Research on the impact of cross-border direct investment on the global industrial chain pattern,and find that China's key enterprises"going out"can be divided into four categories:For those who have the advantages of comprehensive competitiveness of the industrial chain,those who are at a disadvantage of comprehensive competitiveness,those who have huge differences in advantages and disadvantages of different links of the industrial chain,and those who have the traditional competitive advantages of the industrial chain that are being greatly weakened,it is of great necessity and urgency to participate in the reshaping of the global industrial chain.These four types of industry enterprises"going out"to participate in the reshaping of the global industrial chain should have their own focus:photovoltaic industry enterprises should take more market-expanding"going out"strategy;enterprises in the new energy automobile industry should take more technology-seeking investments to make up for short board links in the industrial chain;new material industry enterprises should consider safety,market and technical factors to make comprehensive decisions;electronic information industry enterprises,the key is the final processing and assembly link"going out",must provide support for the domestic upstream high-quality intermediate products and relatively independent brand building and other links to upgrade.
Foreign investment is an important force in promoting China's high-quality development,and plays an important role in promoting technological innovation,upgrading the value chain,regional economic development,and smooth international and domestic circulation.China has continuously expanded its opening to the outside world,promoted the reform of the foreign investment management system,and actively improved the business environment,so that the scale,structure and quality of utilized foreign investment have been comprehensively upgraded.However,the utilization of foreign investment is also facing major problems such as declining growth rate,highlighted structural contradictions,and the level of investment liberalization and facilitation needs to be improved.The industrial structure of foreign investment should be further optimized,with the opening up of knowledge-intensive services as the focus,expanding the areas of utilized foreign investment;expanding the scale of utilized foreign investment in productive and consumer services to support the upgrading of the manufacturing industry's value chain and to meet the people's needs for a high quality of life.Further optimize the spatial distribution of utilized foreign investment,continue to play a leading role in utilized foreign investment in the eastern region,and create a new advantage in attracting investment in high-end service industries;deeply tap the opening-up potential of the central and western regions,and create a global processing and manufacturing base;and unleash the systematic opening-up advantages of the pilot free trade zones,and create a highland for attracting investment in global high-end manufacturing and service industries.
Under the 100-year change,China's exports have resisted the negative impact of multiple unexpected factors and achieved steady growth,among which green and low-carbon products have become an important driving force to promote China's export growth.In line with the global green and low-carbon trend,the process of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization at home and abroad has accelerated,which puts forward new and higher requirements for the high-quality development of China's exports.At the same time,China's exports face multiple challenges such as increasing the difficulty of external green trade barriers.Through the comparative analysis of the carbon emission intensity of the export products of China's major industries,it can be further defined to expand the scale of export and strengthen the responsibility of carbon emission reduction in the main industries,in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of the export growth of related products.In the next step,we should focus on establishing and improving the carbon emission accounting mechanism,promote the technological transformation of key links in high-emission industries,support the export of green and low-carbon products,strengthen international cooperation in emission reduction,and continue to optimize China's export structure.
At present,the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century,and the international economic and trade rules are being restructured at an accelerating pace.A high-standard international economic and trade rule system,represented by the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP)and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement(USMCA),has emerged one after another,and the international intellectual property protection system and legal framework are also facing adjustments.China has continuously improved its IPR protection system and promoted the signing and entry into force of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP).However,there are still differences in rules between China and developed countries.In the field of international rules docking and international cooperation,we face multiple challenges,such as the lack of standard examples of international rules on intellectual property and hegemonism interfering with international cooperation on intellectual property.High-standard international intellectual property rules are a process,and China should be more proactive in connecting them,participating in the sustainable global governance of intellectual property rights,striving for the dominance and discourse power of rule-making in development,relying on high-quality co-construction of the"Belt and Road",and promoting the construction of more open,inclusive,balanced and inclusive international intellectual property rules.
