We propose a new method by incorporating improved k-means and modified fuzzy c-means clustering techniques for segmenting medical images. Segmentation of medical images plays a key role in estimating the object boundary and abnormalities, if any. Moreover, it is an important process to extract more information from complex medical images. Magnetic resonance images may contain noise due to the operator performance and the interference of radio frequency coil; hence it makes a challenging problem for segmenting such images in medical field. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) is a flexible approach for the automatic segmentation of medical images. K-means has low computational complexity.
Stones are more common in men than in women. Stone formation in renal systems in one of the oldest and the most common form of crystal deposition. Population that consume diets rich in animal protein have a higher risk of stones than those with a more vegetarian diet. The risk of forming a stone is increased further by a high intake of refined sugar, salt and oxalate-rich foods. Living and working in a hot environment or engaging in regular vigorous exercise can increase the risk of forming stones by decreasing urine volume as a result of dehydration from sweating. Obesity results in increased urinary excretion of stone formation. Forty six samples are collected from various Hospitals with survey of various factors in the form of questionnaire. From the questionnaire, a detailed statistical discussion on the Epidomology of the kidney stones on the basis of Age, Symptoms, Food habits, Occupation, Obesity, Sexual correlation and Recurrence. Stones are removed surgically, ureterscopy and `crushing and evacuation' method. In our studies ten samples are removed by surgically, we can get crystals. Other samples are crushed. A seasonal variation is an important factor to formation of kidney stones.
This paper will describe the signal processing and channel enhancement using MIMO technology In order to have flexibility in transmission system, wireless systems are always considered better as compared to wired channel. Having known the drawbacks of the Single Input Single Output system, and having computed the advantages of Multiple Input Multiple Out, several techniques have been developed to implement space multiplexed codes. In wireless MIMO the transmitting end as well as the receiving end is equipped with multiple antenna elements, as such MIMO can be viewed as an extension of the very popular `smart antennas'. In MIMO though the transmit antennas and receive antennas are jointly combined in such a way that the quality (Bit Error Rate) or the rate (Bit/Sec) of the communication is improved. At the system level, careful design of MIMO signal processing and coding algorithms can help increase dramatically capacity and coverage.
This paper investigates typical behaviors like damped oscillations in fractional order (FO) dynamical systems. Such response occurs due to the presence of, what is conceived as, pseudo-damping and meta-damping in some special class of FO systems. Here, approximation of such damped oscillation in FO systems with the conventional notion of integer order damping and time constant has been carried out using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Next, a multilayer feed-forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been trained using the GA based results to predict the optimal pseudo and meta-damping from knowledge of the maximum order or number of terms in the FO dynamical system.
This paper presents the development of design, modeling and simulation for variable speed wind turbine doubly fed induction generator are simulated through computer software tool using MATLAB/SIMULINK. A variable wind speed turbine doubly fed induction generator with power electronics interface is modeled for dynamic simulation analysis. The MATLAB/SIMULINK is provided to implements the wind turbine and doubly fed induction generator components models and equations. Controllable power inverter strategies are intended for capturing the maximum power under variable speed operation and maintaining reactive power generation at a pre-determined level for constant power factor control or voltage regulation control. Control schemes for both wind turbine and doubly fed induction generator are constructed by user-define function provided in the simulation. Simulation case studies provide the variable speed wind doubly fed induction generator dynamic performance for changes in different wind speed. This control scheme of this model can be employed to regulate the real power, reactive power, generated voltage and generated speed at different wind speed in the power system. Simulation results of this model can be validate the real power, reactive power, generated voltage and generated speed at different wind speeds in the power system. Its simulations results are presented.
Developing renewable energy can help India increase its energy security, reduce the adverse impacts on the environment, lower its carbon intensity, contribute to more balanced regional development. But whether the renewable energy will really be able to solve these issues effectively or will it give up to fossil energy. This paper deals with the necessity of renewable energy and the potentials and barriers in implementing the functions of renewable energy in Wind, Solar, Biomass etc and also offers reasonable solutions to financial viability, infrastructure setup and approvals for renewable energy projects.
