Sport has become an important area of public policy, with municipalities responsible for translating broad participation, inclusion, and development objectives into concrete funding and implementation choices. This study addresses a gap in the literature on how formal local sport strategies are connected to actual policy tools and budgetary patterns in a post-socialist Central European setting. It examines all Slovak municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants (N = 37) through a complete-population institutional survey conducted in 2025, focusing on strategic planning, financing mechanisms, budget allocation, infrastructure, events, and information systems. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations constitute the primary evidence; chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact test, and Cramér’s V are reported only as supplementary exploratory indicators of association within the defined population. The results indicate a mixed implementation pattern: direct municipal financing is more common than combined direct–indirect financing; support remains concentrated on clubs, events, youth, and infrastructure; external funding is limited; and more than half of municipalities do not use a specialized information system for sport funding management. No statistically detectable associations were observed between the existence of a formal sport strategy, the use of IT systems, financing methods, and budget-share categories. These non-significant results are not interpreted as evidence that strategies or digitalization have no effect; rather, they point to an implementation gap in which formal policy tools are not consistently linked to allocation rules, monitoring, or administrative capacity. The study contributes population-based evidence from an under-researched Central and Eastern European context and identifies concrete governance priorities: transparent allocation criteria, implementation indicators, evaluation routines, stronger administrative capacity, and better use of external funding opportunities.
Sustainability transformations in agribusiness are often constrained by employee and managerial resistance that cannot be explained solely by economic, technological, or regulatory factors. This study examines culture as an independent organizational mechanism for reducing resistance to implementing sustainable solutions and proposes the Cultural Integration Model for Reducing Resistance to Sustainability in Agribusiness (KITP model). The study is based on a systematic literature review and the development of a conceptual decision-making methodology, supported by an expert evaluation involving ten experts with practical experience in agribusiness management, organizational change, and sustainability. The findings show that employee and managerial resistance stems from different factors and therefore requires differentiated cultural integration solutions. Employee involvement in decision-making and strengthening trust-based relationships were identified as the most effective mechanisms for reducing resistance and facilitating sustainability initiatives. Based on the expert evaluation, which addressed the seven employee resistance factors, a KITP decision matrix was developed to prioritize cultural integration solutions according to their effectiveness in addressing specific causes of resistance. Rather than proposing culture as a novel fourth dimension of sustainability, the KITP model extends previous research by conceptualizing cultural integration as a mechanism for reducing resistance and provides a decision-support methodology for prioritizing cultural integration solutions in the investigated agribusiness context.
Wind-energy expansion is indispensable to decarbonization, but a strong wind resource does not by itself establish that development is spatially suitable, socially legitimate or institutionally deliverable. This article develops an empirical spatial–legal screening framework that converts technical wind opportunity into Justice-adjusted Wind Development Potential (JAWDP). The analysis covers Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Germany, India, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa and the United Kingdom. A 25 km grid is used for the primary analysis and a 10 km grid for resolution sensitivity. The Wind-Resource Potential Index (WRPI) combines 100 m wind power density with grid remoteness; the Landscape-Conflict Index (LCI) combines protected-area coverage, ecological sensitivity, agricultural land, settlement exposure and cultural-heritage proximity; and the Legal and Justice Friction Index (LJFI) codes nine functional safeguards on a 0–2 scale. Equal component weights and a preregistered symmetric baseline of α=β=0.25 are used in the multiplicative JAWDP model. The United Kingdom and Denmark rank first and second (0.702 and 0.697), followed by Morocco under a disclosed midpoint legal scenario (0.539). Grid-resolution changes leave ten country ranks unchanged and shift Chile and Germany by one position. Across the full preregistered sensitivity set, eleven countries are classified as stable and Germany as moderately stable. As an external plausibility check, JAWDP correlates with 2024 installed wind-capacity density (Spearman ρ=0.692, p=0.013) and 2015–2024 capacity-addition density (ρ=0.699, p=0.011). An additive equal-weight multicriteria benchmark produces only moderate rank correspondence (ρ=0.559), illustrating the non-compensatory purpose of the justice adjustment. The framework is intended for comparative screening, not as a prediction of generation, a grid-feasibility model or a substitute for project-level legal review. Additional robustness checks show high stability to sample composition and transmission-vintage perturbation, but the deployment association weakens under wind-suitable-area denominators; the external comparison is therefore interpreted as a denominator-sensitive plausibility check rather than empirical validation.
