针对玉米免耕播种时种子易被种沟内残膜包覆和秸秆架空,严重影响出苗率等问题,面向新疆免耕播种环境要求,提出了一种免耕种沟清理装置,采用侧抛弹齿和曲面滑铲协同清理方法,并对其作业过程和抛撒轨迹进行了分析,确定了影响种沟秸秆和残膜清理率的主要因素及取值范围,获得了秸秆和残膜在水平、垂直方向被抛撒的最大距离和高度分别为239.3～747.0 mm,141.7～442.2.0 mm.利用MATLAB 仿真,获取了120 r/min,150 r/min,和180 r/min不同转速下,相邻两弹齿端点的运动轨迹曲线变化规律,漏清区随弹齿转速增大而减小.以机具作业速度、弹齿转速和弹齿倾角为影响因子,种沟秸秆清理率和残膜清理率为评价指标进行了正交试验,结果表明,影响种沟秸秆清理率和残膜清理率显著性顺序依次为弹齿转速、机具作业速度和弹齿倾角,当作业速度为6 km/h,弹齿转速为180 r/min,弹齿倾角40°时,种沟秸秆清理率为88.27%,残膜清理率为84.31%,满足新疆玉米免耕播种的农艺要求,以期为适应新疆及西北地区的免耕播种装备研究提供参考.
Fine droplets with high adhesion can greatly improve the efficiency of atomization culture. Therefore, the development of a spray nozzle that can produce fine fog droplets with high adhesion is of great significance for aeroponics. Compared to piezoelectric ultrasonic atomizer, Hartmann resonator low-frequency ultrasonic electrostatic atomizer has the advantages of large atomization volume and constant liquid chemical structure, but the droplet size is larger. High-speed gas can generate low-frequency ultrasonic vibration sound waves in Hartmann resonator. The frequency and intensity of sound waves determine the atomization performance of supersonic atomizer nozzle. However, very few research literatures can be found on how the structure and operating parameters of Hartmann resonator affect the atomization performance. In order to improve the atomization performance of ultrasonic atomizer, a two-stage Hartmann resonator low-frequency ultrasonic electrostatic atomizer was designed. The shrinkage-type Laval tube was designed by fluid mechanics theory, and the design results were verified by fluent software. The virtual orthogonal test method was used to optimize the structure parameters of two-stage resonator and spray test was carried out. The results showed that when the included angle between the two stage resonators was 80 degrees, the diameter was 4.86 mm, the tube length ratio was 1.0 and the gas pressure was 0.5 MPa, the droplet size could reach 22.05 mu m. Additionally, compared with the traditional Hartmann cavity with 90 degrees included angle, the droplet size was decreased by 63%. The annular electrode was used as the charging electrode, and Comsol Multiphysics software was used to simulate and calculate the deformation and crushing process of electrostatic droplets and the influence of different voltage, surface tension and droplet diameter on the droplet deformation rate. The results showed that: (1) the optimum charge range of the electrode ring was within 20 mm of the axial distance along the electrode ring. (2) The higher the voltage U, the smaller the surface tension sigma the larger the droplet diameter d and the larger the droplet deformation rate. (3) The experimental results showed that the droplet size was inversely proportional to the gas pressure P-0, electrostatic voltage U and spray height h. When the gas pressure and electrostatic voltage were 0.4 MPa and 18 kV, 0.4 MPa and 18 kV, respectively, the droplet sizes were 7.8 mu m and 43.9 mu m respectively, the droplet size difference between the two conditions was 82.2%.
A comprehensive understanding of the distribution and water movement of the substrate in root areas is crucial to the design and management of drip irrigation systems, which is a significant step to maximizing crop water use efficiency by understanding the hydrodynamics in soilless substrates. In this study, an improved HYDRUS-2D model by the dynamic root growth model was used to simulate water movement under the condition of drip irrigation and the water uptake process of the root, and then, compared with the observed data. Substrate water content under drip irrigation was also measured with the calibrated ECH20-EC5 sensors. The situation of substrate water movement was analyzed under the conditions of different depths, different initial water content, and different irrigation amount. The substrate water movement under different drip irrigation conditions was explored. The results showed that incorporating the defined initial and boundary conditions and the hydraulic characteristics of the substrate into the model enabled HYDRUS model to predict the movement and position of water in unsaturated porous media by solving Richards equation. Under drip irrigation, the substrate wetting body was approximately a quarter ellipse, and the water would continue to move to the area where the wetting front did not reach within 1 h after irrigation. The simulation results of the improved HYDRUS-2D model agreed well with those observed by the ECH2O-EC5 sensors, and the model could provide a basis for precision irrigation of soilless substrate culture under drip irrigation.
