H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza(H5-HPAI)is one of the category I animal diseases that seriously endangers poultry industry and public health,and is also one of the zoonotic diseases highly concerned and controlled in China.At present,common molecular biological techniques include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),reverse transcription-recombinase-aided amplification(RT-RAA),RT-RAA with lateral flow dipstick(RT-RAA-LFD),RT-RAA clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat and their associated proteins combined with lateral flow chromatography test strips(RT-RAA-CRISPR Cas13a-LFD),etc.In order to compare the sensitivity difference of different assays for H5-AIV,the prepared cRNA standards were diluted and detected by RT-PCR,RT-qPCR,RT-RAA,RT-RAA-LFD and RT-RAA-CRISPR Cas13a-LFD,respectively.The results revealed that the sensitivity of RT-PCR,RT-qPCR,RT-RAA,RT-RAA-LFD and RT-RAA-CRISPR Cas13a were 102,10-1,100,100,and 10-1 copies/μL,respectively.RT-PCR,RT-RAA,RT-RAA-LFD,RT-RAA-CRISPR Cas13a-LFD were highly compliant in detection of clinical samples when compared with RT-qPCR,which were 85.00%,93.75%,88.75%and 91.25%,respectively.In conclusion,the five methods could detect H5-AIV with a high detection rate,but RT-qPCR and RT-RAA-CRISPR Cas13a-LFD were more sensitive and suitable for clinical test in laboratories and grassroots farms,respectively.The application effectiveness of different detection methods for H5-AIV were evaluated in the study,providing a reference for selecting an accurate and reliable method under different conditions,and a technical support for future prevention and control of H5-AIV infection.
On May 1,2021,a notification was received by Mianyang Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control from Nanchong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control,noting that a patient infected with Brucella in Nanchong sold his goats to a villager in Fuyi Township,Yanting County,Mianyang City.In order to timely evaluate the risk of disease introduction and transmission,and to safeguard public health safety,an emergency epidemiological investigation among livestock was conducted by the staff from animal disease prevention and control centers in Mianyang City and Yanting County by means of on-site visit,interview and laboratory test.It was found that the positive rate of the farm was 43.75%,and the outbreak was mainly caused by the goats at risk level that were purchased from other regions,and spread through nannygoats receiving mating outside.Against which,it was recommended to intensify monitoring over brucellosis,strengthen quarantine and transportation supervision,improve the construction of grassroots veterinary system,and to increase the publicity of knowledge about brucellosis prevention and control.
With the development of internet technology,live commerce and e-commerce platforms,with good conversion rates of online sales and marketing effects,have become major hotspots in the online shopping industry.The traditional meat marketing,from slaughterhouses to distributors,and then to the public consumers,is far away from the need of social development.However,the online marketing of animals and animal products are still in a vacuum zone without any supervision.In the paper,based on the investigation and publishment of a case selling animal products without quarantine via internet live broadcast,the benefits and drawbacks of such marketing were analyzed,and the illegal facts of the persons involved were also analyzed in combination with the existing laws and regulations concerning animal disease prevention and food safety in China,then aiming at the standardized management for online marketing of animals and animal products,some suggestions were proposed,with a view to providing a reference for future investigation of similar cases,improving the legal awareness of units(individuals)who engaged in production and operation within the existing legal framework,and creating a good atmosphere for lawful operation.
In order to investigate the infection status of canine Echinococcus granulosus prevalent in Sichuan Province,and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures,from 2019 to 2022,dog feces were collected from 35 epidemic counties for detection of Echinococcus granulosus by antigen sandwich ELISA kit.The results revealed that the average annual infection rates were 3.06%(159/5 200),2.11%(123/5 826),1.33%(83/6 227)and 1.12%(67/5 968)respectively in the four consecutive years,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).The average annual infection rates were 1.30%(166/12 673),3.09%(205/6 627),1.48%(35/2 367)and 1.78%(26/1 464)respectively in Ganzi Prefecture,Aba Prefecture,Liangshan Prefecture and Ya'an City,especially higher in Aba Prefecture(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the infection of canine Echinococcus granulosus was generally weakening in the province,but still relatively severe in the grassland pastoral areas of western Sichuan Plateau,posing a great threat to local livestock and human.For the purpose of ensuring human health and safety as well as healthy development of livestock industry,it was recommended to further strengthen the control of such infection from its source through deworming for dogs and bio-safety treatment of dog feces.