Justice has received more and more attention in the management of tourist destinations, but its function in cultural heritage situations is still insufficiently investigated. This research investigates the supportive attitudes of the residents towards the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)-related festivals by using an integrated framework including the perceived justice, festival identity and perceived economic benefits. A quantitative study was conducted based on 552 returned valid questionnaires. After reliability and validity tests, structural equation modeling, bootstrap mediation analysis, and multi-group structural equation modeling were employed to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that all three aspects of the perceived justice have a positive effect on the festival identity of the residents, which consequently enhances their support for the development of the festival. These findings broaden the justice-based views in tourism research and offer useful suggestions for promoting fair and community-supported festival tourism development.
This article reconsiders the relationship between religions and the environment from a historical and methodological perspective. It argues that the ecological orientation of a religious tradition cannot be deduced directly from its sacred texts, since texts become socially effective only through a range of mediating processes such as interpretation, preaching, ritual, education, institutional authority, devotional practice, and political use. This is especially evident in ancient and medieval societies, where most believers encountered Scripture through mediators rather than as individual readers. The article discusses the influential paradigm inaugurated by Lynn White, the critical contribution of ecofeminism, and recent theological genealogies linking Christian doctrines to ecological and colonial violence. While recognising the importance of these approaches, it stresses the need to avoid anachronism and overly linear explanations. Concepts such as “nature” and “environment” have changed over time, and the environmental question, as currently understood, belongs to the modern and contemporary world. The article also criticises the public tendency to rank religions according to their supposed ecological value. Religious environmentalism is interpreted as a contemporary process of reinterpretation, in which inherited symbols, doctrines, and practices are resemanticised in response to the ecological crisis. In doing so, it proposes mediation as a central category for studying religions and environmental thought historically.
Dengue and other arboviruses are a rising public health concern, worsened by climate change, globalization, and weak vector control. This study assessed the preparedness of local institutions and general practitioners (GPs)/paediatricians in ASL Roma 5 (Lazio, Italy) for potential arboviral outbreaks. A cross-sectional survey (April–May 2024) conducted 99 interviews: 57 with mayors and 42 with general GPs/paediatricians. A Health Belief Model (HBM)-based questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding arbovirus transmission and management. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Dengue transmission awareness was low. Most mayors (85.96%) and GPs/paediatricians (88.1%) rated community knowledge as poor; 12.8% of mayors and 4.76% of GPs/paediatricians believed residents recognized local transmission risks. Environmental prevention programs were reported by 57.89% of mayors and 26.19% of GPs/paediatricians. Staff resource adequacy perceptions differed significantly (73.33% GPs/paediatricians vs. 21.82% mayors; p = 0.0005). In emergencies, 84.62% of GPs/paediatricians and 66.07% of mayors felt ready to act within 24 h. Local administrations face organizational and staffing limitations that hinder effective dengue prevention. While GPs/paediatricians showed greater confidence, they stressed the need for further training. Enhancing risk communication, environmental management, and intersectoral collaboration is crucial to improve preparedness for dengue and emerging arboviruses.
Contemporary sustainable development is affected by geopolitical competition, geoeconomic fragmentation and growing strategic uncertainty. These developments challenge conventional assumptions on which sustainability governance is based and raise questions about the relationship between sustainable development, economic security and strategic autonomy. This article examines how geopolitical and geoeconomic transformations are reshaping sustainable development within the European Union and assesses their implications for the future evolution of the European development model. The analysis is based on a qualitative analysis of policies and documents in key EU strategic frameworks, legislative instruments, sustainability reports and the academic literature. Particular attention is paid to the European Green Deal, the European Economic Security Strategy and the Europe 2026 Sustainable Development Report. Sustainable development now depends not only on environmental and social outcomes but also on resilience, secure access to key resources and technologies and the ability to adapt to external disruptions. Economic security and strategic autonomy do not emerge as competing priorities but as enabling conditions for the implementation of sustainability goals. This article argues that sustainability governance in the European Union is undergoing a process of geopoliticisation, in which environmental, economic and strategic considerations are now closely intertwined. Its main contribution is the creation of a framework of sustainable strategic resilience that conceptualises these interactions as mutually reinforcing dimensions of contemporary EU governance.
