Current practice defines the front velocity of a signal as the limit of the phase velocity for infinitely high frequency. However, the present article provides evidence that the propagation velocities of signal fronts for input signals of nonzero temporal duration result from the phase velocities in the low-frequency range. In conclusion, although the impulse response propagates at the phase velocity for infinitely high frequency, this is shown not to be true for the step response. The article further clarifies that the front or information velocity should be defined as the fastest phase velocity of a transmission medium.
My research began with the distribution of primes and composite numbers, I believe I have identified the mechanism. In this article I deal with the factorization of composite numbers or the search for prime numbers that multiplied together give the composite number under examination as a result. From the very beginning of the research I came across those sequences of prime numbers and composite numbers that I called combined sequences, continuing the research I believe I have revealed all the main characteristics. In this article I propose a table that derives strictly from the combined sequence that I had already called [Sc<=11], for this reason I have identified it with the same name.
Star light deflection near the sun of 1.75 arcseconds during a solar eclipse has been attributed to post-Newtonian physics for over a century; however, this can alternatively be shown as a geometric resultant of the Sun-Galaxy interface very near the Sun, and specifically conforming exactly to the curvature of the Sun’s orbit in the galaxy. It is clearly demonstrable through basic geometry that the post-Newtonian light deflection is simply due to the Sun-Milky Way Galaxy EquiPotential (EP) interface, and that a simple ratio exists to explain the galactic origin of the deflection effect. This report examines data and reviews solar eclipse deflection tests for their geometry as evidence for this alternative explanation, which we now add as a component model to Diffusion Gravity(DG) theory; moreover, we present a corresponding mechanism for deflection of light near the Sun due to virtual particle behaviors for photons. This effect of gravitational equipotential surfaces on the propagation of light occurs at the interface between gravitational scale regimes, i.e., the Sun-Galaxy interface where virtual particle (VP) streams from the Sun and galaxy form a boundary interface depletion zone, where a proportional diffusion “pressure” causes the attraction of the masses toward the depleted zone, while also manifesting light deflection-refraction effects near the Sun.
In this research, a fundamental revision is made on the Newtonian mechanics to provide a new theory having a more diverse range of phenomena explained. The first and second laws are reformed and the third one is held while the general law of gravity has been removed. The basic concepts of Newtonian mechanics are location, mass and absolute time. The absolute time being held, mass is included as a more general concept and location is not an original concept, but a second order one. Motion in 3D frame is considered to be an inherent property for 3D objects and location is its integration. On the other hand, location for light as a 4D object is not sensible. The free fall phenomenon is described without using Newton’s general law of gravity. The well-known experimentally verified results of relativity theories (special and general) are covered by three postulations of the new theory. The gravity is a result of Ether’s motion as a fluid among cosmological masses and the accelerating expansions of galaxies as well as the fast motion of objects in the galaxies margin are shown to be explainable without needing some unknowns such as dark energy and dark matter. The philosophical aspects of new theory are analyzed at the end.
CAT4 is proposed as a general method for representing information, enabling a powerful programming method for large-scale information systems. It enables generalised machine learning, software automation and novel AI capabilities. It is based on a special type of relation called CAT4, which is interpreted to provide a semantic representation. This is Part 1 of a five-part introduction. The focus here is on defining the key mathematical structures first, and presenting the semantic-database application in subsequent Parts. We focus in Part 1 on general axioms for the structures, and introduce key concepts. Part 2 analyses the CAT2 sub-relation of CAT4 in more detail. The interpretation of fact networks is introduced in Part 3, where we turn to interpreting semantics. We start with examples of relational and graph databases, with methods to translate them into CAT3 networks, with the aim of retaining the meaning of information. The full application to semantic theory comes in Part 4, where we introduce general functions, including the language interpretation or linguistic functions. The representation of linear symbolic languages, including natural languages and formal symbolic languages, is a function that CAT4 is uniquely suited to. In Part 5, we turn to software design considerations, to show how files, indexes, functions and screens can be defined to implement a CAT4 system efficiently.
