS). It covers methods such as using nanoparticles as a secondary fluid for heat extraction, nanorefrigerant and nanolubricant which will aid researchers in exploring newer methods of improvement
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) find several applications in many fields such as Aerospace, Medical, Robotics and Automobile sectors because of its unique properties like super elasticity and shape memory effect. However, due to difficulty in machining of these SMAs, non-conventional methods such as Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), Wire EDM, Electro Chemical Machining (ECM), etc. are used instead of conventional methods. The specific applications of SMAs demand accurate dimensions and tolerances along with lower production cost. The input process parameters affect the accuracy and quality of machining of SMAs. The available optimization techniques such as Response Surface Method (RSM), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Taguchi method, etc. can be used for finding the optimum value of input parameters. In the present work, PSO method is used to optimize the input parameters for machining of Nitinol–SMA using WEDM. The significant input parameters-Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time and Discharge current are considered in the present optimization study. The PSO results of input parameters are compared with that obtained by using response surface method. It is found that PSO method offers more accurate optimization of machining parameters as compared to RSM.
Equal Channel Angular Processing Process at room temperature along varying backpressure level and numbers of passes produced hefty billets of 25 mm×25 mm×100 mm industrial alloy AA5083 with an ultrafinegrained microstructure. Supersaturated solid iron in an aluminium matrix was treated in brittle cast AA5083 during Equal Channel Angular Processing with Sixteen passes and a 285 MPa backpressure. The Equal Channel Angular Processing alloy’s strength, ductility, and microhardness were all greatly improved. Increased backpressure improves ductility of Equal Channel Angular Processing alloys, the workability and delays the craking of intermetallic particles. Alloys treated by Equal Channel Angular Processing have improved workability due to backpressure. The AA5083 alloy’s strength and microhardness were greatly improved. When an initially coarse-grained alloy undergoes 3 passes of Equal Channel Angular Processing with a 220 MPa backpressure, its microhardness and room strength (185 HV, UTS = 327 MPa) are significantly higher than their typical values following conventional processing with cold rolling or hot pressing. In Equal Channel Angular Processing, a super saturated solution was generated with a peak soluble of 0.6 wt.% of iron allow the ageing of the usually non-hardenable metal. The cast alloy treated using the Multi-pass approach has positively impacted toughness, elasticity, and microhardness.
The present work reports the influence of stroke lengths viz. 50 mm and 100 mm on the reciprocating wear characteristics of refined and unrefined hyper eutectic aluminium silicon alloy (A390). The refined A390 alloy was prepared through the electromagnetic stirring process along with the addition of 0.1 wt.% Al–5Ti–B grain refiner. The wear tests were performed in an indigenously developed pin on reciprocating plate tribometer conforming to ASTM G 133-05 standard. The microstructure had shown the refinement of eutectic silicon and decrease in size of polyhedral primary silicon particles due to the combined action of grain refiner addition and electromagnetic stirring. Refined and unrefined A390 alloys were heat treated under T6 condition. Hardness of the refined A390 alloy (107 BHN) was higher than that of unrefined A390 alloy (89 BHN). Reciprocating wear tests were conducted at two stroke lengths with contact loads varied from 15 N to 60 N and the linear velocity from 0.2 m/s to 1.0 m/s for a constant sliding distance of 350 m. During the wear tests it was observed that as the velocity varied from 0.2 m/s to 0.4 m/s the wear loss was found to decrease at both stroke lengths tested for refined and unrefined samples, further increase in velocity increases the wear rate. As the stroke length varied from 50 mm to 100 mm the wear loss was found to decrease for both refined and unrefined alloys. This reduction in wear loss with increase in stroke length was due to the reduced reversals of load happening at larger stroke length (100 mm) also the frequency of reciprocation is high at 50 mm stroke length compared to that at 100 mm for the similar sliding conditions tested.
Cerium oxide and turmeric are widely used in the medical field because of their distinctive properties. Turmeric, predominantly used in Asian cuisines, is also an anti-inflammatory element in ayurvedic medicines. The lower bioavailability of turmeric rhizomes has restricted their medical applications to a specific limit, both in vitro and in vivo. Previous investigations have reported that the conjugation of curcumin and cerium oxide nanoparticles improves turmeric’s stability, making them efficient in treating chronic diseases such as cancer. The main objective of this study is to carry out the synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using turmeric rhizomes. Various methods were used to characterize the cerium oxide nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the morphological properties of the cerium oxide nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the structural properties of those nanoparticles. The BEAS-2B cells were cultured in a controlled environment, and the biocompatibility studies were conducted using an MTT assay to assess their cytotoxicity. Based on toxicity studies of cerium oxide nanoparticles, future research will be performed on their biomedical applications.