高水平对外开放是我国经济发展的不竭动力,是实现中国式现代化的必由之路.但什么是高水平对外开放?高水平对外开放下一步应当如何走? 与过去的开放相比,高水平对外开放应当是水平更高、质量更优、作用更大的开放.具体而言,一是开放的路径更多样、过程更包容、成果更普惠.
Optimizing the layout of regional opening up is the basic and overall issue of opening up in the new era,which involves not only the interconnection of opening up in different geographical sectors,but also the coordinated development of opening up in different industrial forms.Through the construction of a regional opening up index system,the layout of regional opening up is measured,and the data further reveals that China has formed an overall pattern of"coastal + inland + river + border"opening up,but the characteristics of regional opening up are still very unbalanced.The eastern region is the main agglomeration of open economy,and the form of opening up has shifted from the traditional opening up based on the flow of goods and factors to the institutional opening up.The driving forces for opening-up have become richer and more diverse.The gap between the eastern,central and western regions is still widening.We need to strike a balance between opening up in general and opening up with specific characteristics.On the one hand,we need to accurately grasp the new trend in the development of international economic and trade rules,actively expand opening up and deepen domestic reform in accordance with high-standard international economic and trade rules,and support certain regions in becoming the vanguard of opening up and cooperation.On the other hand,we should give full play to the unique resource,geographical and regional advantages of each region to achieve differentiated and personalized opening up.
Globalization is entering a stage of dynamic adjustment,which is reflected in many aspects,such as weak world economic growth,significant changes in the international balance of power,increasingly fierce competition over the commanding heights of technology,the evolution of the global security landscape,and urgent changes in global economic governance.In the coming period,the external environment for China's development will be more complex,and there are favorable conditions such as deepening regional economic cooperation in building a new development pattern,but we also face challenges such as the increased pressure of the United States and the West on China.China needs to focus on key directions,accelerate the achievement of high-level science and technology self-reliance,build a new system of open economy at a higher level,properly handle relations with key countries and regions,actively participate in global governance,enhance the voice of international discourse,and create more favorable conditions for its own development.
The international discourse power of digital trade governance has increasingly become a new focus of the strategic game between major powers.China is faced with difficulties and challenges such as the increasing security risk of digital open ideology and the weak supporting role of core manufacturing and key technologies in digital economy.The overall idea of enhancing China's right to speak can be put forward the concept of opening up digital trade based on security,with improving the comprehensive strength of digital trade and international influence of digital trade as the pillar,establishing three guarantees of law,mechanism and elements,focusing on key areas,key platforms,key countries and key topics.In the concept,industry,market,technology,rules of five aspects to achieve domestic and foreign integration.We will implement major countermeasures such as promoting the development of digital service trade,upgrading the level of domestic digital regulation,integrating into the global digital trade governance network,and encouraging Chinese digital enterprises to go overseas.
Under the century-old changes,the domestic and international environment is complex and evolving,and coordinating development and security has become the priority for China to improve the level of overseas investment.After comprehensively combing the achievements,challenges and opportunities of China's overseas investment under the new situation,comprehensive research and judgment:China's overseas investment has achieved fruitful development and has entered a more mature development stage of two-way investment"long-term net balance".But at the same time,China's overseas investment security still has multiple levels of risk exposure in macro,meso and micro dimensions,such as the mismatch between overseas investment and the development stage of the economy.Efforts should be made from the three directions of key industries,key locations,and institutional mechanisms to actively consolidate and enhance the role of overseas investment in supporting the construction of security systems in energy and mining,grain,industrial chain,and finance;under the guidance of"Belt and Road",we will balance and optimize the investment layout in seven global geographic sectors;and comprehensively improve the safety guarantee system and management system for overseas investment.