Soil salinization is an issue of global concern. Despite recent evidence indicates that application of sediments into saline-alkali soil in Yellow River Delta as an additive can increase crop yield, its effects on soil structure and infiltration remain uncertain. In this study, the comprehensively analyses were conducted on the soil infiltration and microstructure of the soil treated with three sediment application layers (surface layer at 0-15 cm, lower layer at 15-30 cm, and plough layer at 0-30 cm) and four sediment incorporation rates (0, 2%, 5% and 10%), using soil column simulation experiment. Results indicated that the dredged Yellow River sediments can improve the infiltration capacity of saline-alkali soil; and the infiltration capacity increased with the rising sediment incorporation rate under the given application pattern. Compared with the control, applying dredged Yellow River sediments at 10% rate at lower layer and plough layer significantly facilitated the soil infiltration of the saline-alkali soil. Soil macro-porosity for T2, T5 and T10 was 26%, 52% and 158% more than that for the control, respectively. This phenomenon was attributed to the increased soil macro-porosity, due to the improved soil microstructure with the incorporation of sediment into the saline-alkali soil. Moreover, the cumulative infiltration was fitted better with Kostiakov infiltration model than Horton and Philip models.
: Precision agriculture (PA) through the use and utilization of innovative technologies is a concept in agricultural management that enables long-term efficiency gains, control of unforeseen changes, and a reduction of negative impacts on the environment. However, there are even more reasons and benefits to using precision agriculture technologies (PATs) on farms, but the actual use on small farms is often questionable. The main objective of this research was to evaluate and analyze the current state of PA and its potential on a set of small farms. In addition, a comparison was made between small farms located in less favored areas (LFAs) and more favored areas (MFAs) to find if specific characteristics of the surrounding environment affect the (non-) implementation of these technologies by farm owners, with respect to the given regional possibilities. The result shows that 57.5% of respondents on these farms have never implemented PATs before and 20% are beginners in their respective fields. It was found that there were no statistically significant differences in the integration between fewer LFAs and MFAs technologies and their use in this study. The majority of respondents believe that the main changes need to occur on the level of politics. The results show that the level of cost or initial investment is the main reason and the main obstacle in the implementation of PATs on the surveyed farms.
Refined management is an inevitable trend in the development of livestock husbandry. Accurate acquisition of breeding environment parameters is beneficial to improve breeding efficiency while reducing the environmental pollution. Light is an important breeding environmental factor during broiler breeding. In this study, a short-term broiler breeding experiment was conducted with different light color illumination environments in a digital breeding chamber under lab conditions. According to experimental results, the Red Light (RL) group was conducive to the growth of broilers at 30 d of age with low NH3 emission concentration; the Green Light (GL) group inhibited the broiler growth; the Yellow Light (YL) group showed the highest average emission concentration of NH3 and lowest daily average emission concentration of CO2. According to the analysis of moisture content, pH value, and C/N in the broiler manure, it can be concluded that the physical and chemical properties of broiler defecation quantities were different under various light color illuminations, resulting in the difference in broiler growth conditions and harmful gas emissions. The study results could provide a research basis and ideas of reference to establish a relationship between LED illumination information, broiler growth performance, and harmful gas emission.