High-altitude regions are known as corridors assisting exchange among communities, and the implementation of economic corridors in these regions provides connections and networks based on two geographical territories. For example, the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), established as an infrastructural development project with wide-reaching socioeconomic and environmental implications, is regarded as a significant driver of regional transformation, with the potential to generate several businesses, build institutional resilience, reduce poverty, foster a circular economy, and create job opportunities. The current study explores the perceptions and attitudes of educated adult residents in selected mountain districts regarding CPEC, which is vital to ensure wide-ranging and sustainable infrastructure development in alignment with the SDG goals, explicitly SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 15 (Environmental Protection). Grounded in Social Exchange Theory, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to assess local perceptions concerning the costs and benefits linked with infrastructural development projects and concentrating on its socioeconomic and environmental outcomes in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The questionnaire was self-administered by respondents, who documented their own responses to all items. The researcher remained present throughout data collection to distribute the questionnaires, provide verbal explanations or translations into the local language for specific terms upon request, and collect completed forms; in total, 384 respondents completed the survey. Findings revealed that surveyed educated adult respondents perceived sustainable infrastructural development favorably, particularly regarding anticipated improvements in quality of life, job creation, alleviating poverty, and the current education system, with 59.9%, 53.1%, 53.1% and 41.7% agreement, respectively. Respondents also expressed concerns about environmental protection, such as health and safety, environmental risks, and construction/transportation-related pollution at 39.8%, 37.5% and 36.7%, respectively. Backed up by SEM direct path analysis, which showed significant positive relationships between infrastructural development and educational development (H1: β = 0.439), quality of life (H2: β = 0.638), job opportunities (H3: β = 0.603), poverty alleviation (H4: β = 0.534), and environmental protection (H5: β = 0.267). Thus, all hypotheses H1-H5 were supported. This study recommends that officials and policymakers promote stakeholder investment for regional sustainability transitions, formulate regional environmental policies and governance for sustainable development to enhance the benefits of CPEC.
The European Union operates in a highly fragmented international environment shaped by geopolitical rivalry, geoeconomic competition, technological disruption, and growing uncertainty regarding critical external dependencies. These developments have elevated economic security and resilience to the centre of European policymaking, challenging assumptions that traditionally linked economic openness with stability, prosperity, and sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to examine how geopolitical and geoeconomic fragmentation is reshaping the European Union’s approach to economic and technological resilience and to analyse the implications of this transformation for long-term competitiveness and sustainable development. Employing a qualitative research design based on policy analysis and systematic document analysis, supported by secondary statistical evidence from European and international institutional sources, the study investigates three interconnected dimensions of resilience: technological resilience, resource resilience, and competitiveness resilience. The findings indicate that the European Union is moving from an efficiency-oriented model of globalisation towards a resilience-oriented governance framework focused on managing sensitive dependencies in critical technologies, strategic resources, and supply chains. The analysis further demonstrates that resilience cannot be sustained through risk reduction measures alone. Its long-term effectiveness depends on productivity growth, innovation performance, technological capabilities, industrial strength, and investment capacity. The article concludes that competitiveness constitutes a foundational condition for durable resilience and that economic security increasingly functions as an enabling factor for sustainable development in a more contested global economic environment.
