The goal of this research is to design a dynamic model of distribution network cell (DNC) using artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The development of dynamic model using artificial intelligent (AI) has been increased over the year which some of AI method is more complicated like fuzzy system that needs fuzzy rule to develop the model. So, there is need for other method that is more simple and accurate. In this project, the DNC model using ANN was developed using MATLAB programming. This research consists of two models which are for active and reactive power based on frequency and input voltage. The active and reactive power responses from the ANN model were compared to the response from the full DNC model at various type of disturbance. The response of full DNC model was obtained from the UK 11 kV distribution network model. The model was developed using DigSILENT PowerFactory software. The performance of the ANN model was validated by calculating the value of root means square error (RMSE) and the best fit value. Later, the performance of the ANN model was also compared to the fuzzy model and system identification model. The results obtained show that the ANN model was more simpler as no parameters involved in developing the equivalent model. The efficiency was also good based on the high best fit value compared to fuzzy system model and system identification model. In conclusion, the equivalent dynamic model of DNC based on ANN system approach was successfully developed.
This paper reports on the enhanced piezoresistive effect in p-type <;110> silicon nanowires, fabricated using a top down approach. The silicon nanowire width is varied from 100 to 500nm with thickness of 200 nm and length of 9μm. It is found that the piezoresistive effect increases when the nanowire width is reduced below 350 nm. Compared with micrometre sized piezoresistors, silicon nanowires have produced up to 50% enhancement. Silicon nanowire with cross-section of (100 × 200 nm) with doping concentration of 3.2 × 10 18 cm -3 has produced a gauge factor of 150. The extracted gauge factors are compared with other silicon nanowire experimental publications. The enhancement in piezoresistive effect by employing non-suspended silicon nanowire is beneficial for new MEMS pressure sensors with medium doping concentrations.
This paper aims to examine the issues related to the Traditional Cisco Laboratory system in particular and evaluate the issues regarding current solutions. This paper reports on an efficient and economical Laboratory system which can be accessed wirelessly by students eliminating the cabling issues and time wastage. The newly proposed Cisco Networking Laboratory is characterized by incorporating Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as access protocol and Raspberry Pis as access nodes which are connected to the Cisco Devices. These Raspberry Pi computers act as the interface between the students and Cisco Devices and as well as they serve as a terminal or end computer in the Lab work. The implementation also demonstrates that the newly designed Wireless Cisco Networking Laboratory is perceived positively by IT students of the Study Group, Sydney. The evaluation of the proposed model will be further discussed for further use.
A Gafchromic External Beam Therapy 3 (EBT3) film was investigated for its ability to measure ultraviolet (UV) radiation via UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) with two different peak emission wavelengths (365 and 375 nm). 16 pieces of EBT3 film were prepared with dimension of 2.5 cm × 1.2 cm. The films then exposed to each UV LEDs at various duration of time. The discoloration of the films is dependent on the irradiance exposure, UV wavelength and length of exposure. The graphs of absorbance spectra were presented and it resulting in two distinguishable peaks located at 580 and 633 nm. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for the measurement of UV LEDs with peak wavelength at 365 and 375 nm showed a consistent good result throughout the spectral wavelength. These results indicate the effectiveness of EBT3 film for quantitative measurements of UV exposure.
Booster Synchrotron at RRCAT, Indore, India, is an electron accelerator, where energy of the electrons is increased from 20 MeV to 450 MeV and 550 MeV for injection in Indus-1 and Indus-2 synchrotron radiation sources respectively. Measurement of electron beam position in the booster during energy ramping process is important for achieving proper operation of Booster Synchrotron. Four-electrode type beam position monitors (BPM) have been installed in the booster ring at six different locations for monitoring of electron beam position. We have designed and developed envelope detector based electronics for beam position measurement with capability of providing data update rate of 1 kHz. For each BPM, the electronics consists of single board processing electronics with math-processor, Ethernet controller and RF front-end electronics. It is equipped with embedded web server to monitor the beam position through network. In the laboratory test, typical rms noise in the position measurement of the developed processing electronics has been found to be less than 20 micron. The developed processing electronics has been deployed in the field.
Transmission line lightning failures threaten safe and reliable operation of power grid. Guangzhou is one of areas with the strongest lightning activities in China. Lightning protection in Guangzhou power grid has reference role to construction and operation of power grid in other places with frequent lighting in China. Therefore, selection of key parameters in leader progression model is studied. Distribution rule of lighting activities and line lighting trip-out in Guangzhou is analyzed; shielding failure features of typical 500kV power transmission line in Guangzhou are analyzed. The study shows that lighting trip-out frequency has certain relevance to cloud-to-ground lightning frequency. Operation data show that Guangzhou 500kV line shielding failure flash-over rate is 0.125 times / (100 km·year). Two terrains of plain and mountain are considered. The line shielding failure flash-over rate is 0.108 times / (100 km·year) according to calculation.
