More and more electric vehicles and charging stations are penetrating into the power system today which introduce new challenges. As a result, the concept of vehicle to vehicle charging (V2V) is gaining interest. Therefore, it is important to understand the concept of V2V charging. In this paper, some of the recent developments in the area of vehicle to vehicle (V2V) charging are explored.
Growing deployments of ultra fast charging stations (XFCS) are putting a stress on the existing line-frequency transformer (LFT)-based medium voltage (MV) grid due to the high charging demands of exponentially growing electric vehicles (EV). The conventional LFT occupies a large space in the XFCS installation which introduces challenges in facilitating the XFCS infrastructure. As a result, solid-state transformer (SST)-based XFCS are being developed which can be directly connected to the MV grid and several advantages over LFT-based systems such as compactness, intelligence and availability of the DC link to connect renewable energy sources and storage system can be realized. As such, a detailed analysis of current developments in SST-based XFCS is presented and compared with one another in this paper. The challenges associated with the configurations are examined and direction for future research is identified.
This paper presents a torque control to drive the motors of a quadcopter UAV in order to track the desired trajectories designed for a specific mission. As the quadcopter is an underactuated, nonlinear, strongly coupled system, it requires an effective torque control technique to overcome its complex behavior and deal with internal/external disturbances and system parameter uncertainties. The proposed torque control strategy takes advantage of the simplicity of the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) as well as the robustness of the fractional control. This fractional ADRC consists mainly of a fractional Extended State Observer (ESO) and a fractional state error feedback (SEF). The fractional ESO is adopted to estimate the total disturbances acting on the system as well as unmodeled system dynamics. The fractional SEF is used to actively reject the disturbances and then steer the quadcopter output to their desired values and improve the transient attitude control performance. The proposed torque controller has been used to drive the motors of the quadcopter system to control the attitude subsystem. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the fractional ADRC approach compared to the nonfractional version and show its effectiveness in controlling complex UAV systems subject to various disturbances.
Accurate junction temperature estimation is essential in power module applications to ensure optimal performance, reliability, and lifespan. This paper investigates the impact of threshold voltage $(V_{th})$ mismatch on in-situ junction temperature estimation for SiC MOSFET multichip power module based on the turn-ON delay time $(t_{d,on})$ . The $t_{d, \text { on }}$ of power modules and its temperature dependence are related to the $V_{th}$ of each chip within the power module. Simulations on the $V_{th}$ mismatch of paralleled MOSFETs demonstrate that selecting a larger reference triggering voltage of $V_{s_{-}ref}$ enables the extraction of the mean junction temperature based on the $t_{d,on}$ of the power module. Moreover, the $V_{th}$ mismatch has almost no effect on the accuracy of the mean junction temperature estimation. Finally, calibration experiments are performed on a commercial half-bridge SiC MOSFET power module with $t_{d,on}$ extraction circuit. Experimental results show that the $t_{d,on}$ of SiC MOSFET power module has a linear temperature coefficient of $150\text{ps}/^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ at the turn-ON resistance of $15\Omega$ and is independent of load current.
Electrolyzers are widely used in Renewable energy hydrogen production, and the performance of electrolyzers is directly related to DC-DC converters. To realize the highefficiency operation of the electrolyzer, new challenges, such as a high step-down ratio and low output current ripple, are put forward for the DC-DC converter. This paper proposes a novel type of DC-DC converter for hydrogen production. The topology is simple and has the advantages of higher step-down gain, zerovoltage switching without additional devices, and low switching stress. In addition, the scheme can achieve ultra-low output current ripple without active devices. Finally, this paper connects the electrolyzer hydrogen production load in the simulation to verify the scheme's effectiveness.
To improve vehicle handling characteristics of Electric Vehicles (EV), recent system control studies make it possible to operate driving wheel torques separately have been carried out. In this paper a fuzzy sliding-mode controller based on the hybridization between fuzzy logic and sliding mode control has been applied for the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of 4 Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle (4WDEV). Using MATLAB Simulink environment, a comparison of simulation results, application of the FSMC and the Sliding Mode Control (SMC), proved that the application of the FSMC technique presents a better alleviation of the chattering phenomenon and increases trajectory tracking performance.
In order to realize accurate speed tracking and robust control of the permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) under load disturbance, parameter variation and any other uncertainties, a speed control method based on enhanced linear active disturbance rejection control (ELADRC) is proposed. Firstly, the mathematical model of a PMLSM with uncertain disturbances is established. Secondly, based on the theory of linear active disturbance rejection (LADRC), all kinds of uncertain disturbances are regarded as a total disturbance. Then, a cascaded extended state observer (CESO) is designed to observe and compensate the total disturbance of the system in real time. Moreover, the parameter $b_{0}$ of the ELADRC controller is adjusted to further improve the control performance. Finally, the simulation and experimental results on the PMLSM drive system based on proportional-integral (PI) control, conventional LADRC and ELADRC are compared. The results show that the ELADRC has stronger disturbance rejection ability, faster speed tracking response and strong robustness. Therefore, ELADRC can lower the influence of load disturbance and parameter mismatch, and has good dynamic response and strong robustness.