The research investigates the elemental composition of hot-spring water in Sikkim, specifically in Yumthang, Tarum, and Reshi, using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. This technique involves exciting the sample with a high-energy laser pulse, causing it to emit light that can be analyzed to determine its elemental composition. The results of the study indicate that the hot-spring water in Sikkim is of meteoric origin, meaning it originated from precipitation. To understand the abundance of elements in the hot-spring water samples, the Sulphur/Nitrogen, Chlorine/Nitrogen, and Sulphur/Chlorine ratios were calculated using the ratiometric method. These ratios were then used to classify the samples using univariate and multivariate statistical tools. The box plot was used for the univariate analysis, while the bivariate normal distribution method was used for the multivariate analysis. We have also discussed the limitations of overlapping emission peaks on the classification of the samples. The study found that the abundance of nitrogen in the samples played a significant role in their classification. Principal component analysis was also employed to classify the samples. This technique involves identifying the most significant variables contributing to the variation in the data and using them to classify the samples. Overall, the study provides important insights into the elemental composition of hot-spring water in Sikkim and highlights the usefulness of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in analyzing such samples.
Almost majority of petroleum produce is utilized for transportation, generation of heat and electricity, and balance used as a raw material in chemical industry. With increasing energy demand, limited fossil fuel sources, study is directed towards alternate renewable fuels. Biodiesel extracted from Vegetable Oil, is becoming a popular alternative propulsion fuel. Experiments were conducted using different blends from Mustard Oil biodiesel mixed with diesel in concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, to determine the properties of these biodiesel blends and evaluate the performance as well as emission characteristics of a CRDI Engine. The trials were conducted for various load conditions viz. 0 kg, 3 kg, 6 kg, 9 kg and 12 kg, for two different compression ratios 16 and 18. The performance assessments indicators like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, air-fuel ratio were examined. The highest magnitude of mechanical efficiency observed is 59.14% for Mustard Oil Biodiesel 10% Blend (MuB10) for 12 kg, engine load and compression ratio 16. The emission indicating parameters oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and smoke were scrutinized throughout trials. The result of this investigation exposed that blend B10 has given favorable outcomes as compared to pure diesel for CRDI engine performance indicating parameters and has fewer emissions as compared to that of pure diesel.
Nanotechnology has gained significant attention due to its diverse applications in various fields, including medicine, electronics, and environmental science. The synthesis of nanoparticles, particularly gold nanoparticles, has been a subject of intensive research, primarily focusing on improving the synthetic methods in terms of cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods, which often involve hazardous chemicals and high energy consumption. In this context, plant extracts offer a unique opportunity as bio-reducing agents due to their abundance, low cost, and minimal environmental footprint. The use of plant extracts in nanoparticle synthesis not only addresses sustainability concerns but also opens doors to the development of biocompatible nanoparticles for various applications. This review article investigates about the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a variety of plant extracts and evaluates their physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, stability, and surface charge. The study also explores the potential applications of these biogenic gold nanoparticles in fields like catalysis, drug delivery, and sensing. Moreover, the eco-friendliness of the process is assessed by analysing its environmental impact and comparing it with traditional chemical synthesis methods.
A compelling series of innovative benzohydrazide derivatives has been successfully synthesized via a facile condensation reaction, involving the strategic union of benzohydrazide with diverse substituted formyl pyrazole derivatives under reflux conditions. The structural elucidation of the newly formed compounds was meticulously accomplished through a battery of spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, NMR (1H & 13C), and mass spectrometry, ensuring the confirmation of their molecular integrity. This synthetic approach not only provides a robust method for obtaining a versatile array of compounds but also holds promise for their biological activities. The incorporation of both pyrazole and benzohydrazide moieties renders these derivatives compelling candidates for extensive pharmacological investigations. The flexibility to introduce diverse substituents onto the phenyl rings of these compounds presents an exciting avenue for tailoring their properties to specific applications. Notably, compounds 6b, 6c, and 6d demonstrated remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms, establishing their potential as potent antimicrobial agents. Beyond their antimicrobial efficacy, the structural diversity of these compounds positions them as valuable entities for medicinal chemistry research, offering avenues for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents. The present study underscores the significance of these benzohydrazide derivatives in the realm of medicinal chemistry, hinting at their potential to catalyze advancements in therapeutic agent development.