This study aimed to determine the effects of spectral light characteristics on the visual response of the western flower thrips, the strengthening mechanism of thrips response behavior regulated by light, and thrips response characteristics to contrast light. Light with combined and single wavelength were tested by using a self-made behavior response device for thrips. Light sources for trapping thrips were made to verify the trapping effect on thrips in a greenhouse, and the reasons for changes in thrips behavior were analyzed to characterize the mechanism of their phototactic response. The results showed that the light mode (single, contrast, combined light) affected the thrips visual response and approach response, whereas in contrast light, the effects were optimal. Combination light inhibited the thrips visual response, and when the illumination increased, the thrips visual response to single and combination light intensified, and the thrips approach sensitivity to green light increased in contrast and combination light. However, the light mode did not affect the thrips visual response and sensitivity to spectral light characteristics. The degree of thrips visual response to yellow light was stronger than that to green light, while the degree of thrips visual response to green light was stronger than that to yellow light, indicating that the photo-induced mechanism of the thrips visual response differed from that of the thrips approach response. Moreover, in the greenhouse, the trapping effect of different light sources on thrips was positively correlated with temperature. The trapping effect of green light was optimal, followed by a yellow light source, while the difference of light intensity (illumination, illumination energy) and its photo-thermal intensity between yellow and green light was the reason for the differences in the degree of visual trends and the trapping effects of thrips. However, the sensitivity of thrips responding to different light depended on the difference in the heterogeneous stimulation intensity of different spectral light. Thus, light brightness and photo-thermal effects were the causes of thrips visual responses, while bio-photoelectric reaction effects caused thrips to produce a visual response and affected the degree of the thrips visual response. The results reveal the underlying causes of pest control by light, and provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of pest induction equipment and light arrangements.
Currently, in the conventional aeroponic system the collection of data for crop performance is quite slow, whereas such data are typically collected manually. Correspondingly, the root zone temperature is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth in aeroponics cultivation. This study aimed to obtain temperature and relative humidity data inside an aeroponic system based on the Internet of things (IoT) and automatically cool the root zone using a novel low-cost effective technique for cooling via a cooling fan connected to the Arduino board. The results revealed that the newly designed system could monitor and record the data in real-time on an internet server per hour. Furthermore, the temperature and humidity data can be displayed on the smartphone application, and be sent to the personal email weekly as an excel sheet. This system was able to maintain the temperatures inside the roots chamber between 28.7??C-29.2??C while the maximum external temperature was 38.1??C, and the average temperature in the traditional aeroponics system was fluctuating between 29.5??C-31.5??C. The newly automated cooling system root zone system of this study showed an optimization of lettuce growth characteristics. It significantly increased the lettuce absorbance of inorganic nutrients such as N, P, and K by 45.5%, 66.6%, and 45.0%, respectively, and revealed an increment of fresh weight, total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, total carbohydrate, and total amino acids by 131.0%, 26.2%, 41.9%, 30.7%, 6.2%, respectively in comparison with the conventional aeroponic system. Therefore, this study may play a significant role in the aeroponic monitoring and control, for providing more suitable growth parameters and achieving the least human interaction.
: In order to solve the problem of high missed rate of camellia fruits and high damage rate of flower buds during vibratory picking, through the study on the biological characteristics of camellia tree, the crown of camellia tree was divided into upper and lower canopy at the maximum canopy diameter. A kind of vibration plate type camellia fruit picking machine was designed. The structure and working principle of the whole machine were described. Through the analysis of the factors of camellia fruit abscission, it is concluded that frequency, amplitude and working time are the main factors affecting the magnitude of inertia force. Through preliminary research and coupling simulation, the horizontal range of each factor is determined: operation time is 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, frequency is 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 7 Hz and amplitude is 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm. Orthogonal tests were carried out on the upper and lower canopies successively, and the comprehensive scoring method was used to analyze the orthogonal test results. The results showed that the optimal combination of working parameters for picking camellia in the upper canopy was A 3 B 3 C 2 , that is, the operation time was 15 s, the amplitude was 70 mm and the frequency was 5 Hz. Under this condition, the missed picking rate of camellia fruits was 8.21% and the rate of flower buds damage was 9.12%. The optimal combination of working parameters for picking camellia fruits in the lower canopy was A 3 B 1 C 3 , that is, the operation time was 15 s, the amplitude was 50 mm and the frequency was 7 Hz. Under this condition, the rate of missing picking of camellia fruits was 6.84% and the rate of flower buds damage was 6.92%.
: Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in the wine-producing area of Helan Mountain, East Ningxia, China, were the research object in this study. The dissection of the roots and branching stems method was used to explore the dynamic changes in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient requirements of wine grapes over a number of growth stages. The results showed that over the whole growth period, the nitrogen content of the roots was the highest during the leaf-expansion stage and lowest during the turning-color stage, and that the nitrogen content of the leaves and fruit showed a downward trend as growth progressed. The nitrogen content of the secondary branches was the lowest during the fruit expansion stage and the highest during the leaf-expansion stage; and the phosphorus content of the roots was the highest during the leaf-expansion stage and lowest during the fruit expansion stage. The phosphorus content of the trunk and primary branches showed a trend of “rising-falling-rising”. The phosphorus content of the leaves and secondary branches was the lowest during the turning-color stage, whereas the phosphorus content of the fruit was at its highest during this stage. The potassium contents of the secondary branches and fruit showed a downward trend, but the potassium content of the leaves was highest during the fruit expansion stage and lowest in the nutrient return stage. Over the whole growth period, the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in wine grapes was 129.92 kg/hm 2 , 41.51 kg/hm 2 , and 189.47 kg/hm 2 , respectively, the total requirements for N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O were 262.38 kg/hm 2 , 288.15 kg/hm 2 , and 569.04 kg/hm 2 , respectively, and the reasonable nutrient requirement ratio was 1.00:1.10:2.17. Citation: Jiang T T, Yan P K, Ma T H, Wang R. Nutritional requirements and precise fertilization of wine grapes in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(4): 147–153.
: The mixtures, grains, and residues in the ratooning rice harvesting machine need to be conveyed forward, backward, upward, and downward. Due to such operations, often accumulation and blockage take place at the intersection of a horizontal-vertical screw conveyor, resulting in low efficiency, high power consumption, and even grain damage. In this study, a CFD-DEM approach was applied to address the above problems. Firstly, a pneumatic conveying device was designed for ratooning rice, and then the motion of the rice grains and airflow field was analyzed in detail. The effects of different cross-sectional heights and lengths of the contraction section related to the mixing cavity were examined. Finally, the three-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination method was adopted in the experiment, and the fan velocity, filling coefficient, and speed of the horizontal screw conveyor were taken as test factors. The results showed that with the increasing cross-sectional height of the contraction section in the mixing cavity, the grain velocity decreased and the dispersity increased. With increasing length of the contraction section in the mixing cavity, the area of the high-speed airflow zone increased and the diffusion effect was enhanced. At the fan velocity of 2700 r/min, the filling coefficient was 0.41, the speed of the horizontal screw conveyor was 1173 r/min, and the outlet flow optimization index was the highest, which was 45.9% higher than that obtained without airflow. motion, harvesting machine, Citation: ratooning rice 15(4):
The chassis of rice transplanter tends to vibrate severely in the severe working environment, causing a severe effect on the operational performance and driving comfort. In order to avoid this situation, this paper constructs a vibration evaluation system of the rice transplanter and carries out experimental analysis. According to the optimal acceleration sensor placement scheme, a test platform system was designed. Taking the high-speed transplanter chassis as the research object, this study carried out the experiments modal analysis and optimization on the chassis. The three-dimensional model of the transplanting machine chassis established by SolidWorks was imported into ANSYS Workbench for finite element modal simulation analysis. Comparing the two modal analyses, it is found that the results data of the two analysis methods were very close. After optimization, the length x(1), the section width x(2) and the thickness of the hollow beam x3 of the main load-bearing beam of the frame were as follows: x(1)=1641.5 mm, x(2) =26.7 mm, x(3)=5 mm, respectively. The maximum overshoot of the low-level system was reduced by 28.57%. It has been verified that the vibration of the whole machine has been effectively reduced.
Theoretically, aeroponic cultivation is easy to make plant roots in a better growth environment. In order to give better play to the theoretical advantages of aeroponic cultivation, further optimize the structure of the aeroponic cultivation system, and make the aeroponic cultivation system more scientific and reasonable, a barrel-shaped aeroponic cultivation system is designed. The aeroponic cultivation system is composed of a monitoring and control system, power equipment, nutrient solution storage, and treatment facility, nutrient solution supply pipelines, aeroponic cultivation barrels, and nutrient solution return pipelines. The cultivation system working principle and its technical requirements were analyzed, and its structure for meeting the requirements of large-scale production was determined. A performance test of the barrel-shaped aeroponic cultivation system using cultivated narrow leaved Chinese chives was conducted. The Chinese chives were cultivated to 6 beds of the cultivation barrel. The system supplied nutrient solution every 30 min for 2 min each time. After 5 weeks growth, the length, leaf width, and single weight of Chinese chive ranged from 293-362 mm, 4.1-6.7 mm, and 3.48-5.47 g, respectively, the average length, leaf width, and single weight of Chinese chive were 327 mm, 5.1 mm, and 4.24 g, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the length, leaf width, and single weight of Chinese chive on 6 beds by One-way ANOVA. The test results showed that all the Chinese chive in each bed of the cultivation barrel grew well and uniform, which indicated that the circulation process of nutrient solution supply and return in the system was normal, the process of nutrient solution atomization in the system was uniform, and the aeroponic cultivation system operated normally and stable and could be applied in production.