For higher power applications, multilevel inverter structures have the particular advantages of operation at high dc-bus voltages which is achieved using series connection of switching devices. Moreover, a reduction in output voltage harmonics is achieved by switching between multiple voltage levels. The two most common multilevel inverter topologies are the diode clamped inverter and the cascaded inverter. In the paper, we will discuss about the cascaded multilevel inverter. The cascaded multilevel inverter uses series strings of single phase full bridge inverter to construct multilevel phase legs. A particular advantage of this topology is that the modulation, control and protection requirement of each bridge are modular. Moreover, multilevel inverter topologies are able to generate better output quality, while operating at lower switching frequency. This implies lower switching dissipation and higher efficiency. In this paper, the conventional PWM inverter and the cascaded multilevel PWM inverter is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. The analysis of the conventional PWM inverter and the cascaded multilevel PWM inverter using unipolar and bipolar switching schemes is done and finally the results are compared.
In Radial Distribution Systems (RDS), the injection level of harmonics by non linear loads is high, due to continuous penetration of harmonic producing loads. Shunt capacitors play a vital role in enhancing the performance of Radial Distribution Systems. Introduction of shunt capacitors may further increase the harmonics, if not placed at optimal locations. This paper aims to identify optimal placement and rating of capacitors to reduce the cost of total real power loss and that of shunt capacitor installation cost while satisfying operating and power quality constraints by using Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), which is relatively a new meta-heuristic method. The total cost of real power loss is considered as objective function, subject to the constraints of voltage profile and Total harmonic distortion level (THD). The backward / forward sweep technique based Radial distribution power flow (RDPF) algorithm and harmonic power flow (HPF) algorithm are implemented for power flow simulation. The performance of the proposed Harmony search algorithm (HAS) is tested on the standard IEEE 13 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
The existing Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) uses non-Unicode characters, hence the characters from many regional languages are not displayed correctly. We present a new localization framework with Unicode characters for IPTV. Here, we concentrated mainly on Online News Reading using IPTV, but this is extendable for other purposes. The language we focused was “Sinhala” which is used by most of the Sri Lankans. With simple modifications in the server, the set of tools can be further extended to other Unicode languages. We convert all the Unicode characters into images dynamically in the server side and sends to the client IPTV with other graphical content. This provides clear, readable, and correct textual news dynamically without unknown and ambiguous character sequences.
Fish is an important to determine the nutrient content, fish fed to piscivorous species to ensure the animals are receiving an appropriate diet. The results of chemical analyses for nutrients can be affected by various factors including collection of a representative sample, sample preparation methodology, and laboratory and instrument variation. The objective of this project was to determine the effects of sample handling and preparation on dry matter, protein, fat and energy content in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Variation among laboratories using the same preparation methods was also investigated. Five different methods of preparation were utilized: thawed pureed, frozen pureed, thawed pureed with water, ground with dry ice, and ground with liquid nitrogen. Subsamples from each preparation method were submitted to two laboratories for analyses. It was found that method of preparation does not significantly affect chemical analysis. However, variation among laboratories can be an important source of variation in analysis.
Voice over Internet Protocol is an important service with strict quality of requirements in Wireless Local Area Network (WLANs). The IEEE 802.11e Standard has been introduced recently for providing Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities in the emerging wireless local area networks. The IEEE802.11e is an approved amendment to the IEEE802.11 standard that defines a set of Quality of Service enhancements for Wireless LAN applications through modifications to the medium access control layer. This 802.11e introduces a contention window based that is Enhanced Distribution Channel Access (EDCA) technique that provides a prioritized traffic to guarantee minimum bandwidth needed for time critical applications. However this EDCA technique resets statistically the contention window of the mobile station after each successful transmission. This static behavior does not adapt to the network state hence reduces the network usage and results in bad performance and poor link utilization whenever the demand for link utilization increases. For that purpose a new adaptive differentiation technique has been proposed for IEEE 802.11e wireless local area networks that take into account the network state before resetting the contention window.
Though OFDM has many advantages like Spectral efficiency, robust to multipath fading, it is highly sensitive to synchronization error caused by Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), and Sampling Clock Offset (SCO). These offset reduces the orthogonality in OFDM which degrades the system performance. For to improve the efficiency of the system Inter Symbol Pilot Aided Synchronization Algorithm is introduced in this paper for estimating the offset. The data is transmitted in Asynchronous Mode of Transmission since it has better than synchronous mode of transmission.