«Охоту» на Альфу (постоянную тонкой структуры, равную 1/137) автор начал с самых первых своих погружений в бесконечный мир натуральных чисел, поскольку призрак Альфы (как и призраки,скажем, «магического» числа 7 ± 2, пресловутого «золотого сечения») буквально начинает мозолить глаза при исследовании Большого отрезка числовой оси (то есть чисел: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …, 8∙10^60 – столько планковских времен содержится в возрасте Вселенной). И в данной работе представлена лишь небольшая часть «доказательств» этого феномена – существования указанных магических чисел (в том числе и Альфы). The author began his hunt for Alpha (a constant of fine structure equal to 1/137) from his very first dives into the infinite world of natural numbers, since the ghost of Alpha (like the ghosts of, say, the number 7 ± 2, the notorious golden ratio ») Literally starts to irritate the eyes when examining the Large segment of the numerical axis (that is, numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,…, 8 ∙ 10 ^ 60 - so many Planck times are contained in the age of the Universe). And this work presents only a small part of the evidence of this phenomenon - the existence of the specified magic numbers (including Alpha).
Mind Computer: Attempts to mimic human intelligence through methods of classical computing have failed because implementing basic elements of rationality has proven obstinate to the design criterion of machine intelligence. A radical definition of Consciousness describing awareness, as the dynamic representation of a noumenon comprised of three base states; and not itself fundamental as generally defined in the current reductionistic view of the standard model, which has created an intractable hard problem of consciousness as defined by Chalmers. By clarifying the definition of matter a broader ontological quantum theory removes immateriality from the Cartesian split bringing mind into the physical realm for pragmatic investigation. Evidence suggests that the brain is a naturally occurring quantum computer, but the brain not being paramount to awareness does not itself evanesce consciousness without the interaction of a nonlocal conscious process; because Mind computer and cannot be reduced to brain states alone. The proposed cosmology of consciousness is indicative of a teleological principle as an inherent part of a conscious universe. By applying the parameters of quantum brain dynamics to the stack of a specialized hybrid electronic optical quantum computer with a heterosoric molecular crystal core, consciousness evanesces through entrainment of the non local conscious processes. This 'extracellular containment of natural intelligence' probably represents the only viable direction for AI to simulate 'conscious computing' because true consciousness = life.
In this paper we study the shortest addition chains of numbers of special forms. We obtain the crude inequality $$\iota(2^n-1)\leq n+1+G(n)$$ for some function $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{N}$. In particular we obtain the weaker inequality $$\iota(2^n-1)\leq n+1+\left \lfloor \frac{n-2}{2}\right \rfloor$$ where $\iota(n)$ is the length of the shortest addition chain producing $n$.
As a result of considering the electromagnetic force on the premise of the existence of aether, the following was found. The gravity quantum generated by the contraction of the nucleus flows from the electron cloud in which the electrons exist in pairs and the moves randomly, to the region where the of the electron cloud in which the electron exists alone is flowing in one direction. The moment it reaches the region, it changes into two magnetic quantum. The magnetic quantum is generated as a combination of an vortex rotating in the same direction as the flow of the electron cloud and a low aether pressure part above and below the vortex. After that, the magnetic quantum travels in the vertical direction perpendicular to the previous traveling direction while maintaining the rotation. Therefore, the direction of rotation with respect to the direction of travel of the magnetic quantum is opposite each other. Next, it is assumed that the magnetic quantum that rotates to the right in the direction of travel is the magnetic quantum that is generated from the N pole (N magnetic quantum), and the magnetic quantum that rotates to the left in the direction of travel is the magnetic quantum that is generated from the S pole (S magnetic quantum). And then the generation of magnetic force and the mechanism of action were investigated. As a result, the reason why the magnet exerts a repulsive force on the same magnetic poles and the attractive force acts on different magnetic poles, and the mechanism by which a ferromagnetic material such as iron is attracted to the magnet and the ferromagnetic material itself becomes a magnet were clarified. Therefore the structure and properties of the magnet could be explained theoretically, and the mechanism of generation and action of magnetic force was clarified.