A multiphase machine control implementing vector space decomposition or harmonic plane decomposition for modeling purposes can reconfigure the stator's current distribution to generate magnetomotive force waves with different pole pair numbers simultaneously. The pole pair numbers are an integer multiple of the pole pairs generated by the physical winding configuration. This property can be used for reconfiguring the pole-pair number in real time or increasing the system's torque density. This paper studies the modeling and the impact of symmetrical and asymmetrical winding configurations on the pole-pair number reconfiguration. Furthermore, pole number transition is experimentally verified on a proposed winding configuration.
The pace towards transportation electrification has been growing exponentially in recent years. One of the biggest challenges in this regard is the energy storage problem where batteries have several shortages like low capacity, reliability problems and rare material needed to fabricate them. Fuel cells, as a promising alternative for batteries, while less efficient, offer longer ranges, heavier payloads, and faster refueling times than batteries. Hence, in order to integrate fuel cell systems into electric on-board grids, proper power electronic solutions are needed to ensure a reliable and efficient operation of the whole system. To this end, multiphase boost converters as the interface between the fuel cell stack and the on-board grid are designed and built with a high power density of above 20 kW/l and light weight, which are crucial requirements for mobile applications. Moreover, the efficiency of the fuel cell is highly entangled with the proper operation of its peripheral components like the necessary air compressor. Therefore, an electric drive inverter using a simple two-level circuit topology is also proposed in this paper to drive the high speed brushless motor of the compressor. Thanks to the implementation of wide band gap semiconductor devices in the proposed designs, the DC boost converters and air compressor drive proposed in this paper can both offer simple circuit structures. This leads to high reliability and enables high power density with considerable low volume and makes them a suitable choice for mobile applications with fuel cells as the power source.
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) generator can improve efficiency, alleviate energy crisis and other advantages. At present, the main obstacle to the development of HTS generator is the quench of superconductivity caused by the AC loss. In order to reduce the AC loss, this paper proposes a novel design for high-temperature superconducting DC generator based on the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Furthermore, in order to improve the magnetic field distribution and performance of the generator, the variation structure of double-stator permanent magnet, the variation structure of double-layer squirrel cage winding and the iron core variation structure without magnetic permeability were designed on the basis of the original generator structure, and the parameters of the generator were optimized based on the size of the air gap magnetic field. The finite element method is utilized to establish the generator model for case studies. Simulation results demonstrate the necessity of the design and the efficiency of the proposed structure.
This paper designs and simulates a vehicle-to-load system using a Nissan Leaf electric car at the solar house of Concordia University, Montréal, Canada. This research facility is built to investigate numerous renewable energy systems to achieve net-zero energy for a typical detached single-family dwelling in Québec. This building, known as Future Buildings Laboratory (FBL), has integrated renewable energy sources such as solar, solar-thermal, and wind, allowing the opportunity to test different power management scenarios. The vehicle-to-load system is designed and simulated in MATLAB software considering the house's rated load and the Nissan Leaf battery's rating. The design reflects the actual characteristics of the load, battery, and power electronic elements and their interaction.
The medium frequency inverter power supply (usually 400 Hz) can effectively reduce the size and weight of passive components. Therefore, it is widely used in airplanes, ships and other fields that require high power density. These fields usually have higher requirements on the quality of the output voltage waveform. For example, it is necessary to meet the voltage requirements of unbalanced or nonlinear loads and the smooth transition when the load changes suddenly. Compared with the line frequency inverter, the number of output pulses in one fundamental cycle of the medium frequency inverter (take 400 Hz as an example) is 1/8 of that. Under the same switching frequency, the number of switching in each fundamental wave cycle is reduced. Therefore, the sampling, calculation, filtering and sampling delay of the PWM in the digital control all affect the design of the controller. These cause the control of the system to be difficult. In this paper, a hybrid control is proposed. The method can ensure the high quality of the three-phase output voltage waveform of the inverter under unbalanced or nonlinear loads, and alleviate the voltage fluctuation when the load changes suddenly. The effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation.
This paper is about transferal of an industrial laboratory and commissioning of a 200 hp dynamometer test facility in a university environment. The facility is intended for many types of electric machine testing and for research purposes. A detailed description of the facility is provided. Challenges faced during the development of the facility in a university environment are explained. A few tests that can be conducted using this facility and procedure for conducting these tests are discussed.