Research on network slicing for multi-tenant heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (H-CRANs) is still in its infancy. In this paper, we redefine network slicing and propose a new network slicing framework for multi-tenant H-CRANs. In particular, the network slicing process is formulated as a weighted throughput maximization problem that involves sharing of computational resources, fronthaul capacity, physical remote radio heads and radio resources. The problem is then jointly solved using a sub-optimal greedy approach and a dual decomposition method. Simulation results demonstrate that the framework can flexibly scale the throughput performance of multiple tenants according to the user priority weights associated with the tenants.
The paper demonstrates the circuit of a low power D flip-flop serial in/parallel out (DFF SIPO) based shift register design. The flip-flops (FF's) consumption of casual logic power in a SoC chip (system on chip) commonly overpasses 50% as long the input and the output are in the same state thanks to the redundancy transition of interior loops. Conventional implementation of shift register systems such as linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) have two main drawbacks namely that elements into structure have been clocked during every clock cycle, and throughput is confined to just one (1) bit per clock cycle. Large scale integrated systems have much higher power consumption when tested due to the increased level of circuit activity. The higher rate of circuit activity can help reduce transition times that are from the input to the output phases. Flip-flops have been performed in 0.18μm CMOS technology. Circuit simulations with displays showing appropriate power dissipations have been reduced are possible where input signals decrease switching activities. A 16-Bit shift register is shown as an easy low power usage.
Tangent Delta, also called loss angle or dissipation factor (δ) is a measurement technique to determine the quality of cable insulation. It utilizes the phase shifts caused by the displacement current induced due to the existence of impurities in the insulation or stress on the cable. More than 50% of the underground cable breakdown is due to cable joint failures and also aged bulk cable failures. Current Tangent Delta measurement used is an overall or bulk assessment technique where it is not able to differentiate the responses of each cable system component (i.e. joints, terminations and cables). However, there is no current method is available to extract the tangent delta of joints from bulk defective cable using HFAC or other commercial techniques. It is important to distinguish the cable and its accessories response within the cable system for the ease of maintenance action. Therefore this experimental approach is an attempt to distinguish the responses of each component made using High frequency Alternating Current (HFAC) Tangent Delta measurement technique. This paper presents the extraction method for cable joint of 11 kV defect conditioned cable sample induced with carbon black (CB) impurities in its insulation. The technique will implement on defective cable with various combination of two joints of 20 meter length. The tangent delta of cable joint from bulk tangent delta measurement will be determined using higher frequencies (>100Hz) at voltages of 1 kV. The current (I), voltage (V) and phase (θ) were obtained in this experiment using HFAC measurement setup. The phasor diagram is then constructed where the actual joint phase is extracted using the basic trigonometric functions. Hence, the tan delta values of extracted joints were obtained through the calculations.
In this work, comparative analysis of Booth and Wallace Tree multiplier architectures is presented using Altera small commercial FPGA devices. Comparison is done with respect to resources consumed and maximum frequency achieved for different multiplier bit width. The synthesis results show tradeoff that Booth multiplier offers better performance at the cost of more chip area. This is very useful to guide in choosing suitable VLSI architecture as per required application.
The purpose of this work is to promote an improvement of backbone networks in terms of availability and remote access. It especially focuses on network environments based on a hub and spoke topology. The significant findings indicate that data isolation, data encryption and encrypted dynamic routing information transmission are the main requirements for backbone network security. In addition, due to the importance of the backbone network, redundancy is also a necessary consideration for its availability, especially link and gateway redundancies. This report introduces a two-surface structure based on particular security protocols addressing backbone network security. The simulation of the proposed structure was carried out on GNS3, but a performance test on real devices is still needed for further research.
Frequency divider is an important unit in phase-locked loop (PLL) which is widely used in RF frequency synthesizer. The divider circuit has been identified as the main contributor to PLL power dissipation. Therefore, frequency divider with low power dissipation is necessary. The objectives of this work are to design a frequency divider with low power dissipation which is able to operate under low supply voltage using Silterra 0.13μm CMOS technology. This work also compares performance of the proposed frequency divider to the conventional frequency divider, which is implemented in MOSFET. The proposed frequency divider is based on TSPC topology. DTMOS and FBB techniques have been adopted in the proposed frequency divider to enable it operate at low supply voltage, results in low power dissipation. The performance of the proposed frequency divider in term of maximum operating frequency, supply voltage, power dissipation and phase noise have been compared to those of conventional frequency divider which is implemented using MOSFET. The result of this work has shown that the proposed DTMOS-FBB frequency divider is able to operate up to 2.5GHz from 0.6V supply voltage. It only dissipates 29μW of power. Compared to the MOSFET frequency divider, at the same operating frequency it dissipates 61 μW from 1.2V supply voltage. It is shown the proposed DTMOS-FBB frequency divider has reduced up to 52% of power dissipation when compared to MOSFET frequency divider.
In this paper, a multi slot-loaded microstrip dual band antenna is presented for energy harvesting applications at 2.4/5.8GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands. The incorporation of C-shape slot, rectangle slot and a pair of I-shape slots on patch antenna was supportive for excitation of dual distinctive resonance bonds. Such integration was also found effective in delivering good impedance matching for the proposed dual band antenna, with 24.24dB return loss recorded at lower resonance 2.445GHz and 39.9dB return loss at higher resonance 5.805GHz. The total efficiency of proposed antenna exceeded 80 percent with a realized gain of more than 6.4dBi at both resonances.