In order to establish a rapid,sensitive and specific method for detecting alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens using Taq Man fluorescence quantitative PCR assay,based on common biological characteristics of all types of Clostridium perfringens,a pair of primers and a probe were designed with using the gene sequence encoding alpha toxin as the target sequence.A,B,C and D types of Clostridium perfringens DNA were used as templates to establish a TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay through optimizing the concentration of primers and probes and amplification conditions,meanwhile,its specificity,sensitivity and repeatability were evaluated.The results revealed that the Ct value was the lowest when the concentration of primers and probe were all 0.25 μmol/L;the method had good specificity without any cross-reaction with Escherichia coli,Pasteurella and salmonella;and good sensitivity with the minimum detection limit of 9.1 pg/μL for genomic DNA of Clostridium perfringens type A;and good repeatability with standard deviations of less than 0.4 for both intra group and inter group experiments;it was found that,after detection of 24 clinical samples collected in 2023,the positive detection rate of the established method(20.83%)was consistent with that of commercial reagent kits.In conclusion,a rapid,sensitive,stable and highly specific TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was well established in the study,which could be used to quickly detect Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin,providing a powerful technical support for the prevention and control of Clostridium perfringens disease.
In order to investigate the level of immune antibodies against H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)as well as prevalence status of the virus in poultry(chickens,ducks and geese)in Hunan Province,46 112 poultry serum samples and 53 246 swabs were collected by quota sampling from avian breeding farms,commercial farms,free-range households and live poultry markets in 14 cities/prefectures across the province,for detection of immune antibodies and nucleic acids of H7N9 subtype AIV respectively by HI test and fluorescent RT-PCR assay.The results showed that the average qualification rate of immune antibodies at farm/population level was 93.27%,and that at the individual level was 90.60%,and positive viral nucleic acids were detected only from one chicken swab sample from a live poultry market.Both the average qualification rates of immune antibodies at farm/population(94.66%)and individual(91.51%)levels were higher in chicken as compared with those in waterfowl(83.26%and 81.86%);and the two rates were the highest in breeding farms and lowest in live poultry markets,the difference between them was statistically significant(P＜0.05);and all the rates were above 70%in 14 cities/prefectures across the province.In conclusion,the immune effect of H7N9 subtype avian influenza was good in poultry in Hunan Province in 2022,and no pathogens were detected in any poultry population on farms,with lower risk of virus large-scale outbreak,except one live poultry market where pathogens were available,and waterfowl,poultry populations in free-range households and live poultry markets where the immune antibody level was slightly lower,with the risk of disease spread.It was thus recommended to further strengthen the monitoring of immune antibodies against H7N9 subtype AIV as well as animal quarantine supervision,and constantly to improve the level of public health safety protection.
In order to further the reform and innovation to the policy regarding compulsory immunization of animal diseases,and to implement the responsibility of animal facilities who act as the operators for compulsory immunization,the policy on"vaccination followed by compensation"was steadily implemented in Binzhou,Shandong Province.Since 2021,the practices including policy advocacy,development of third-party services and seeking for the modes of"cooperative"and"check"were contributive to the implementation of the policy in the city;in 2023,starting from optimization of the policy,the difficulties,such as minute and complicated declaration procedures,high cost of test report,repeated claim of subsidies,were resolved with remarkable results,continuously increasing the number of participators,and improving the level of immune antibodies.But some problems were still available,such as low enthusiasm of farms/households raising cattle and sheep,low limit of subsidies,difficulties in fund guarantee,and increasing difficulties in supervision,against which,future work should focus on strengthening the operators'responsibility,increasing subsidies and fund guarantee and improving the level of supervision and management.A reference was thus provided by the practices in Binzhou for other regions.
With continuous development of animal husbandry,the diagnosis of animal diseases has become increasingly important,especially early diagnosis as a key to prevent and treat animal diseases.Compared with traditional nucleic acid detection,recombinase amplification technology is a kind of isothermal amplification technology developed rapidly in recent years with the advantages of low requirements for equipment as well as easy operation,in particular with broad application prospect in field rapid detection.In the paper,the technical principle,advantages and difficulties of the technology were briefly introduced,focusing on research progress of its application in the detection of viruses,bacteria,parasites and other microorganisms,with a view to providing a reference for its further development and application.
Cases involving online sales of counterfeit veterinary drugs are characterized with concealed illegal activities,unclear illegal actors,few and single clues and difficulties in extracting evidences,etc.In the paper,based on the investigation of such a online case,the key points including"preliminary investigation and determination of the authenticity of the involved products,identification for purchased suspicious products,requesting assistance from online platforms for evidence collection,and applying to the public security for assistance in investigation and evidence collection"were summarized.Meanwhile,the difficulties were pointed out,including inadequate mechanisms for network platforms to cooperate with investigation,the need for early intervention by the public security at early stage of investigation,and lack of experience and means for law enforcement personnel to handle such online cases,etc.The construction of a long-term mechanism for supervision over online sales of veterinary drugs in Henan Province was introduced in the paper,and countermeasures and recommendations were proposed from the aspects of strengthening business training and improving laws and regulations.