Freshwater scarcity is an increasing concern for agricultural systems, making water footprint (WF) assessment an important tool for evaluating water use in crop production and supporting sustainable water resource management. Two main methodological approaches are widely used: the water footprint network (WFN) framework and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based approaches. This review synthesizes 27 peer-reviewed studies that use tomato production as a representative case study to compare the two approaches across methodological frameworks, geographical contexts, production systems, system boundaries, functional units, and research objectives. The reviewed studies revealed substantial methodological heterogeneity, with WFN representing the predominant approach, whereas LCA-based applications remained comparatively limited. WFN was primarily applied to quantify water use and identify water-use hotspots, whereas LCA-based approaches focused on evaluating the potential environmental impacts of water consumption under local water-scarcity conditions. The review also highlights the ongoing debate surrounding scarcity-weighted indicators and the interpretation of water footprint results. Reported water footprint values varied considerably due to differences in climate, irrigation management, crop productivity, system boundaries, and methodological assumptions, particularly in the calculation of gray water footprint. Overall, the findings indicate that WFN and LCA-based approaches provide complementary perspectives on freshwater sustainability. Their combined application can support more comprehensive water assessments and better-informed decision-making in agricultural systems, while greater methodological harmonization is needed to improve the comparability of future studies.
The paper examines the impact of economic complexity (EC) on income inequality in South Africa using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation techniques from 2000 to 2025. The study utilises principal component analysis (PCA) to generate the EC index from sub-indices, including trade and technology EC. The study also evaluates the Kuznets curvilinear effect and assesses the moderating roles of human capital and institutional quality on the relationship between EC and income inequality in South Africa. The results indicate a monotonic relationship. The calculated vertices of 1.67 for the short run and 1.55 for the long run lie outside the observed EC data range of 0.00–1.30. Therefore, within the sample, a negative relationship between income inequality and EC is observed. The results also indicate that human capital and institutional quality amplify the income-inequality-reducing effect of economic complexity in South Africa. Based on these results, policy recommendations are proposed to address the identified issues.
Military activities remain insufficiently represented in greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and debates on climate security. This article develops a system-based model for assessing direct operational GHG emissions from artillery training. The model adapts established inventory logic to the structure of an artillery battery and separates emissions from mobility, stationary operation, support and logistics, and a supplementary firing-process module. It is demonstrated using a single hypothetical standardized training scenario for a battery of self-propelled howitzers, based on assumed and estimated parameters rather than field measurements. Under the stated assumptions, the training day generated an estimated 4353.74 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Operational fuel combustion accounted for 93.94% of the total, and the supplementary firing-process proxy accounted for 6.06%; stationary engine operation of the howitzers in firing positions was the dominant source (73.87%). Within the defined gate-to-activity boundary, the scenario’s direct operational carbon footprint was therefore driven primarily by energy demand rather than projectile discharge. The article’s contribution is an artillery-specific, transparent decomposition of established GHG accounting principles, not a new emission-factor method. The model provides a transferable structure for tactical-level assessment, while the numerical results are scenario-specific and require validation against measured data and additional operational scenarios.
The use of European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) under the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) represents a major change in corporate sustainability reporting, particularly through the formalisation of the double materiality principle. Despite its regulatory relevance, empirical evidence on how organisations disclose double materiality remains limited, especially during the first reporting cycle. This study provides early empirical indicative evidence on the application of double materiality in disclosure following the initial ESRS reporting. It examines how leading European water-sector companies and environmental service providers with urban water activities integrated this approach into their 2024 sustainability disclosures. A mixed-methods design is applied, combining qualitative content analysis with descriptive quantitative checks of sustainability, ESG, and integrated reports. The disclosed material topics are assessed against the ESRS thematic framework. The findings indicate a strong convergence on the key environmental issues reported, notably climate change, water management, and circular economy-disclosed practices, including companies not yet fully subject to ESRS requirements. In contrast, social and governance disclosures suggest greater heterogeneity. Overall, the results suggest that broader material coverage does not necessarily imply higher information quality, as this reflects the breadth of disclosure rather than its quality, reinforcing double materiality as a sector-driven prioritisation mechanism.
Human Resource Analytics (HRA) is expected to improve workforce decision-making, yet many organisations struggle to translate people analytics into strategic and governance value. This article draws on a focused qualitative re-analysis of 13 semi-structured interviews from a broader exploratory mixed-method study of HRA in Portugal’s commercial airline sector. The analysis shows that strategic misalignment emerged inductively as a central explanation for limited HRA adoption. Three barriers were identified: HR’s marginal role in strategic decision-making, fragmented data and cross-functional silos, and inconsistent executive sponsorship for analytics-driven people management. These conditions restrict HRA to descriptive reporting, weaken evidence-based governance of workforce decisions, and limit its contribution to organisational sustainability. The study contributes to the HRA literature by positioning strategic alignment as an emergent antecedent of analytics impact in operationally complex and highly regulated sectors. It shows that HRA creates organisational value only when workforce capability, operational resilience, and business priorities are connected through governance arrangements and executive commitment.