This paper presents a new nonintrusive load identification method to disaggregate the target load in a typical commercial building. For this purpose, experiments were carried out in the laboratory implementing real load switching activity and power measurements were made with a smart meter. Nonintrusive load monitoring is performed by analysing the power signals obtained from the smart meter and detecting the operation of load appliances. A new feature extraction technique based on the time-time (TT)-transform is applied to improve the load identification. For classifying and predicting the various load operations, a new intelligent technique called as extreme learning machine with single hidden layer feedforward neural network is developed. ELM has high efficiency and simple to be implemented. The inputs to the ELM are the extracted TT-transform features together with other signals like real and reactive powers while the ELM outputs are the switching states of the load appliances. The load appliances considered in the study are the lightings, personal computers and air conditioners. The ELM accuracy is validated by testing with unknown dataset recorded by the smart meter at 1 minute sampling rate. The ELM testing results showed that the desired level of load identification can be achieved by using additional TT-transform features.
The health care system in the western world is not sustainable due to growing needs of an ageing population combined with the introduction of new costly medical treatments. Introduction of new cost efficient technologies are promising means to obtain an efficient and reliable health care system. This paper addresses some important challenges for technology innovation in health care and points out how model driven software engineering (MDSE) can contribute to overcome some of these obstacles.
E-Learning is a very widely used mode of education these days. Many universities have adopted E-Learning as their preferred system for resource sharing, assessments and grading. The problem is that apart from being usable, economical and accessible, E-Learning systems are often prone to fraud perpetrated by dishonest students. Using a strong authentication mechanism would help in limiting the exploitation of E-Learning systems. Biometrics is one such authentication technique that provides unique and universal identification for any system. A number of different biometric frameworks have been developed for E-Learning systems, but there are still loopholes which need to be considered. This project discusses the main issues faced by E-Learning systems and how using biometrics can help overcome such issues. Firstly, it gives some information about the need for biometrics and the types of frameworks currently available. The proposed framework is then developed and evaluated based on a survey conducted with teachers and students. The project concludes with examining user perceptions about the proposed framework.
In this work we propose and analyze a possible hardware architecture for experimentation on fine-grained reconfigurable supercomputing based on modern Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. It is proposed a scalable cubic array of elementary computational units which are interconnected according to a tridimensional toroidal mesh network. Each computational unit is essentially formed by an FPGA plus an onboard external RAM memory. While the adjacent units in the bulk are directly interconnected through the regular FPGA IOs; the external units at opposite faces of the cubic array are interconnected by mean of high speed serial links in order to grant homogeneous data transfer bandwidth among all topologically adjacent units. Among several relevant issues we discuss the feasibility, scalability and portability.
Crystal oscillators are one of the main components used in the most electronic circuits, especially in the applications of radio frequency and microprocessor devices. Several techniques are being used to have low power consumption of crystal oscillator such as low voltage supply; low current, and improvise the designing of the circuit. The improvement of the crystal oscillator is also desired for the high speed and long lifetime devices.
This report describes a project which creates an upgraded topology based on the Internet service provider (ISP) environment. In the current service provider network, reliability, availability and management have become issues which need to be considered. Many technologies have been presented to solve these issues. This project is based on the virtual environment finished by simulators which are tools necessary to accomplish the project. In this project, two simulators are applied. One simulator creates a network topology which can be used to simulate real architecture, check all the protocols and process packets exchange. The second simulator deals with traffic. In the virtual environment, the simulated traffic will be created, collected and analysed. From this operation, a report about the advantages and disadvantages in both the current and the upgraded network environments will be generated. Detailed results are then compared, explained and clearly presented using data format.
Total Electron Content (TEC) is the main parameter in the ionosphere that has significant effect on the propagation of radio waves causing delay errors on the GPS signals. Therefore, identifying an effective forecasting method is important to reduce the GPS position error. This research aimed to use the statistical Holt-Winter method to forecast the ionospheric vertical TEC (VTEC) over Malaysia. The data were derived from the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) dual frequency GPS receiver located in three stations over Malaysia, namely the Kedah station at geographic coordinates of 6.46°N-100.50°E and geomagnetic coordinates of 3.32°S-172.99°E, Johor station (south of Peninsular Malaysia) at geographic coordinates of 1.36°N-104.10°E and geomagnetic coordinates of 8.43°S-176.53°E, and Terengganu station at geographic coordinates of 4.62°N-103.21°E and geomagnetic coordinates of 5.64°N-174.98°E, during March of 2013. Based on the result, the peak of the ionospheric delay for the diurnal hourly variation was at 17:00 LT, while the minimum was from 6:00-7:00 LT. There was no significant difference in the VTEC trend among the three stations. The Holt-Winter method provided an accurate forecast during the quiet and disturbed period. The maximum MAPE was 4.5% during the quiet day and 9.1% during the disturbed day.