At present,China's bio-safety laboratory management system has failed to adapt to current needs of laboratory development.In this article,the establishment and development processes of the system applied in developed countries and China were compared.It was found that,although the system was gradually improved in China,some gaps were still existed,including incomplete management system,lagging standard updates,poor awareness for bio-safety control and inadequate personnel training,which hindered healthy development of bio-safety laboratories in China.Then countermeasures and recommendations were proposed to provide a reference for development of scientific standards,regulations and technical specifications in the future.
The management of stray animals is a weak link in institutions of higher education,without any good solutions.In order to help the institutions to manage stray animals in a scientific,effective and sustainable manner,a digital solution was proposed by combining mobile internet technology,and a digital platform for centralized management was constructed to effectively manage such animals,campus operation,public science popularization and other issues through a multi-functional public APP,a collaborative and win-win situation between humanities and animal protection was achieved in the institutions on the conditions of safeguarding campus safety,humanistic education and animal welfare.
In order to investigate the status of reticuloendotheliosis virus(REV)and avian leukosis virus(ALV)prevalent in chicken breeding farms in Beijing,2 660 serum samples and 2 660 egg liquid samples collected from 27 farms across 9 districts in 2021 were respectively monitored for REV antibody and ALV p27 antigen using ELISA method.The results revealed that,for REV antibody and ALV p27 antigen,the apparent individual positive rates were 33.83%and 1.54%,respectively,with respective true positive rates of 34.53%(95%CI:32.72%-36.33%)and 1.57%(95%CI:1.10%-2.05%);and the apparent population positive rates were 81.48%and 29.63%,respectively,with respective true positive rates of 83.14%and 30.23%.The two kinds of pathogens were detected out in all quarters except the fourth one when no REV antibody was detected,specifically,the individual positive rate of ALV was highest(4.86%)in the third quarter,with a statistically significant difference from that in other quarters(P＜0.05),while the individual positive rate of REV was highest(85.40%)in the second quarter,with significant difference in different quarters(P＜0.05).Individuals positive for REV antibody and ALV p27 antigen were detected out from both grandparent and parental generations,and the difference in positive rates was statistically significant(P＜0.05).In conclusion,REV and ALV were seriously and widely prevalent in the farms in Beijing due to poor purification,posing a risk of pathogen transmission.All farms were thus recommended to give top priority to the prevention and control of the two diseases,and to push forward the purification for the chicken population.A basis was provided by the results of monitoring for future prevention,control and purification of REV and ALV infection in Beijing.
Akabane disease(AKD)is an insect-borne infectious disease caused by Akabane disease virus(AKV)in cattle and sheep,characterized by typical pathological features such as abortion,premature birth,stillbirth and congenital malformations,and its main vectors include mosquitoes and Culicoides.Cattle AKD is classified into the third category of animal diseases in China.It is a key to control its spread and prevalence through timely and accurate diagnosis.At present,the diagnostic technologies for AKD include clinical diagnosis,etiological diagnosis and serological diagnosis based on laboratory test.In this article,the research progress on such technologies was summarized,hoping to lay a foundation for the development of rapid detection methods and relevant standards.
China's emergency response system for major animal diseases is effective in its construction and application,but the specifications of emergency field response should be improved in terms of their practicality,target,systematicity and correlation with diseases.Australia is one of the countries where veterinary emergency response system is firstly and well established.In the paper,the legal status,structure,development and publish process,core contents and main features of Australia Veterinary Emergency Plan(AUSVETPLAN)were comprehensively and systematically analyzed,and the differences between the emergency plan system applied in China and Australia were compared,taking highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)as an example.AUSVETPLAN,with clear legal status and mandatory,consisted of strategies to be implemented for animal diseases,operation manual,enterprise manual and management manual,and was annexed with several supporting documents.AUSVETPLAN system was scientific,whole-process,rigorous,operational,targeted,timely revised and accessible.For the system applied in China,the gaps in the aspects of document structure,contents and on-site disposal technology of emergency plan system for avian influenza were found.According to relevant standards and regulations in China,and with reference to AUSVETPLAN system,a feasible and targeted technical framework for emergency on-site response to HPAI was preliminarily proposed.All of the above indicated that the system at technical level should be improved or rebuilt in China to develop the emergency field response specifications that could meet international standards and the actual needs of China,with a view to improving the technical capabilities and level of emergency field response to major animal diseases.