在能源互联网的背景下,基于现代农业产业园的产业模式特点,构建了园区农业能源互联网。该研究首先分析了园区农业能源互联网存在的关键问题以及发展趋势,并围绕关键问题对园区农业能源互联网的发展现状进行分析。其次介绍了3个典型案例,并论述案例对于园区农业能源互联网关键问题的意义。之后提出了园区农业能源互联网的关键技术和运营模式,构建基本框架,物理系统由“源-网-储-荷”构成,信息系统由“感知层-网络层-平台层-应用层”构成,信息共享性、深度耦合性和产消互补性是园区农业能源互联网的三大特征。探讨了多能源异质特性与农业生产行为深层次耦合优化的相关问题。该研究可为园区农业能源互联网的框架落地与实践提供参考。
The harvesting difficulty caused by corn lodging aggravated the loss of grain, especially in the regions where small harvesters were used as the main force for corn harvesting. An experimental study and analysis of harvest loss of small harvesters on the root lodged corn were made to get the laws of lodged corn harvest loss. The experiment was conducted in different harvesting directions and at a range of harvesting speeds. A 4-row self-propelled corn harvester (JM-4Y), a 2-row crawler type self-propelled corn harvester (JM-2C), and a 2-row crawler-type corn harvester equipped with a spiral auxiliary feeding device for lodged stalks (JM-2CAF) were taken as the research objects and the grain loss per square meter and the ear loss quantity per 30 square meters were taken as the experiment indices. The results showed that the average grain loss masses of the JM-4Y harvester, the JM-2C harvester and the JM-2CAF harvester in different harvesting directions were 101.88g, 285.72 g and 110.20 g, while the average corn ear losses were 10.08, 33.54 and 9.28 pieces. The lowest harvest loss of the JM-4Y harvester appeared when the harvesting was the same as the lodging direction, while the JM-2CAF harvester caused the lowest harvest loss when the harvesting direction was opposite to the lodging direction. The different feeding demands of the ordinary harvester head and the auxiliary feeding devices made the harvesters have different feeding conditions. At different harvesting speeds, the average grain loss mass of the JM-4Y harvester, the JM-2C harvester and the JM-2CAF harvester were 139.06 g, 453.42 g and 236.64 g while the average corn ear loss quantities were 15.12, 52.52 and 34.80 pieces. The JM-4Y harvester had the lowest harvest loss at almost every harvesting speed, and the JM-2CAF harvester only had lower harvest loss when the harvesting speed was lower than 0.8 m/s. The insufficient time to lift and deliver the lodged stalk and the impact between the spiral blades and the stalks were the causes of harvest loss when harvesting speed got higher. This study provides practical and theoretical references for the loss reduction of lodged corn harvesting.
随着乡村振兴战略的提出,中国的农村经济发展更加有活力,同时也提供了更多的就业机会,使大学生能够利用这个契机回到家乡,从而提升自己的社会价值.因此,该文从乡村振兴的视角切入,探讨大学生返乡创业的契机,并基于现实情况探讨其实现路径.
近年来,阳光玫瑰葡萄成为国内生食葡萄的佼佼品种.从南方云南、四川、江苏,到北方山东、辽宁等地均有增速种植,并且发展势头强劲.青岛市黄岛区大村镇地处山东省东南沿海,属典型的北温带沿海季风气候区,极宜产出高品质高档次阳光玫瑰葡萄.基于黄岛区大村镇阳光玫瑰种植实践经验,总结出一整套适于北方沿海种植区特点的种植技术,以供借鉴参考.
在现代农业园区建设政策推动下,果树大棚设施生产发展迅猛.樱桃大棚设施栽培指采用温室、塑料大棚或者其他设施装备进行种植的一种方式.相对于露天栽培而言,其具有明显优势,如可提高果实品质和产量、改善土壤环境等.因此,近年来我国樱桃产业中广泛应用了大棚设施栽培技术.该文以赤峰市为例,对樱桃大棚设施栽培技术要点展开分析,以供参考.