Heat exchangers are the apparatus which is widely used in various industries. They transmit heat among two or more fluid streams. Theoretical analysis done by Kern’s method has been done on Shell and tube heat exchanger with segmental baffle and then experimented in CFD to check Heat Transfer rate and pressure drop with varying number of baffles which is 6, 8 and 10, and by keeping all the rest of parameters constant. It is found that as the number of baffles increase heat transfer rate increases also pressure drop is increases significantly. To optimize model in next step, CFD analysis is has been done by varying baffle cut to 25%, 35% and 45% by keeping same number of baffles which found best in heat transfer rate in earlier Kern’s method. Other parameters like velocity, temperature, pressure and baffle numbers are kept constant. Results obtained from numerical solution are analysed extensively to get the effect of baffle cut on heat transfer rate and pressure drop on shell side. The pressing need of the heat exchanger industry, the tradeoff optimization between the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient has been studied to provide an idea to get effects of the change in two parameters, namely, baffle spacing and baffle cut simultaneously and observe how these two will affect the performance of an STHX. An attempt to find the optimum geometric configuration has been carried out with number of baffles. Increasing baffles for same length of shell and baffle cut increases from 25% to 35%, heat transfer rate increases. It is beneficial in elucidating that a higher heat transfer coefficient can be obtained for fewer baffles when coupled with the appropriate baffle cut. So selection of correct optimized shell and tube heat exchanger. The work is carried out for copper tube bundles and steel shell. So optimization of baffle cut with correct number of baffles and reduction in pressure drop studied with CFD tool.
This paper reports the performance of the humidity sensing properties of cobalt zincate nanocomposite synthesized via conventional precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) outline revealed amorphous nature of nanocomposite. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show sphere-shaped morphology all over the surface. Optical characterization of the film was carried out by Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer. By Tauc plot the estimated value of band gap of the film was found 3.81 eV. The variations in electrical resistance of the pellet and films were measured with change in Relative Humidity (RH%). As RH% increases, the resistance of each pellet decreases for the range 10% to 95%. The activation energy calculated from Arrhenius plot was found 0.58 eV. This investigation demonstrates the potential of ZnxCo2−xO4 nanocomposite for x < 1 based sensor for humidity sensing which is unique.
Indeed, agricultural technological development plays a crucial role in the agricultural commercialization and socio-economic transformation of India. Enhancing farming through solar dryers has been considered to be a key strategy for enhancing food security and greater socioeconomic change. Drying removes the majority of the product’s moisture content; it is a crucial post-harvest technique for agricultural goods that may increase quality, decrease losses during storage, and save transportation costs. The literature study provides evidence that solar dryers that use phase change material and operate in indirect or mixed modes are more effective than direct drying solar dryers in drying agricultural goods. This review study’s main objective is to give an overview of the recent developments in solar dryer technology achieved by different researchers. Innovative solar dryer designs for drying agricultural products are reviewed in this present work. A thorough analysis of the design, operation, uses, and comparison of solar dryers is conducted. The solar dryers design their modifications and different techniques to improve thermal performance are studied thoroughly. Hybrid solar dryer with CPC, ETC, photovoltaic technology can work as an independent unit and proves the better thermal performance dryer unit as compared to conventional dryers. The new improvements to hybrid dryers are also discussed in detail. Present study will be helpful for developing an economical dryer with variety of drying parameters and different agricultural products.
Silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) have gained attention for their potential applications in the field of healthcare due to their unique physicochemical properties. These properties include a high surface area to volume ratio, catalytic activity, and strong antimicrobial abilities. Research has shown that AgNMs have the potential to be used as an effective antimicrobial agent against a broad range of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Moreover, AgNMs have shown great potential in wound healing due to their ability to enhance cell proliferation and skin regeneration. Another potential application of silver nanomaterials in healthcare is drug delivery. Due to small size and high surface area, they have been used as effective carriers of therapeutics in targeted drug delivery. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of utilizing silver nanomaterials in healthcare. Researchers should investigate the potential toxicity of silver nanomaterials and their impact on the environment. Moreover, standardized protocols for the synthesis and characterization of AgNMs should be developed to ensure their reproducibility, stability, and effectiveness. In conclusion, AgNMs have shown immense potential in the field of healthcare due to their unique properties. However, more research and careful evaluation are essential to fully comprehend the potential advantages and risks of utilizing AgNMs in healthcare. The plausible toxicity of AgNPs in healthcare applications is also discussed.