The study found that the industrial chain and supply chain of China and Europe are highly interdependent and still dominated by complementarity.In recent years,the competitiveness of capital goods and some consumer goods manufacturing,transportation,telecommunications,computers and information services has been significantly close.The cooperation countries are mainly concentrated in Western Europe,with Shanghai,Guangdong,Jiangsu,Zhejiang and other provinces(municipalities)in China.China-Eu industrial chain and supply chain cooperation faces opportunities such as a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,as well as challenges such as rising security concerns in the EU.It is suggested to promote industrial chain and supply chain cooperation with the EU in different fields based on the three major factors of complementarity,competitiveness and security;strengthen independent scientific and technological innovation,improve the competitiveness of industrial chain and supply chain advantages,and make up for weak links;promote the agglomeration of high-quality factors through opening up,and attract European-funded European enterprises with China and its neighboring countries as the final market to settle down;support enterprises to"going out",embed chain cooperation for the European market,and expand third-party cooperation;promote strategic mutual trust and harmonization of rules with the EU,and lower barriers to cooperation.
After more than 40 years of development,China's opening up along the border has been enriched in connotation and function,standing at a new historical starting point.The new layout of opening up—the radial linkage layout of the four border opening zones in the southwest,northwest,northward and northeast,the new spatial scale—the"great border opening up"pattern with border provinces and regions as the main units,the new policy system—the policy system with"1+4+3+X"as the main content and the new strategic positioning—the strategic layout of"5+2+4+X",which intersects with the national development strategy,constitutes a new historical orientation of opening up along the border.We need to focus on issues such as regional coordination and cooperation,the function of open platforms,industry-driven development,and the adaptability of opening up policies along the border.We need to take fostering internal driving forces as an important goal,building a modern industrial system with distinctive features as a key task,deepening reform and expanding opening up as an important driving force,and coordinate opening up along the border with opening up in the coastal areas and inland areas.We will optimize the border opening platform system,strengthen the construction of border opening channels and the landing of industries,improve the adaptability of the border opening policy system,and promote the high-quality development of border opening.
2023年,加速演进的百年变局呈现一系列新的特征,我们一定要静思挑战、抓住机遇,在深化改革中,加快构建开放型经济新体制. 2023年,是中国改革开放值得认真总结和思考的一年.改革开放45年来,通过市场经济改革与对外开放,中国经济发展取得了举世瞩目的成就:国民经济总产值超越了除美国之外的所有发达国家,位居世界第二;国民收入水平也从人均百来美元跃升至12700美元,成为中等收入发展中国家.
沿边开发开放是服务共建"一带一路"、助力打造周边命运共同体的重要战略.重点开发开放试验区是推动沿边地区经济发展、生态保护、睦邻友好、社会和谐的综合改革试验区,要把握"边"的特色,做好"边"的文章.沿边重点开发开放试验区改革创新的两大抓手是利用"边民互市+落地加工"模式解决"货"的问题,利用外籍边民跨境务工解决"人"的问题.未来,沿边重点开发开放试验区要紧紧围绕"试什么""怎么试",进一步夯实顶层设计,加快建设国际大通道,加快承接产业转移,务实推进相应配套政策改革,探索沿边开放发展新路径新模式.
自贸试验区建设10年来,21个自贸试验区(港)的片区与扩展区覆盖了全国2/3的省份,已形成"海陆联动、东西互济、内外协调"的结构布局,目标定位更加明晰具体,结构内涵更加科学合理、任务指向更加合乎实际和顺应时代要求,为自贸试验区网络化体系建设奠定了基础.然而,与对标国际高标准经贸规则及实现高质量战略提升的要求相比,自贸试验区建设仍存在驱动要素有待强化、压力测试有待提升、战略规划有待完善等问题.未来,应着重从自贸试验区扩围、提质、增效三个方面发力,致力于自贸试验区网络化体系建设的战略提升,使之成为国际高标准经贸规则的试验田、全方位制度型开放的推进器,更好地服务于国内经济高质量发展.
百年未有之大变局,使我们改革开放的外部环境发生了很大改变,中国经济发展遇到了严峻挑战,需要寻找经济持续发展的新动力,这个新动力就是开放型市场经济的加快建设.它将替代开放倒逼改革,成为促进发展新的动力机制.当前,中国正处于新旧动力机制的转型期,需要加快转型步伐,为建设和完善开放型市场经济体制采取一系列行动,减少转换所需要的成本.在制度完善的基础上,增强中国的国际竞争力.