Climate change threatens global food security through shifts in temperature and precipitation regimes, greater frequency of extreme weather events, and cascading effects on agricultural input markets and institutional capacity. Policymakers require nationally comparable diagnostic tools that are reproducible, transparent, and grounded in open data. This study presents an interpretable machine learning framework for country-level crop yield prediction and climate sensitivity screening, using publicly available FAOSTAT-derived panel data spanning 101 countries and 10 staple crop types over 1990–2013. A gradient-boosted decision tree model (XGBoost 2.1.4) is trained on observations from 1990 to 2008 and evaluated on a strictly held-out temporal window (2009–2013), using annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, total pesticide use (as a rough proxy for agricultural input management intensity), crop type and country identifiers, and temporally lagged yield values as predictive features. The optimized model yields high predictive accuracy on held-out data (R2 = 0.982; RMSE = 11,183 hg/ha; MAE = 4396 hg/ha). Ablation analysis reveals that model performance depends primarily on temporal yield persistence and crop identity, with performance declining to R2 = 0.940 when lagged features are omitted, while climate-only variables explain limited variation (R2 = 0.119). Notably, an ordinary least squares (OLS) baseline achieves comparable performance (R2 = 0.984), suggesting that the dominant predictive signals arise from a stable temporal–cross-sectional structure rather than nonlinear modeling flexibility. SHAP-based feature attribution identifies regime-dependent temperature effects, with larger (more negative) marginal contributions under high-temperature conditions. Stylized sensitivity perturbations (+1 °C, +2 °C, −20% pesticide inputs) indicate modest mean yield changes (−1.3% to −1.6%) but substantial cross-national heterogeneity. Systematic residual analysis identifies countries exhibiting consistent over- or under-prediction patterns, offering diagnostic signals for further institutional investigation. This framework is designed as a transparent, scalable screening tool for evidence-based prioritization rather than a validated causal or forecasting instrument. It complements localized agronomic expertise and supports SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
In recent sustainability discussions, the link between policy uncertainty and environmental consequences has received significant attention. This study investigates the impact of sustainability uncertainty on the ecological footprint (EF) in G7 countries between 2002 and 2024. The recently developed ESG-Based Sustainability Uncertainty Index (ESGUI) is used as the primary explanatory variable. The control variables are economic growth, trade openness, and renewable energy consumption. Two complementary estimators capable of addressing cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and degrees of mixed integration are applied: CS-ARDL and the AMG estimator. The CS-ARDL results demonstrate that the ESGUI and renewable energy have a weakly significant negative long-term effect on the EF, a result that reverses the positive raw correlation observed in the descriptive statistics, which is driven by the confounding effect of GDP. Moreover, economic growth has a strong positive effect on the EF. Nevertheless, the AMG estimator reveals that the ESGUI is negative but not statistically significant. Furthermore, economic growth contributes to environmental degradation by increasing the EF, while renewable energy and trade openness have a mitigating effect on this EF. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sustainability uncertainty plays only a limited role on average, while economic growth remains the dominant driver of EF. Consequently, policy efforts should focus on decoupling economic growth from resource use, strengthening carbon border regulation mechanisms, and prioritizing fossil fuel substitution rather than simply expanding renewable energy supply.