In order to establish a triple PCR assay for differential diagnosis of African swine fever virus(ASFV),porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)and type 3(PCV3),specific primers were respectively designed and synthesized for amplification of ASFV,PCV2 and PCV3 related genes based on their conserved sequences registered in GenBank,the reaction conditions such as primer concentration,annealing temperature,and number of cycles were optimized to establish a triple PCR assay for the three pathogens,followed by sensitivity,specificity and repetitive tests.The results revealed that the optimal final concentration of primers was 0.375 pmol/μL,the optimal annealing temperature was 61℃and the optimal number of cycles was 35;its amplification target bands for ASFV,PCV2 and PCV3 were 873,530 and 217 bp,respectively,and negative for porcine parvovirus and pseudorabies virus;the detection limits were all 1×104 copies/μL for ASFV,PCV2 and PCV3 recombinant plasmid standard substances;uniform and consistent results were obtained by the repeatability test under the same conditions.In conclusion,the established method had the advantages of strong specificity,sensitivity and repeatability,and could be used for rapid differential diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of ASFV,PCV2 and PCV3 infection.
In order to investigate the status of farmers'knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP)for brucellosis in cattle and sheep,find out weaknesses in publicity interventions and to provide theoretical support for future efforts,a questionnaire investigation was conducted for the farmers in large-scale farms by random sampling method to calculate the level of KAP and to analyze possible influencing factors by chi-square test and logistic regression.The results showed that the awareness rate,preference rate,implementation rate and KAP level were 90.91%,84.62%,87.50%and 86.61%,respectively.In conclusion,farmers'KAP level was generally higher,and the age and educational level were key factors influencing the KAP level.Therefore,targeted advocacy for the farmers with different educational background or little experience or at older age should be specifically strengthened.
Rift Valley fever(RVF)is a viral zoonotic infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes,causing fatal hemorrhagic fever in human and death in large amount of ruminants.The results of epidemiology analysis on RVF showed that the overall situation of RVF outbreaks had been stable in recent years,mainly in African countries and involving human and various animals.Because of frequent international exchanges and trade,insufficient or concealed case reports and environmental factors,there was a high risk of RVF entry in previously RVF-free regions.No RVF vaccines had been approved for human,and those for animals were only allowed in some epidemic countries,indicating that the persons who lived in epidemic areas or traveled to there should pay attention to the risk of exposure to the disease,and take bio-safety prevention and control measures.In China,in addition to spontaneous outbreaks,the risk of RVF entry was increased through personnel movement,international trade of animals and other activities.Therefore,bio-safety prevention and control system for imported animals should be developed and implemented,researches on vaccines and detection technologies should be sped up,and evaluation on epidemic risk and bio-safety prevention and control measures should be conducted in combination with"One Health"plan to reduce any possible entry and spread risk of RVF.
Disinfectants could control the spread of animal infectious diseases through cutting off the transmission pathways of viruses,and removing or killing pathogenic microorganisms on the surface of animals and in environment to inhibit their reproduction.In order to investigate the inactivation effect of the compound disinfectant of trimethylammonium chloride and potassium persulfate on canine viruses(RNA and DNA viruses),canine distemper virus(CDV)and canine parvovirus(CPV)were selected for evaluation on the disinfection effects.The two disinfectants were used to respectively react with CDV and CPV in vitro to infect cells,then the virus infection capacity was evaluated through observing the cytopathic effect.The results showed that the disinfection effect of the two disinfectants on CDV and CPV was different to some extent;the two disinfectants could effectively kill all CDV after 24 hours,but fail for CPV,and the inactivation effect of potassium persulfate composite salt on CDV and CPV was better.In conclusion,the two disinfectants could inactivate canine viruses to some extent,with certain application value in clinical practice,but the action time with disinfectants should be extended appropriately,and the disinfectants should be replaced regularly,meanwhile,their safety and external environmental factors should also be taken into consideration.A reference was thus provided for the selection of disinfectants in future prevention and control of clinical canine viral diseases.
Under new situations of severe and complex global infectious diseases and increasing uncertainties in economic development,especially the rising trade protectionism,animal welfare is increasingly concerned,and is special important to effective coordination of disease control and economic development.In the paper,starting from the concept of animal welfare,the historical evolution and practices of animal welfare legislation in developed countries such as Europe and America were summarized,the practical significance of safeguarding animal welfare was considered based on the status of animal welfare legislation in China,then four measures were proposed,including improving animal welfare legislation,developing standards of animal welfare,trying to establish a quarantine certification system and giving full play to the advantages of customs functions to strengthen quarantine supervision,with a view to providing a decision-making reference for improving animal welfare system in China.
动物疫病防控是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及多个环节、主体和部门.为促进我国动物疫病防控体系建设的优化完善,对动物养殖、兽医科研、畜牧兽医管理、基层动物防疫等多领域主体人员进行了现场调查和访谈.调查发现:目前我国动物疫病防控存在主体认知不足,制度体系建设与产业发展不匹配等问题,面临动物疫病病原多样变异、外部环境复杂多变等挑战;相关主体的优化需求和建议主要集中在明确各主体防疫责任,加强信息、技术和知识支持,注重技术创新应用,健全政策机制,鼓励公私合作和提倡按地区分类施策等方面.本调查对于我国动物疫病防控研究和实践具有重要启示意义.