经济全球化进程已经进入深度调整的历史性阶段,受到了全球意识形态转向及大国博弈等多方面因素的影响,中国作为深度嵌入经济全球化进程的世界大国,在对内改革和对外开放两个层面,面临制度包容性转型、产业链转移、关键技术封锁等多种挑战.在这种发展环境中,中国当前需要加快制度型开放,全面推进立法工作和标准建设,积极参与全球经济治理秩序改革,并为全球治理提供更多具有影响力的中国智慧和中国方案,从而助力自身实现产业升级和价值链地位攀升.
工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化既是现代化的基本内涵,也是现代化的主要动力.中国式现代化视域下,我国工业化需满足更高的后发赶超要求,信息化肩负弯道超车的重要使命,城镇化事关经济内生动力生成,农业现代化则最具艰巨性和复杂性.因此,实现中国式现代化必须促进工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化的高质量发展,在空间落实上采取效率优先的区域非均衡发展战略,从不同空间尺度、区域类型出发,推动最具潜力和最具优势的地区率先实现效率变革、动力变革、质量变革,形成高质量发展的动力源,在发展中促进相对平衡,为中国式现代化发挥率先探索和引领示范作用.区域重大战略的六大区域有三个位于东部地区,一个位于西部地区,两个横贯东中西三大地带,在中国式现代化和高质量发展过程中分别承担不同的历史使命和时代责任.区域重大战略与区域协调发展战略并非简单的从属关系,两者并行不悖,均是推动国家高质量发展的重要战略.
创新协作是促进区域海洋经济高质量发展和加快建设海洋强国的核心抓手.基于2010-2020年涉海领域专利合作申请数据,利用社会网络法从泛粤港澳大湾区内城际协作、跨域城际协作以及城市内部创新个体协作三个层面,分析泛粤港澳大湾区海洋经济创新协作关系的时空演进特征.研究表明,在海洋经济城际创新协作网络中,泛粤港澳大湾区核心城市协作趋于紧密,并倾向于寻求横向跨域的创新协作对象,海洋经济创新个体协作关系网络则呈现"政府引导、企业主导、科研院校多方协作"的特征.基于此,需要关注创新产出与协作关系发展错位问题,借力城市产业优势寻求创新协作的契合点,打破创新协作关系网络的路径依赖与锁定,重视政府在协调创新行为者关系中的作用,以提升区域海洋经济创新协作水平,促进海洋经济高质量发展.
"一带一路"沿线国家和地区制度环境、经济发展水平、文化等差异性大,具有较多的不稳定不确定性因素,"一带一路"建设可能面临诸多制度性交易成本.基于制度距离—制度质量—制度性交易成本理论及其在共建"一带一路"中的应用,可以看出制度型开放降低制度性交易成本的作用机理在于改善制度质量,缩短国家间的制度距离,从而降低制度性交易成本.制度"进口"——对"一带一路"沿线经济体的高质量制度和高标准经贸规则的对接、引入、转化融合,制度"出口"——对制度质量低的"一带一路"沿线经济体基于合作共赢、平等互利推进"中国制度方案",通过统筹开放与安全、坚持底线思维、稳中求进等路径,降低"一带一路"建设制度性交易成本,推进"一带一路"建设高质量发展.
影响中美经贸关系发展的症结在于美方提出的所谓"脱钩"问题,以及替代性的"去风险"主张.近年来,美国在科技领域采取了一些实质性"脱钩"做法,对本已紧张的中美双边关系带来新的负面影响.从世界经济分工体系等多维角度分析,中美经济彻底"脱钩"很不现实,以"去风险"替代"脱钩"的概念之变,事实上也说明"脱钩"政策难以推行.对于中国而言,要适当增强对外经贸政策的针对性和弹性,力促中美经贸关系的"止跌企稳",并以积极的态度促进这种关系的修复与发展.中美两个大国之间发展正常经贸关系,不仅造福两国,而且有利于全球经济稳定发展.