The research explores the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) within the context of Greek public administration to see whether its legislative transposition has had real impacts on enhancing good governance, accountability, and the protection of data subjects’ rights. Following a doctrinal and comparative approach to law, based on principles of public and administrative law, it analyses the rules governing data protection both at the EU level, as well as the corresponding national implementing legislation (Law 4624/2019), and the practices of supervision authorities, focusing especially on the procedural aspect of GDPR transposition, supported by an empirical examination of selected decisions of the Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA) (2025–2026). Within such a framework, compliance with GDPR becomes one of the main aspects of the European administrative governance system, being associated not with mere legislative requirements, but also with other important elements, such as transparency, proportionality, institutional trust, and efficiency of public services. Greece provides a relevant context for examining the implementation of the GDPR through the high standards of HDPA within public administration. The findings indicate that GDPR compliance in public administration is primarily a matter of governance rather than merely legal alignment. The comparative analysis with recent European Data Protection Board (EDPB) opinions and coordinated supervisory activities further demonstrates that the governance challenges identified in Greece are broadly consistent with those observed across the European Union. The findings suggest that the Greek supervisory framework operates within the wider European system of GDPR governance and exhibits a level of institutional maturity and regulatory alignment comparable to contemporary European supervisory practice.
Implementing technological change in rural or culturally distinct settings requires moving beyond the modernization bias that treats Western technical solutions as universally applicable. This article develops a process-based reflection on culturally grounded co-design for sustainable technology, drawing on social design, just transition principles, and appropriate technology. Rather than evaluating final project outcomes, the article examines how technology and social organization can be approached as context-specific practices that must be negotiated, adapted, and maintained with local actors. The discussion is informed by the O-Waste Project in The Gambia, which is used as an illustrative case to examine the role of local councils, women’s organizations, market committees, and implementing partners in shaping technological adoption. By emphasizing vernacular knowledge, locally maintainable systems, and participatory decision-making, the article argues that sustainable innovation depends on technical performance as well as cultural legitimacy, institutional trust, and procedural justice. The analysis suggests that development in diverse cultural contexts requires a careful balance between external technical expertise and community appropriation. The O-Waste case therefore offers process-based insights into how sustainable technologies can be introduced without reducing local communities to passive recipients of modernization.
Rising electricity prices, grid instability, and climate concerns are increasing the need for sustainable residential energy solutions in developing countries. This study evaluates four residential photovoltaic (PV) configurations for a household in Karachi, Pakistan, to identify a suitable option for sustainable urban energy transition and climate mitigation. The assessed systems include daytime PV with grid supply, daytime PV with 6 h battery backup and grid supply, daytime PV with full battery backup, and daytime PV with net metering. Energy requirements, installed capacity, area demand, and battery storage were calculated using household load data, while economic performance was assessed through payback period, net present value (NPV), and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Environmental benefits were evaluated using avoided CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, and the best-performing system was further simulated in PVsyst. Case C, comprising daytime PV with full battery backup, achieved the highest NPV of USD 25,104.3 and a payback period of approximately 4 years. Case B achieved the second-highest NPV of USD 19,183.58 while providing a more practical balance between battery backup and grid support. Case D achieved the lowest LCOE of USD 0.0307/kWh. Fully solar-dependent configurations provided the greatest emission reductions. The findings support residential PV deployment as a practical pathway for improving urban energy security and reducing climate impacts.
This study examines spatial inequalities in job accessibility in Porto Alegre, Brazil, through a multimodal perspective that incorporates walking, cycling, and public transport within the 15-minute city framework. Accessibility was assessed using cumulative opportunity measures with a 15-minute travel threshold, combining open data on employment, transport networks, and demographics into hexagonal grids. Travel-time matrices were generated using the R5 routing engine via the r5r package in R, accounting for realistic multimodal routing conditions, including transfers and waiting times. The resulting accessibility measures were then integrated with socioeconomic and racial indicators for subsequent analysis. The analysis identified four accessibility profiles structured by a center–periphery divide: a low-accessibility southern periphery, a transitional northern belt with strong transit but limited active mobility, a central corridor with consistently high multimodal access, and a hyper-accessible core with exceptional walking and cycling opportunities. Income-elasticity analysis revealed stronger associations between income and active mobility accessibility than with public transport, highlighting how proximity to jobs privileges wealthier, centrally located households. High-skilled employment was concentrated in central areas, reinforcing cumulative advantages and deepening inequalities for low-income and racially marginalized populations. The findings underscore the urgency of integrated mobility and land-use policies to expand active and public transport infrastructure and decentralize employment opportunities, ensuring equitable access to jobs.