In this paper some properties of integer order derivatives of Riemann Xi functions directly derived from expression of Riemann Xi function ξ(s)]
Goldbach conjecture stating that even integers is the sum of 2 primes and odd integers is the sum of 3 or more primes.
In this paper explicit analytical expression for Riemann Xi function ξ(s) is worked out for complex values of s. From this expression Riemann Hypothesis is proved. Analytic Expression for non-trivial Zeros of Riemann Zeta function ζ(s) is also found. A second proof of Riemann Hypothesis is also given.
We consult an Arabic dictionary: al-Mujam al-wáfi or, adhunik arabi-bangla abhidhan by Dr. M. Fazlur Rahman. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Исходя из движения материальной точки по траектории в многомерном пространстве, рассматриваются все возможные геометрии такого пространства. Based on the movement of a material point along a trajectory in a multi-dimensional space, all possible geometries of such a space are considered.
The human joints bear an average human body of 60 kg for years without joints damage. Let's say the body above the knees for a human is 40 kg. An average human knees bear a 40 kg body above the knees for years without knees damage. If an object like a rock of 40 kg is fixed to the upper part, the knees will bear the rock of 40 kg for a short period of time, minutes, hours, days, before the knee's damage. The time the knees bear the upper part with no rock is years, the time the knees bear the body with the rock is several hours. First the knees bear 40 kg upper part for years, then the knees bear a double of 80 kg for hours. Even though the mass doubled, the time of bearing must double as well, but it actually multiplies by years or thousands of hours which is a very big number compared to only several hours. In this paper, I explain this new phenomenon.
Since the Maxwell’s era, electromagnetic waves were believed to be travelling in a straight line in a manner not very different from a light ray. However, we have in this work proven the feasibility of transmitting energy through a curved surface. Method: To start with, a single-wire energy harvester was constructed and used to detect by contact an incoming surface plasma wave. Separately, an RF plasma at 26 kHz was generated and transmitted from one beaker of pure water (transmitting end), then through a curved plastic water tube, finally to another beaker of pure water (receiving end). Results: An electromagnetic energy was successfully detected with no conductor at the receiving end using the single-wire receiver. The transmission channel was a curved water tube, thus ruling out of any possibility of LOS transmission. The voltage detectable at receiving end was in general lower than that at the transmission end. However, the transmission efficiency as observed at the receiving end was found to be weakly dependent of the transmission range. No voltage was detected when the surface of the curved water tube was in contact with a human. Conclusion: Overall, an electromagnetic energy was successfully transmitted through a curved surface in the absence of any conductor. Our results suggest that harvesting lightning energy through a wet surface is close to a reality.
We propose a new axiom, stronger than the axiom of choice, called the axiom of choice of subsets.
The 1859 Riemann hypothesis conjectured all nontrivial zeros in Riemann zeta function are uniquely located on sigma = 1/2 critical line. Derived from Dirichlet eta function [proxy for Riemann zeta function] are, in chronological order, simplified Dirichlet eta function and Dirichlet Sigma-Power Law. Computed Zeroes from the former uniquely occur at sigma = 1/2 resulting in total summation of fractional exponent (-sigma) that is twice present in this function to be integer -1. Computed Pseudo-zeroes from the later uniquely occur at sigma = 1/2 resulting in total summation of fractional exponent (1 - sigma) that is twice present in this law to be integer 1. All nontrivial zeros are, respectively, obtained directly and indirectly as one specific type of Zeroes and Pseudo-zeroes only when sigma = 1/2. Thus, it is proved that Riemann hypothesis is true whereby this function and law must rigidly comply with Principle of Maximum Density for Integer Number Solutions.
I claim that we can travel faster than light (FTL). The concept is based on the fact that space is not an absolute void but contains fluctuating fields from which virtual particles are perpetually pop in and out. This results in a dragging force that is exerted on a moving body moving in space by space. In this answer, I suggest a conceptual way how to do it.