For the synchronous control of multi-mover permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSM) which is widely used in logistics equipment, a control method for the synchronization of multi-mover is developed by combining sliding mode control and ring coupling control strategy. Define the speed error of the two movers as the synchronization error, and introduce it into the control system of the previous mover, to improve the synchronization accuracy between the movers. Moreover, the stability of the control system is proved by the Lyapunov stable theory. The experimental results of the four-mover synchronous control system show that the proposed method can enhance the speed tracking and synchronization error of the platform effectively.
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The interest in developing magnetic gears (MGs) has been considerably increased in recent years due to the numerous advantages such as high torque density, low maintenance and overload protection. In this paper, a new MG that integrates flux-focusing and Halbach configurations is proposed. The special design of the radially magnetized permanent magnets (PMs) at both edges of the inner rotor improves the magnetic field distribution and enables the proposed MG to be designed with a high torque density. Parameter sweep analysis is used to maximize the torque density of the proposed flux-focusing Halbach coaxial MG (FFH-CMG), and reduce the volume of PM material used in the design. Finally, the electromagnetic performance of the proposed FFH-CMG is investigated using both 2D and 3D finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the proposed FFH-CMG can achieve the largest torque density when compared with its counterparts and maintain a low torque ripple.
This paper proposes a miniaturized, light weight design of a fly-back converter based on air cored transformer, suitable for various consumer electronics applications. A method to achieve higher coupling factor in the air-core transformer is also proposed and analyzed. Simulation of the air-core transformer is carried out using ANSYS MAXWELL tool and the design is validated using FEA analysis. A coupling factor of 0.923 between primary and secondary winding of the air-cored transformer is achieved using the proposed method. A fly-back converter is implemented using the air-core transformer and the experimental prototype of the converter is realized using a four layer PCB. Steady state operation of the converter with a switching frequency of 1 MHz is verified using the experimental prototype.
The proposed system develops a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading-based Local Energy Market (LEM) solution which optimizes distributed energy resources (DERs). The blockchain-based trading platform allows secure and transparent P2P energy trading in a grid-connected power network. In the P2P network, a participant with a surplus of renewable energy (such as solar photovoltaic (PV)) can trade excess with any other participants with an energy deficit. However, in business-as-usual (BAU), it has been fed back to the power grid or curtailed - which can be extremely costly to the grid. The energy traded through solar PV and battery energy storage system (BESS) via P2P trading is cheaper than the respective tariff of the grid.The main aim of the LEM is to mitigate power outages and accelerate the transition to clean energy through increased rooftop solar PV installation by motivating consumers and prosumers to invest in DERs. The LEM implements a marketplace for optimizing distributed energy resources (DERs). In doing so, the LEM can minimize lost energy from existing DER capacity, provide a financial incentive to generate renewable energy beyond the site it is generated at, and improve the savings and profits compared to a BAU case. Simplified, a LEM provides participants with cheaper, greener, and more reliable energy. The LEM maximizes a participant's yield from their solar PV panels, increasing the investment's profitability.Due to the benefits provided, implementing LEM accelerates renewable energy deployment with no government incentives. These benefits are achieved by utilizing a low-energy, high-speed proprietary Blockchain in tandem with the microservice-based architecture used in the software, which develops a secure trading network that is both easily scalable and highly resilient.
In this paper, we consider linear-quadratic zero-sum differential games for a class of stochastic systems with state delay and their application to the stability control problem of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). First, we define a stabilization problem via a memoryless state feedback strategy and then solve the problem of minimizing the upper bound of the cost function using guaranteed cost control theory. Moreover, a saddle point equilibrium condition is established against external disturbance input. For this problem, the necessary conditions for the sub-optimality are established via stochastic cross-coupled matrix equations (SCCMEs) using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition. Second, a practical example based on the stability control problem for the PMSM is presented to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is effective even in the presence of stochastic noise, deterministic disturbance, and model uncertainties.
This paper presents an investigation of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues pertaining to an isolated bridgeless single-stage, light-emitting diode (LED) driver. The front-end of the converter consists of a Power factor correction (PFC) circuit and a soft-switching technique to ensure a close to unity power factor. In addition, a complementary circuit is added to directly transfer power from the primary circuit to the load using a couple-inductor to reduce the stress on the MOSFETs switches while guaranteeing maximum power throughput. Due to the switching nature of this topology with high di/dt and dv/dt, a significant EMI noise, in both common and differential modes, is generated in the primary circuit, which can find its way back to the utility grid. Thus, compliance with applicable Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards is required. Further details relevant to the circuit CM and DM noise issues will be discussed. An EMI filter design will be illustrated and results for the conducted EMI emission will be provided.