This paper presents a transient stability improvement using neural-fuzzy controller design for STATCOM with static synchronous time critical error and better damping system oscillations after a short circuit fault. This article on a STATCOM Control for transient stability improvement has proposed a system to meet with the addition of Lyapunov stability criterion to the ability and conditions as well. The performance is analyzed using digital simulation with (SMIB) with infinite bus.
Delivering the data in real time is important for the sensors deployed for monitoring and control applications of critical systems. If wireless sensors are used in such systems, interference from other wireless devices operating in the same premises is a major problem that can cause transmission errors and data delivery failures. Design and implementation of Interference mitigation schemes that offer preference to data transfers of high-priority devices when compared with the data of low-priority devices are presented here. These schemes can support real-time data transfers of wireless sensors that can be deployed in environments like factory automation.
The objective of this chat application is basically to avoid the misinterpretation about the messages that normally occurs during chatting. The current emotions of each user of the application will be captured in the form of an image via a webcam. These emotions will be reflected in the form of a smiley face on chat window of the other user of the application whom he/she is chatting with. The purpose of using face detection algorithm in is to determine whether or not there are any faces in an captured image, if any, the location of each face is shown. We also present a system, based on Piecewise Bézier Volume Deformation tracker for detecting the facial features and keeping a track of their deformations. TAN classifier basically aims to recognise the facial expressions by considering all the deformations, occurring each time. Thus the users of application can express their emotions in better way at nearly the same cost of data transfer.
In the brink of the fast moving world, the efficient usage of the available space is considered as important as any other matter. When it comes to building construction, the effectiveness lies on the selection of the most suitable type of a building considering the experts parameters. The process of selection will take a long time as it would be very hard to initiate the work. This paper presents a set of tools implemented to support effective town planning which can be used to remove unnecessary time wastage in the manual process. Besides that there is location finding and cost calculation which has the linkage with the Town Planning System application. This system can help normal people to get the suitable building plan and total cost of building plan without consulting any building Construction Professionals. In addition to the summary of the above solution, this paper describes the design of the overall solution which can be indicated as an integration of several modules into a single system. Combination of location finding module, admin module and cost and time calculation module will have all system functions. Each of these modules should interact with each other while they preserve their own anatomy. In another word while being independent these modules should interact with each other.
Analysis and technique for harmonic elimination is introduced in this paper. The proposed technique eliminates harmonics component from the periodic waveform and it requires only knowledge of fundamental frequency of the periodic waveform. This technique utilizes multipliers, unit delay, adder and subtractor. Adaptation process exactly matches amplitude and phase of fundamental frequency component and eliminate harmonics form the periodic waveform. The bipolar waveforms are roughly analyzed and considered case of square wave pattern which contain all odd harmonics. The simulation result show that the method can effectively eliminate odd harmonics from square wave and sine wave is produced with total harmonic distortion less than one percentage.
Graph cut image partitioning is used to segment any type of the image data. The image data is transformed by a kernel function so that the piecewise constant model of the graph cut formulation becomes applicable. The method affords an effective alternative to complex modeling of the original image data while taking advantage of the computational benefits of graph cuts. Using a common kernel function, energy minimization typically consists of iterating image partitioning by graph cut iterations and evaluations of region parameters via fixed point computation. The method results in good segmentations and runs faster the graph cut methods. The segmentation from MRI data is an important but time consuming task performed manually by medical experts. In this method, a semi-automatic interactive segmentation system with the ability to adjust operator control is achieved. The energy is efficiently minimized using graph cut.
The paper presents method for the sensorless control of the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). Method development is motivated by the requirement of accurate rotor position to support optimize control and excitation for the SRM. Proposed method connects the magnetic characteristics of the motor to an analytical expression to estimate the rotor position. A step-wise procedure is present to maps the magnetic characteristics of the SRM in to an analytical expression to estimate the rotor position through the simple and fast algorithm and simulation results are presented. Simple method based on physical reasoning accounts both spatial and magnetic nonlinearity, thereby providing useful technique for rotor position estimation to support optimize control for the existing SRM. Main features of the proposed sensorless method are it offers simplest algorithm, it required very less storage element to store a two magnetization curves, once model is developed from the magnetic characteristics there is no need to tune any parameter of the model with the motor operating point and can work with same accuracy for all speed range. Proposed Method is simulated using MATLAB simulink environment and validated using real time simulator RT-Lab.
